State v. Daniels

[Cite as State v. Daniels, 2020-Ohio-1496.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 108299
v. :
MICHAEL DANIELS, JR. :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 16, 2020
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-18-626775-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Jeffrey M. Maver and Christopher D.
Schroeder, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee.
Dale M. Hartman, for appellant.
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J.:
Defendant-appellant Michael Daniels (“Daniels”) appeals his
convictions for trafficking in drugs and having weapons while under disability.
Finding no merit to the appeal, we affirm.
In 2018, Daniels was charged with three counts of trafficking in
drugs, felonies of the first degree; three counts of possession of drugs, felonies of
the first degree; one count of possession of criminal tools, a felony of the fifth
degree; and one count of having weapons while under disability, a felony of the
third degree. The trafficking counts included schoolyard, juvenile, and one-year
firearm specifications; the drug possession counts included one-year firearm
specifications; and all but the weapons while under disability count included
forfeiture specifications.
Pursuant to a search warrant, the police seized 50 grams of cocaine
and 27 grams of a mixture of heroin and fentanyl from Daniels’s house, which was
across from a school. According to the investigating detective, there was a juvenile
present and drugs were accessible to anyone who was in the house. The detective
estimated that the police seized “well over a hundred doses of fentanyl and heroin
mixed, along with well over a hundred doses of cocaine mixture, * * * that amount
of drugs put on the street could be a mass devastation.” The police also recovered
three firearms, $6,131, and multiple cell phones.
Pursuant to a plea agreement with the state of Ohio, Daniels agreed
to plead guilty to three counts of trafficking in drugs, felonies of the third degree
with a one-year firearm specification, and one count of having weapons while
under disability. He also agreed to forfeit the firearms, money, and cell phones.
The trial court sentenced Daniels to a total of ten and one-half years
in prison and a $5,000 fine.
Daniels filed a timely notice of appeal and raises the following
assignments of error for our review; further facts will be discussed under the
appropriate assigned errors:
I. The trial court violated Crim.R. 11(C) by failing to explain the
rights that Appellant waived with his guilty plea.
II. The trial court violated Appellant’s due process right by failing to
specifically inquire of Appellant whether he understood the nature of
the constitutional rights enumerated in Crim.R. 11(C).
III. Appellant’s guilty plea was not knowingly, willingly or
intelligently made, violating Crim.R. 11 and his constitutional rights,
because the trial court did not ask Appellant if he understood the
nature of the crimes, so the trial court erred by accepting the guilty
plea.
IV. The court erred by failing to merge all or some of the charges.
In the first three assignments of error, Daniels contends that the
trial court violated his constitutional rights by failing to comply with Crim.R. 11
before accepting his guilty plea.
The purpose of Crim.R. 11(C) is to provide a defendant with relevant
information so that he or she can make a voluntary and intelligent decision
whether to plead guilty. State v. Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d 473, 480, 423 N.E.2d 115(1981). Before accepting a guilty plea in a felony case, a court must comply with
Crim.R. 11(C) and “conduct an oral dialogue with the defendant to determine that
the plea is voluntary and the defendant understands the nature of the charges and
the maximum penalty involved, and to personally inform the defendant of the
constitutional guarantees he [or she] is waiving by entering a guilty plea.” State v.
Martin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 92600 and 92601, 2010-Ohio-244, ¶ 5.
A trial court must strictly comply with the Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c)
requirements that relate to the waiver of constitutional rights. State v. Veney, 120
Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, ¶ 18. With respect to the
nonconstitutional requirements set forth in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) and (b), reviewing
courts consider whether there was substantial compliance with the rule. State v.
Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106542, 2018-Ohio-4327, ¶ 8. ‘“Substantial
compliance means that under the totality of the circumstances the defendant
subjectively understands the implications of his [or her] plea and the rights he [or
she] is waiving.”’ Id., quoting State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d
474 (1990); State v. Stewart, 51 Ohio St.2d 86, 364 N.E.2d 1163 (1977).
