Price v. Nixon

[Cite as Price v. Nixon, 2011-Ohio-2430.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
CLARK COUNTY
CYNTHIA PRICE :
: Appellate Case No. 2010-CA-058
Plaintiff-Appellant :
: Trial Court Case No. 02-JUV-236
v. :
: (Civil Appeal from Common Pleas
MATTHEW NIXON : (Court, Domestic Relations Division,
: (Juvenile Section)
Defendant-Appellee :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 20th day of May, 2011.
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SUZANNE K. SABOL, Atty. Reg. #0033077, Suzanne K. Sabol & Associates, 820 South High
Street, Columbus, Ohio 43206
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant, Cynthia Price
MATTHEW NIXON, 4281 Avery Road, Hilliard, Ohio 43026
Defendant-Appellee, pro se
SUSAN OTT, 4746 East National Road, Springfield, Ohio 45505
Defendant-Appellee, pro se
LAWRENCE J. HOFBAUER, Atty. Reg. #0065994, 4 West Main Street, Suite 224,
Springfield, Ohio 45502
Guardian Ad Litem
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HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Matthew Nixon, defendant-appellee, filed a motion for custody of his three
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minor children who had been living for years with their mother Cynthia Price,
plaintiff-appellant. During the proceedings, the mother filed her own motion for custody. The
juvenile court found both parents unsuitable for custody and awarded custody to Susan Ott, the
paternal grandmother, who is not a party in this case. Cynthia argues that the juvenile court
violated her right to procedural due process of law because, before awarding custody to Ott, a
nonparent, the court did not accord her notice or the opportunity to be heard. We agree, so we
will reverse and remand.
I
{¶ 2} Cynthia and Matthew had three children together, all three of whom are minors.
The parents never married. No custody order has ever been entered. Cynthia has had de facto
and de jure custody. See R.C. 3109.042 (giving an unmarried mother custody until a court says
otherwise). 1 On April 2, 2002, the juvenile court ordered Matthew to pay Cynthia child
support, after the Clark County Child Support Enforcement Agency (CSEA) filed a complaint
for a support order on behalf of Cynthia. A little over three-and-a-half years later, on
November 8, 2005, the juvenile court adopted a magistrate’s contempt finding, following the
Clark County CSEA’s motion asking the court to find Matthew in contempt for failing to pay
child support in addition to other violations of the court’s order. On August 6, 2009, Cynthia
herself filed a motion for contempt against Matthew for failing to pay child support.
{¶ 3} On July 21, 2009, Matthew filed a motion asking for custody of the three children
and asking that a guardian ad litem (GAL) be appointed. The juvenile court appointed a GAL. On
1
The statute reads in pertinent part, “An unmarried female who gives birth to a child is the sole residential parent and legal
custodian of the child until a court of competent jurisdiction issues an order designating another person as the residential parent and legal
custodian.”
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November 30, 2009, the guardian ad litem delivered his Report. A few months later, on April 9,
2010, the guardian ad litem faxed and mailed his Supplemental Report to the parties’ attorneys. In
the first report, the guardian ad litem concluded that he could not recommend to the court that
either parent should have custody. The guardian ad litem’s conclusion in the second report was
the same, but he had a suggestion for the court. The guardian ad litem wrote, “A possible
alternative to either parent acting as custodian would be that Susan Ott be granted custody of the
children. This arrangement may be in the children’s best interests as both Ms. Price and Mr.
Nixon appear to have cordial relationships with Ms. Ott, who seems to be genuinely interested in
the welfare of the children. * * * Since they both seem to struggle as parents, perhaps a
grandparent would be a better choice for custody.” April 9, 2010 Supplemental Guardian ad Litem
Report, p.6.
{¶ 4} On April 12, 2010, a hearing on Matthew’s custody motion began. In its opening
remarks, the juvenile court said:
{¶ 5} “The Court notes that there is not a formal custody order in place in the case as far
as a final, appealable order, only prior child support obligations and a presumption, a statutory
presumption that has been recited.
{¶ 6} “That being the case, it will be a best interest test and I believe we’re going to take
the–I have also received a report and supplemental Guardian Ad Litem report from Mr. Hofbauer
and he is here to be examined concerning the contents of both of those reports.” (April 12, 2010
Tr. 4-5). The first witness to testify was the guardian ad litem. Both parties questioned him on the
findings he made in his reports. Then Matthew testified. The final witness that day was Susan Ott,
Matthew’s mother. She testified in support of awarding custody to her son.