Additionally, before a plea will be vacated due to a violation of the defendant’s
nonconstitutional rights, the defendant must show prejudice. Martin at ¶ 7. “The
test for prejudice is whether the plea would have otherwise been made.” Id., citing
Nero at id.“The standard for reviewing whether the trial court accepted a plea
in compliance with Crim.R. 11(C) is a de novo standard of review.” State v.
Cardwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92796, 2009-Ohio-6827, ¶ 26, citing Stewart.
The appellate court must review the totality of the circumstances and determine
whether the plea hearing complied with Crim.R. 11(C). State v. Hudson-Bey, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104245, 2016-Ohio-7722, ¶ 7.
Daniels first contends that the trial court did not substantially
comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c)’s requirement that he understand the rights he
was waiving by entering a guilty plea.
A trial court must strictly comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) and orally
advise a defendant before accepting a felony plea that the plea waives
(1) the right to a jury trial, (2) the right to confront one’s accusers,
(3) the right to compulsory process to obtain witnesses, (4) the right
to require the state to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and (5)
the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination. When a trial
court fails to strictly comply with this duty, the defendant’s plea is
invalid.
Veney at syllabus.
Strict compliance equates to literal compliance with Crim.R.
11(C)(2)(c), but a rote recitation of the rule is not required. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d
176, 2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, at ¶ 18, 27 (exact language is preferred, but
rote recitation of the rule is not required for strict compliance). Failure to use the
exact language contained in Crim.R. 11(C) in informing a criminal defendant of his
or her constitutional rights is not grounds for vacating a plea as long as the record
shows that the trial court explained these rights in a manner “reasonably
intelligible” to the defendant. Id. at ¶ 18, citing Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d at 479-480,
423 N.E.2d 115.
A review of the transcript of the plea colloquy shows that the trial
court informed Daniels of his right to a jury trial, his right to counsel, his right to
have his attorney cross-examine all witnesses and subpoena witnesses, i.e., his
right to confront his accusers, right to have the state prove his guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt, that his plea of guilty was a complete admission of his guilt, and
that he could not be forced to testify against himself. Daniels stated both that he
understood his rights and understood that he was giving up his rights by entering a
guilty plea. Based on the record before us, the trial court strictly complied with the
requirements of Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) with respect to the waiver of Daniels’s
constitutional rights.
Daniels next contends that the trial court failed to comply with
Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) by failing to determine that he knew the nature of the charges
against him.
Again, with respect to Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a), substantial compliance is
sufficient. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, at ¶ 14.
Pursuant to Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a), before accepting a guilty plea in a felony case, the
trial court must address the defendant personally and “[d]etermine that the
defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with understanding of the nature of the
charges and of the maximum penalty involved.”
The record reflects that the trial court complied with the
requirements of Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a) by informing Daniels of each of the charges he
was pleading guilty to, the felony levels, and the penalties involved including the
maximum penalties for each offense. The court also expressly told Daniels that he
would be sentenced to prison by informing him that he was ineligible for probation
due to the firearm specifications. The court discussed that the sentence could “be
made to run concurrent, all at the same time, or consecutive, one to follow the
other, or any combination, thereof.” The court discussed postrelease control, the
penalties for violating postrelease control, and the possibility of earning early
termination of his prison sentence.
Daniels contends that the trial court should have explained the
elements of the crimes to him. But Crim.R. 11(C)(2) does not require the trial court
to inform the accused of the actual elements of the charged offense. See State v.
Carpenter, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81571, 2003-Ohio-3019, ¶ 2 (“The term ‘nature
of the charge’ is not defined in the Rules of Criminal Procedure, but we have never
interpreted that phrase to require the court to inform the accused of the actual
elements of the charged offense”).
Nothing in the record indicates that Daniels, who had previously
been convicted of drug-related offenses, did not understand the nature of the
charges to which he pleaded guilty. When the court inquired if there was anything
“about this case or these proceedings that you do not understand,” Daniels
answered: “I understand everything.” Thus, the record reflects that Daniels
expressed his understanding of the trial court’s advisements.
Daniels filed a pretrial motion to suppress and motion to reveal the
identity of the confidential informant, both of which the trial court denied. Daniels
contends that “no one” advised him that he was waiving his right to appeal the
court’s ruling on pretrial motions by entering a guilty plea, and, had he known he
could not appeal the ruling, he would have not pleaded guilty. Although the trial
court did tell Daniels he was waiving his right to appeal these rulings by pleading
guilty, there is no evidence Daniels did not understand the rights he was waiving
by pleading guilty or that he would not have pleaded guilty had he known he would
not be allowed to appeal the rulings. Moreover, Daniels’s appellate rights are
governed by Crim.R. 32, which requires a trial court to make certain advisements
at sentencing, not at the plea hearing.
Our review of the record reflects that Daniels’s plea was knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily made with a complete understanding of the
consequences. The case was thoroughly pretried and Daniels, who was facing a
maximum sentence of 37 years in prison, minimized his possible sentence to 13
years in prison through his plea bargain with the state of Ohio. As mentioned, the
trial court sentenced him to a non-maximum ten and one-half years in prison.
In light of the above, the first, second, and third assignments of
error are overruled.
In the fourth assignment of error, Daniels argues that his
convictions for trafficking in drugs should merge.
We apply a de novo standard of review when determining whether
two or more offenses are allied offenses of similar import. State v. Williams, 134
Ohio St.3d 482, 2012-Ohio-5699, 983 N.E.2d 1245, ¶ 28. Pursuant to R.C.
2941.25(A), “[w]here the same conduct by defendant can be construed to
constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or
information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be
convicted of only one.” However,
[w]here the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of
dissimilar import, or where his [or her] conduct results in two or
more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or
with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information
may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be
convicted of all of them.
R.C. 2941.25(B).
In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892,
the Ohio Supreme Court held that if a defendant’s conduct supports multiple
offenses, the defendant can be convicted of all of the offenses if any one of the
following is true: (1) the offenses are dissimilar in import or significance — in
other words, each offense caused separate, identifiable harm, (2) the offenses were
committed separately, or (3) the offenses were committed with separate animus or
motivation. Id. at ¶ 25. “Two or more offenses of dissimilar import exist within
the meaning of R.C. 2941.25(B) when the defendant’s conduct constitutes offenses
involving separate victims or if the harm that results from each offense is separate
and identifiable.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. Therefore, in determining
whether offenses are allied under R.C. 2941.25, courts are instructed to consider
three separate factors — the conduct, the animus, and the import. Id. at paragraph
one of the syllabus.
In this case, Daniels pleaded guilty to trafficking three different
kinds of drugs under R.C. 2925.03(A)(2) ─ heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. R.C.
2925.03(A)(2) states:
(A) No person shall knowingly do any of the following:
***
(2) Prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare for
distribution, or distribute a controlled substance or a controlled
substance analog, when the offender knows or has reasonable cause to
believe that the controlled substance or a controlled substance analog
is intended for sale or resale by the offender or another person.
Daniels claims that the counts should merge because the charges
arose under the same incident, the drugs were offered for sale together, and the
heroin and fentanyl were mixed together.
We find no merit to Daniels’s argument that his trafficking in
cocaine charge merges with his other trafficking charges; the police found the
cocaine packaged separately from the heroin and fentanyl. See State v. Bradley,
2015-Ohio-5421, 55 N.E.3d 580, ¶ 39 (8th Dist.) (defendant conceded that his
trafficking in heroin and trafficking in cocaine convictions do not merge pursuant
to Ruff where the cocaine and heroin were packaged separately but placed together
in one bag).
We next turn to the issue of whether the trafficking in heroin and
trafficking in fentanyl convictions should merge because the drugs were mixed and
found in a single bag. This court has previously held that simultaneous possession
of different types of drugs do not merge. State v. Perry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
105501, 2018-Ohio-487; State v. Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101601, 2015-
Ohio-1300. In Perry, the defendant was charged with possession of heroin and
possession of fentanyl after police recovered .8 grams of a mixture of the two drugs
in a folded page of the vehicle’s user manual and laying on the driver’s side
floorboard. The defendant driver fled the car moments before the police located
the drugs. This court agreed with the reasoning of State v. Woodard, 12th Dist.