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{¶ 7} The hearing was continued until April 30, 2010. On that day, Cynthia filed her own
motion for custody, which the court said she could do. Cynthia testified and so, once again, did
Matthew. Just before adjourning, the court said, “I do have one thing I want to do before we
adjourn for the day. I’m going to take the case under advisement and provide the attorneys with a
written decision. I do want Susan Ott to come back in the courtroom. I would like you to get her
for me if you would.” (April 30, 2010 Tr. 93). Ott took the stand, and the court began:
{¶ 8} “THE COURT: * * * I’m not going to swear you in.
{¶ 9} “I just, ma’am, I need to ask you a couple questions. And this really isn’t in the
form of testimony. I’m [sic] indicated to the parties that I intend to take the matter under
advisement and provide them with a written decision after I evaluate the evidence in the case.
Once I, if I do that and if I come to the conclusion that both of these parents are not suitable at this
point in time, my question to you is, would you be interested in custody of the children?
{¶ 10} “MS. OTT: We have talked about it before, yes.
{¶ 11} “THE COURT: Well, I’m asking you now, because, I don’t want to include you as
an option that’s available to me unless it’s an option that you are agreeable with, because that’s a
phenomenal responsibility as you are well aware. You may well be aware more than anybody.
{¶ 12} “So, my question to you is, do you have suitable facilities for the kids if I were to
exercise that option?
{¶ 13} “MS. OTT: Yes, I do.
{¶ 14} “THE COURT: And would you follow any of my Court Orders if I were to
designate you as the legal custodian for the children?
{¶ 15} “In other words, if I grant the parents parenting time and I don’t grant either one of
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them custody, are you going to follow my orders for whatever visitation and parenting time I give
them?
{¶ 16} “MS. OTT: Right. Yes.
{¶ 17} “THE COURT: Would you be willing to do that?
{¶ 18} “MS. OTT: Yes.
{¶ 19} “THE COURT: You would accept custody if I decide that is the best route for the
children?
{¶ 20} “MS. OTT: Yes.
“THE COURT: Okay. That’s all I have. I’m not going to afford the attorneys the
opportunity to ask you follow-up questions. We’ll go ahead and adjourn and I’ll provide
both attorneys with a written decision as quickly as I can. Thank you very much, ma’am.”
(April 30, 2010 Tr. 94-95).
{¶ 21} On May 7, 2010, the juvenile court issued its decision. The court awarded custody
of the three children to Susan Ott. The court also overruled Cynthia’s August 6, 2009 Motion for
Contempt.
{¶ 22} On May 21, 2010, Cynthia filed a motion for a new trial under Civ.R. 59(A)(1),
(3), (7), and (8); or, in the alternative, a motion for relief from judgment under Civ.R. 60(B)(1),
(2), (4), and (5). Attached is Cynthia’s affidavit. In it, she expresses her surprise at the court’s
decision: “I was shocked when I received this Order. I was not aware that Susan Ott wanted to
have custody of the minor children. * * * Had I known that Susan Ott wanted custody of the
children or that [the] Court was going to give her custody of the children, I would have wanted to
ask her numerous questions while she was on the stand regarding her suitability as a potential
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legal custodian. From my understanding though, the Custody case was just between Defendant
and I and did not involve the grandparents, except as witnesses.” May 20, 2010 Affidavit of
Cynthia Price, at ¶9. The juvenile court overruled both motions.
{¶ 23} Cynthia timely appealed the court’s May 7, 2010 and May 28, 2010 entries.
Matthew, however, did not appeal. He also failed in this case to file an appellee’s brief.
Accordingly, by rule, “in determining the appeal, the court may accept the appellant’s statement of
the facts and issues as correct and reverse the judgment if appellant’s brief reasonably appears to
sustain such action.” App.R. 18(C).
II
{¶ 24} Cynthia assigns five errors to the trial court:
First Assignment of Error
{¶ 25} “The trial court abused its discretion and violated Appellant’s Constitutional Due
Process rights by awarding custody of the parties’ minor children to Appellee’s mother without
sufficient notice to Appellant and opportunity for Appellant to be heard regarding the possibility
of losing custody to a nonparent nonparty.”
Second Assignment of Error
{¶ 26} “The trial court abused its discretion and committed error by considering and
relying on a Guardian ad Litem’s recommendation and report, which was not introduced as an
exhibit at trial.”
Third Assignment of Error
{¶ 27} “The trial court abused its discretion and erred in finding that Appellant was
unsuitable to have custody of the minor children.”
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Fourth Assignment of Error
{¶ 28} “The trial court abused its discretion by issuing a visitation order for Appellant that
places too much discretion in the hands of Appellee’s mother.”