Warren No. CA2016-09-084, 2017-Ohio-6941, that the possession of heroin, a
Schedule I drug, or fentanyl, a Schedule II drug, will never support a conviction for
possession of the other because each possession offense required proof as to the
specific drug involved and could not be supported by possession of a different
controlled substance. Perry at ¶ 33, citing Woodard at ¶ 35.
The dissent in Woodard would have merged the possession
offenses. “Under these circumstances, I do not see the societal benefit to convicting
a drug user on two charges from what is generally one criminal act.” Woodard at
¶ 46. The dissent noted, however, that its analysis was limited to possession
offenses. “Drug traffickers, the individuals adding these highly dangerous
compounds and fueling the opioid epidemic, would not be covered under such a
merger analysis.” Woodard at ¶ 46, fn. 5.
The dissent in this case, considering Woodard, opines that a
defendant “cannot be convicted and sentenced for trafficking both drugs” without
proof that it was that defendant “who comingled and/or cut the drugs.” We
disagree. The dissent places the emphasis the defendant’s conduct, but, under
Ruff, courts consider three separate factors ─ the conduct, the animus, and the
import ─ and a defendant may be convicted and sentenced for multiple offenses
if any one of the factors applies. See Ruff at ¶ 16 (stating that its previous analysis
in State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, which
emphasized a defendant’s conduct in evaluating whether offenses are allied, was
“incomplete.”) Moreover, we decline to find that the legislature intended that drug
users who simultaneously possess two drugs can be convicted of two offenses while
drug dealers, those who are lacing the drugs and putting the deadly combination of
drugs out on the streets, can only be convicted of one offense.
To support his position that his trafficking in heroin and trafficking
in fentanyl convictions should merge, Daniels cites this court’s recent decision in
State v. Price, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107096, 2019-Ohio-1642, discretionary
appeal allowed, 2019-Ohio-3797, 131 N.E.3d 952. In Price, the defendant was
charged in relation to the overdose death of a person he supplied with heroin and
fentanyl ─ the drugs were comingled in a single bag. Price was indicted on 22
counts and found not guilty of involuntary manslaughter but guilty of all other
counts, including trafficking in heroin, possession of heroin, trafficking in fentanyl,
possession of fentanyl, corrupting another with drugs (heroin), corrupting another
with drugs (fentanyl), and various other drug-related crimes.
At sentencing, the trial court merged the trafficking of heroin with
possession of heroin and trafficking of fentanyl with possession of fentanyl, among
other charges. On appeal, one issue Price raised was whether the two counts of
corrupting another with drugs should have merged. This court held that the trial
court erred in failing to merge the two counts because (1) “there was a single
course of conduct underlying Price’s convictions for corrupting another with drugs
— he furnished the victim with a single bag containing a mixture of heroin and
fentanyl”; (2) the harm, the victim’s death, was the same; and (3) the offenses were
not committed separately. Id. at ¶ 82.
The case at bar is distinguishable. “A defendant’s conduct that
constitutes two or more offenses against a single victim can support multiple
convictions if the harm that results from each offense is separate and identifiable
from the harm of the other offense.” Bradley, 2015-Ohio-5421, 55 N.E.3d 580, at
¶ 37. In Price, the harm that resulted from each corrupting another with drugs
offense was the same ─ the death of one person to whom the defendant supplied
drugs. Thus, the offenses merged. But in this case, where we are concerned with
the crimes of trafficking in fentanyl and trafficking in heroin, we do not have a
single identifiable harm. Moreover, although the defendant in Price raised the
issue of allied offenses at the trial-court level, the trial court declined to merge the
trafficking in heroin and trafficking in fentanyl convictions. The issue was not
raised on appeal and this court did not sua sponte raise the issue. This court has
previously raised and addressed, sua sponte, allied offenses issues not raised by an
appellant. See State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 45000, 1983 Ohio App.
LEXIS 15959 (Feb. 3, 1983). If this court determined that trafficking in heroin and
trafficking in fentanyl were allied offenses then this court could have sua sponte
raised the issue in Price.
We further note that post-Ruff, appellate districts throughout the
state have consistently held that possession or trafficking of different drug groups
constitutes different offenses. See State v. Stuckey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
170285, 2018-Ohio-4435; State v. Pendleton, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2017-CA-17, 2018-
Ohio-3199, discretionary appeal allowed, 154 Ohio St.3d 1443, 2018-Ohio-4962,
113 N.E.3d 551; State v. Howard, 2017-Ohio-9392, 103 N.E.3d 108 (4th Dist.);
State v. Morgan, 5th Dist. Richland No. 18CA121, 2019-Ohio-2785; State v.
Ratliff, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1187, 2017-Ohio-2816; State v. Hunt, 2018-Ohio-
815, 108 N.E.3d 141 (7th Dist.); State v. Dodson, 9th Dist. Medina No. 16CA0020-
M, 2017-Ohio-350; Woodard, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2016-09-084, 2017-Ohio-
6941. Only one district has held otherwise. See State v. Lee, 2018-Ohio-4376, 121
N.E.3d 737 (11th Dist.), discretionary appeal allowed, 154 Ohio St.3d 1477, 2019-
Ohio-169, 114 N.E.3d 1205 (conflict case is Pendleton). As noted, heroin is a
Schedule I drug and fentanyl is a Schedule II drug; therefore, trafficking in heroin
and trafficking in fentanyl are not allied offenses of similar import.
The dissent also takes issue with this court’s holding in Perry. The
doctrine of stare decisis, however, requires this court to adhere to Perry as the law
of this district. Moreover, the facts of this case support a finding that the offenses
are not allied. “[O]ffenses are not allied offenses of similar import if they are not
alike in their significance and their resulting harm.” Ruff at ¶ 21. Police seized
large amounts of a mixture of heroin and fentanyl, “over 100 doses” from Daniels’s
house. The investigating detective stated at the sentencing hearing that “that
amount of drugs put on the street could be a mass devastation.” We cannot
overstate the harm that fentanyl has wrought on this state. As the Ohio Supreme
Court has noted: “Fentanyl, a Schedule II controlled substance, is a synthetic
opioid that is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine and 50 times
more potent than heroin.” State v. Pountney, 152 Ohio St.3d 474, 2018-Ohio-22,
97 N.E.3d 478, ¶ 2, citing R.C. 3719.41 (Schedule II(B)(9)); U.S. Centers for
Disease Control, Opioid Overdose, https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data fenta-
nyl /fentanyl.html (accessed Feb. 5, 2020). In 2017, Ohio had the country’s second
highest rate of drug overdose deaths involving opioids. National Institute on Drug
Abuse, Ohio Opioid Summary (Mar. 2019), www.drugabuse.gov/opioid-
summaries-by-state/ohio-opioid-summary (accessed Feb. 5, 2020). In 2018,
fentanyl was involved in nearly 73 percent of Ohio’s overdose deaths. Ohio
Department of Health, 2018 Ohio Drug Overdose Report: General Findings (Dec.
4, 2019), https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/know-our-programs/violence
-injury-prevention-program/media/2018-ohio-drug-overdose-report
(accessed Feb. 5 (accessed Feb. 5, 2020). In 2009, there were 72 unintentional
drug overdose deaths involving fentanyl. In 2017, there were 3,431 deaths. Id. In
comparison, in 2009 there were 283 unintentional drug overdose deaths involving
heroin, in 2017 there were 987. Id. Thus, while heroin is deadly, fentanyl has
shown to be far more deadly. We conclude that trafficking in heroin and
trafficking in fentanyl pose separate and identifiable harms under Ruff and do not
merge as allied offenses.
Again, pursuant to Ruff, we consider not only the conduct of the
defendant but also whether the offenses are of dissimilar import. Finding that
trafficking in heroin and trafficking in fentanyl are offenses of dissimilar import for
the reasons stated above, the trial court did not err when it failed to merge
Daniels’s trafficking convictions.
The fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
convictions having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded
to the trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCURS;
MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., CONCURS IN PART
AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE
OPINION
MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART
WITH SEPARATE OPINION:
Respectfully, I concur in part and dissent in part. It is my view that
under the facts of this case, Daniels’s trafficking heroin and trafficking fentanyl
offenses should merge for purposes of sentencing. I agree with all other aspects of
the majority opinion, including the holding that Daniels’s offense for trafficking
cocaine does not merge with the other two trafficking offenses.
Under both the United States and Ohio Constitutions, the Double
Jeopardy Clause protects against three abuses: “(1) ‘a second prosecution for the
same offense after acquittal,’ (2) ‘a second prosecution for the same offense after
conviction,’ and (3) ‘multiple punishments for the same offense.’” State v. Ruff,
143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 10, quoting North Carolina
v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969). This case
implicates the prohibition against multiple punishments for the same offense.
When multiple punishments are imposed in the same proceeding, the Double
Jeopardy Clause prevents the trial court from imposing a greater punishment than
the legislature intended. See State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-
2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 16.
Ohio’s allied offense statute, R.C. 2941.25, codifies the double
jeopardy protection against multiple punishments for the same offense. State v.
Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, 922 N.E.2d 923, ¶ 23. This statute
provides:
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to
constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the
indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses,
but the defendant may be convicted of only one.
(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses
of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more
offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a
separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may
contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be
convicted of all of them.
In Ruff, the Ohio Supreme Court set forth the test for determining
whether multiple offenses are allied offenses of similar import. The Ohio Supreme
Court stated that “courts must ask three questions when defendant’s conduct
supports multiple offenses: (1) Were the offenses dissimilar in import or
significance? (2) Were they committed separately? and (3) Were they committed
with separate animus or motivation?” Ruff at ¶ 31. If the answer to any of the
questions is yes, then the defendant may be convicted of separate offenses. Id.The Ohio Supreme Court made clear that “[t]he conduct, the animus, and the
import must all be considered.” Id. Two or more offenses have dissimilar import
“when the defendant’s conduct constitutes offenses involving separate victims or if
the harm that results from each offense is separate and identifiable.” Id. at ¶ 23.
In this case, police found two packages of drugs in Daniels’s home.
One contained 50 grams of cocaine and one contained 27 grams of a mixture of
heroin and fentanyl. Daniels was convicted of three counts of trafficking —
cocaine, heroin, and fentanyl — despite the fact that the heroin and fentanyl were
comingled in one package and were indistinguishable from one another.
Applying Ruff to the facts of this case, the trafficking heroin and
trafficking fentanyl offenses resulted from Daniels possessing one bag of
comingled heroin and fentanyl such that the amount rose to the level of trafficking.
There is no evidence that Daniels committed the offenses separately or with a
separate animus or motivation, that there were separate victims, or that the harm
caused was separate and identifiable. And while there arguably may be separate
harms that can occur from trafficking heroin and fentanyl, the facts of this case do
not support such a conclusion. Thus, it is my view that Daniels’s trafficking heroin
and trafficking fentanyl offenses were allied offenses of similar import that should
merge for purposes of sentencing.
Additionally, I agree with Daniels that under State v. Price, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 107096, 2019-Ohio-1642, his trafficking heroin and trafficking
fentanyl offenses should have merged for purposes of sentencing.1 The majority
finds that Price is distinguishable, stating that because there was one death, “the
harm that resulted from each corrupting another with drugs was the same.” I
disagree that Price is distinguishable.
In Price, this court held that corrupting another with fentanyl and
corrupting another with heroin were allied offenses of similar import, stating the
following:
Here, there was a single course of conduct underlying Price’s
convictions for corrupting another with drugs — he furnished the
victim with a single bag containing a mixture of heroin and fentanyl.
Price did not furnish the victim with the drugs in separate actions or
sales or even heroin in one bag and fentanyl in another; instead, the
1The Ohio Supreme Court accepted Price for discretionary review (see State v.