Fifth Assignment of Error
{¶ 29} “The trial court abused its discretion in overruling Appellant’s Motion for
Contempt.”
{¶ 30} In the first assignment of error, Cynthia argues that the juvenile court erred by
awarding custody of her children to Susan Ott. Cynthia contends that, before making the award,
the court failed to accord her procedural due process of law. The court, Cynthia says, did not
provide her with notice of the possibility that it would award custody to Ott nor did the court
provide her with an opportunity to be heard on such an award. We agree.
{¶ 31} The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that state
governments may not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law.” The Ohio Constitution guarantees “due course of law,” which is virtually the same as the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In re Hua (1980), 62 Ohio St. 2d 227; see
Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution. “[Procedural] [d]ue process of law involves the
essential rights of notice, hearing and the opportunity to be heard before a competent tribunal.”
Bakaitis v. Bakaitis (May 23, 1983), Montgomery App. No. 7997, citing State v. Edwards (1952),
157 Ohio St. 175, cert. denied 343 U.S. 936. Essentially, “[a]mple opportunity must be afforded
the parties in appropriate cases to defend, enforce or protect their rights through presentation of
their own evidence, confrontation and cross-examination of adverse witnesses, and oral
argument.” Bakaitis v. Bakaitis (May 23, 1983), Montgomery App. No. 7997, citing Morrison,
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supra; Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), 397 U.S. 254. Here, Cynthia contends that the juvenile court
failed to afford her the opportunity to be heard on her parental right to custody of her children.
{¶ 32} The United States Supreme Court has defined “liberty” in the due process clause to
protect basic aspects of family autonomy. See Meyer v. Nebraska (1923), 262 U.S. 390, 399. The
Court has subsequently recognized that parents have a fundamental right to custody of their
children. See Santosky v. Kramer (1982), 455 U.S. 745, 758-759. And the Court has expressly
held that “the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the fundamental right of
parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children.” Troxel v.
Granville (2000), 530 U.S. 57, 66, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49. The Ohio Supreme Court,
too, has noted that “[t]he right of a parent to raise his or her child has been defined as a ‘natural’
right subject to the protections of due process.” In re Perales (1977), 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 97 n.9,
citing Meyer v. Nebraska (1923), 262 U.S. 390, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042. “Since parents have
constitutional custodial rights,” the Ohio Supreme Court has said, “any action by the state that
affects this parental right, such as granting custody of a child to a nonparent, must be conducted
pursuant to procedures that are fundamentally fair.” In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238,
2002-Ohio-7208, at ¶16, citing Santosky v. Kramer (1986), 455 U.S. 745, 754, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71
L.Ed.2d 599.
{¶ 33} Substantively, the Ohio Supreme Court held in In re Perales (1977), 52 Ohio St.2d
89, that custody of minor children may not be awarded to a nonparent “without first making a
finding of parental unsuitability.” Id. at the syllabus. But the issue raised here is not one of
substantive due process but of procedural due process, that is, how a court goes about making an
unsuitability finding. We have said that “[t]he procedures for determining parental unfitness,
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unsuitability, the best interests of the child, or matters of public safety, through R.C. 2151, must
assure the parties of a fair hearing, and protect their constitutional and other legal rights.” In re
Stevens (July 16, 1993), Montgomery App. No. 13523. Here, the procedures used did not assure
the parties of such protection. The hearing was being held on Cynthia’s and Matthew’s motion for
custody. The juvenile court correctly noted at the beginning of the hearing that a “best interest”
standard would apply. See R.C. 3109.04(B). Cynthia and Matthew proceeded to call and examine
witnesses and present evidence that each hoped would convince the court that custody with them
was in the children’s best interest. It was not until the very end of the hearing that the court
indicated it would consider an award of custody to Susan Ott, a nonparent and a nonparty. It
appears that the court was following the recommendation the guardian ad litem made in
{¶ 34} his Supplemental Report. But the court specifically denied the parties, the
children’s parents, an opportunity to present evidence, confronting and cross-examining adverse
witnesses, or even by oral argument on the issue of paternal grandmother as custodian. The court
simply stated, “I’m not going to afford the attorneys the opportunity to ask you follow-up
questions.”
{¶ 35} “[P]arents at risk of losing their child to a nonparent must be granted notice and
opportunity to be heard under the requirements of the Due Process Clause.” Houser v. Houser
(Aug. 31, 1998), Mercer App. No. 10-98-7, citing Quilloin v. Walcott (1978), 434 U.S. 246, 255,
98 S.Ct. 549, 54 L.Ed.2d 511. The problem was not that the juvenile court raised the issue of
suitability sua sponte or found both parents unsuitable. The problem was simply that, before
depriving Cynthia and Matthew of custody, the court did not accord them an opportunity to be
heard on the issue of the paternal grandmother as custodian. Therefore, we are compelled to
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remand so that Cynthia may have the opportunity to be heard before she and Matthew are
deprived of their right, as parents, to custody of their children.
{¶ 36} The first assignment of error is sustained.
{¶ 37} Our ruling on the first assignment of error makes the second, third, and fourth
assignments of error moot. Moreover, whatever evidence is presented upon remand may impact
the second and third assignments of error, and it would be inappropriate to rule on them. We
will, though, briefly address the fourth assignment of error. Cynthia argues that the juvenile
court’s visitation order places too much discretion in the hands of Susan Ott. The court ordered
that Cynthia and Matthew “shall be entitled to visitations and parenting time with the children at
times and for durations and upon such conditions as they may mutually agree with Ms. Ott.” May
7, 2010 Entry, p.10. The juvenile court’s jurisdiction to determine custody in this case is found in
R.C. 2151.23. Subdivision (F)(1) of that section expressly directs the court to custody
considerations contained in the domestic relations statute, R.C. 3109.04. R.C. 3109.04(A)(1)
requires a court to include among the rights it divides "the right of the parent who is not the
residential parent to have continuing contact with the children." Upon remand, the trial court may
consider that, although R.C. 2151.23(F)(1) does not expressly direct the court to R.C. 3109.051,
the latter statute expands upon R.C. 3109.04. R.C. 3109.051(A) provides that the court “shall
make a just and reasonable order or decree permitting each parent who is not the residential parent
to have parenting time with the child at the time and under the conditions that the court directs,”
unless the court finds that visitation with the non-residential parent is not in the child’s best
interest. R.C. 3109.051 (A) further provides: “The court shall include in its final decree a specific
schedule of parenting time for that parent.”
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{¶ 38} The second, third, and fourth assignments of error are overruled.
{¶ 39} In the fifth assignment of error, Cynthia argues that the juvenile court erred by
overruling her motion for contempt. “[A]n appellate court’s standard of review of a trial court’s
contempt finding is abuse of discretion. * * * The term ‘abuse of discretion’ connotes more than
an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or
unconscionable.” In re Thomas (Apr. 7, 2000), Montgomery App. No. 18029 (Citations omitted.).
{¶ 40} “The purpose of civil contempt,” we have said, “is to impose sanctions in order to
coerce the individual to comply with a court order that was previously violated. * * * Such a
finding of civil contempt in the trial court must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. *
* * Clear and convincing evidence implies that the trier of fact must have a firm conviction or
belief that the facts alleged are true.” Thomas. Procedurally, a prima facie case of contempt is
established when the court’s order is presented along with proof of the accused party’s failure to
comply. See In re Harris, Champaign App. No. 2005CA27, 2006-Ohio-3746, at ¶16 (Citation
omitted.). “The burden then shifts to the accused party to prove affirmative defenses such as
inability to pay.” Id. (Citation omitted.).
{¶ 41} Here, Cynthia contends that she proved that Matthew violated the court order by
failing to pay support and Matthew failed to prove an affirmative defense. She points out that, in
its May 7, 2010 decision, the juvenile court found that Matthew had a child-support arrearage of
$10,708.46 and found that the evidence suggested that he has failed to consistently and adequately
provide support since the court first ordered support in 2002. Cynthia testified that she would
sometimes go months or years without receiving a support payment. Matthew admitted that he
made inconsistent payments. He blamed his failure on inconsistent employment, an employer’s
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failure to withhold payments, and CSEA’s inability to tell him how much he owed.
{¶ 42} We think that Matthew testimony provided the court with enough evidence to find
that he sufficiently justified his failure to pay. The court could have reasonably believed Matthew
when he said that he was unemployed for periods and did not have any money with which to pay
his support obligation. Therefore we cannot say that the juvenile court abused its discretion by
overruling Cynthia’s contempt motion.
{¶ 43} The fifth assignment of error is overruled.
III
{¶ 44} That part of the juvenile court’s May 7, 2010 order that overrules Cynthia’s motion
for contempt is Affirmed. The remainder of the order is Reversed. This case is Remanded for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
{¶ 45} In order to provide some stability for the children, our reversal of the trial court
shall be stayed for 14 days to allow the juvenile court to address any interim order it deems
necessary for their continued care and custody.
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GRADY, P.J., and FROELICH, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Cynthia Price
Matthew Nixon
Susan Ott
Lawrence Hofbauer
Hon. Thomas J. Capper