Price, 09/25/2019 Case Announcements, 2019-Ohio-3797, 2019 Ohio LEXIS 1907(Sept. 25, 2019)) and as a certified conflict (State v. Price, 09/25/2019 Case
Announcements, 2019-Ohio-3797, 131 N.E.3d 952 (Sept. 25, 2019)), regarding a
different issue than what is presented in this case. Oral arguments have not yet been
scheduled.
drugs were mixed together in one bag and furnished at the exact same
time. Further, the harm resulting from Price’s conduct, the victim’s
death, was the same and indistinguishable. Finally, the record
establishes that Price did not commit the offenses separately or with
separate animuses or motivations. Therefore, under Ruff, Price’s
convictions for corrupting another with drugs are allied offenses of
similar import and should have merged for purposes of sentencing.
Id. at ¶ 82.
It is my view that although the offenses in Price were corrupting
another rather than trafficking, the reasoning is analogous to this case.
In support of its position that “convictions for trafficking different
types of drugs do not merge as allied offenses because each is recognized as
separate offenses under the revised code,” the majority cites to two cases: (1) State
v. Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101601, 2015-Ohio-1300 and (2) State v.
Perry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105501, 2018-Ohio-487. Santiago does not support
the majority’s position, however, because although this court discussed the
“simultaneous possession” of two drugs, there is nothing in the opinions to
indicate whether “simultaneous possession” meant that the two drugs were
comingled in one bag and indistinguishable from one another. One can
simultaneously possess two different drugs at the same time. For example, one
could have a bag of heroin and a separate bag of fentanyl in his or her pocket. One
can even simultaneously possess two drugs in a single bag that are not comingled
because they are in different forms and can therefore be separated and
distinguished from one another. For example, one could have a rock of cocaine
and heroin powder in the same bag. There is no question that under either of these
scenarios, a defendant can be convicted of separate offenses. Thus, Santiago does
not support the majority’s position because it is not clear from the opinion what
sort of “simultaneous possession” was involved in that case.
Santiago is problematic for another reason. Santiago was decided
after the Ohio Supreme Court set forth the new test for determining whether
multiple offenses are allied offenses of similar import in Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114,
2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, but Santiago relied on cases that were decided
before Ruff, including State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942
N.E.2d 1061. Ruff, however, rendered the allied-offenses test in Johnson “largely
obsolete.” State v. Earley, 145 Ohio St.3d 281, 2015-Ohio-4615, 49 N.E.3d 266,
¶ 11.
Santiago also relied on State v. Heflin, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-
1173, 2012-Ohio-3988, which was also decided before Ruff. Santiago quoted
Heflin and concluded:
“[C]onvictions for simultaneous possession of cocaine and heroin are
not subject to merger as allied offenses of similar import under R.C.
2941.25.” The [Heflin] court reasoned that “possession of different
drug groups constitutes different offenses under R.C. 2925.11” and the
“possession of either cocaine or heroin will never support a conviction
for possession of the other.”
Santiago at ¶ 11, quoting Heflin. The language used by Heflin, “possession of
either cocaine or heroin will never support a conviction for possession of the
other,” came directly from Johnson, which was the law at the time Heflin was
decided but it was not the law at the time Santiago was decided; Ruff was.
Not only was Heflin decided before Ruff, it is not clear from the
opinion if the heroin and cocaine were found in a single plastic bag and were
comingled such that one could not differentiate between the two. Thus, Heflin also
does not apply here because it is factually distinguishable.
Therefore, neither Santiago nor Heflin support the majority’s
holding in the present case that the two trafficking offenses are not allied offenses
— because their facts are distinguishable and their legal analyses rely on old allied-
offenses law.
In the third case cited by the majority, Perry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 105501, 2018-Ohio-487, the defendant was convicted of possessing heroin and
fentanyl. He argued that the convictions should have merged. This court does not
explicitly state in Perry that the heroin and fentanyl were found comingled and
indistinguishable in the same bag, but we can presume that they were because we
stated that the police found “0.8 grams of what was later identified as heroin and
fentanyl.” Id. at ¶ 6. We explained in Perry:
This court has previously held that the simultaneous possession of
two types of drugs constitutes two separate offenses that do not merge
as allied offenses of similar import under R.C. 2925.11. State v.
Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101601, 2015-Ohio-1300, ¶ 12. In
Santiago, this court found that the defendant’s simultaneous
possession of heroin and cocaine, each recognized as a separate
offense under R.C. 2925.11, did not constitute allied offenses of
similar import. Id. This court cited to State v. Heflin, 6th Dist. Lucas
No. L-11-113, 2012-Ohio-3988, where the defendant kept two
different drugs, cocaine and heroin, in a single plastic bag. The Heflin
court held that convictions for simultaneous possession of cocaine
and heroin are not subject to merger as allied offenses of similar
import under R.C. 2941.25 because “‘possession of different drug
groups constitutes different offenses under R.C. 2925.11’” and the
“‘possession of either cocaine or heroin will never support a
conviction for possession of the other.’” Santiago at ¶ 11, quoting
Heflin at ¶ 14.
More recently, in State v. Woodard, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2016-
09-084, 2017-Ohio-6941, ¶ 35, the court found that “the possession of
heroin or fentanyl will never support a conviction for possession of
the other. The fact that the two controlled substances were found in
the same baggie is of no consequence.” The court reasoned that
“[e]ach possession offense required proof as to the specific drug
involved and could not be supported by possession of a different
controlled substance.”
Perry at ¶ 32 and 33.
This court relied on three cases in Perry: Santiago, Heflin, and
Woodard. I have already explained why Santiago and Heflin do not support the
position that two drugs comingled and indistinguishable in the same bag are allied
offenses of similar import. But the third case cited by the Perry majority,
Woodard, is arguably the best support for concluding that possession of separate
drugs comingled in the same bag and indistinguishable from one another are not
allied offenses. But when one examines the majority opinion in Woodard closely
(there is also a dissenting opinion in the case), one discovers that its legal
reasoning is problematic as well.
Woodard is, at least, more on point with the facts here. Woodard
was convicted of possession of heroin and aggravated possession of fentanyl. The
heroin and fentanyl in Woodard were mixed together in the same bag as “an off-
white powdery substance,” and just as in the present case, the heroin and fentanyl
could not be distinguished from one another. The Woodard majority concluded
that Woodard’s convictions for possession of heroin and aggravated possession of
fentanyl were not allied offenses. In reaching this conclusion, the Woodard
majority stated:
Despite appellant’s arguments to the contrary, his convictions for
possession of heroin and aggravated possession of drugs are not allied
offenses of similar import. This court and many others have held that
the simultaneous possession of two types of drugs constitutes two
separate offenses that do not merge as allied offenses of similar
import under R.C. 2925.11. See, e.g., State v. Graves, 12th Dist.
Clermont No. CA2015-03-022, 2015-Ohio-3936, ¶ 43-44 (finding
defendant’s convictions for trafficking in heroin and aggravated
trafficking in drugs did not merge); State v. Daniels, 12th Dist.
Fayette No. CA2014-05-010, 2015-Ohio-1346, ¶ 16-17 (finding
defendant’s convictions for trafficking in heroin, trafficking in
cocaine, and trafficking in methadone did not merge as “[e]ach
trafficking offense required proof specific to that drug and could not
be supported by trafficking in a different controlled substance”); State
v. Helmick, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27179, 2014-Ohio-4187, ¶ 27
(finding defendant's convictions for aggravated possession of drugs
and possession of marijuana did not merge as allied offenses); State v.
Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101601, 2015-Ohio-1300, ¶ 12
(finding the “simultaneous possession of heroin and cocaine, each
recognized as a separate offense under R.C. 2925.11, does not
constitute allied offenses of similar import for sentencing”); State v.
Heflin, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-1173, 2012-Ohio-3988, ¶ 14 (finding
defendant’s possession of cocaine and possession of heroin did not
merge as allied offenses of similar import as “possession of either
cocaine or heroin will never support a conviction for possession of the
other”).
Woodard at ¶ 34.
I believe it is important to dissect this paragraph. In finding that
Woodard’s convictions for possession and aggravated possession were not allied
offenses, the Woodard majority stated that it and “many others have held that the
simultaneous possession of two types of drugs constitutes two separate offenses
that do not merge as allied offenses of similar import under R.C. 2925.11.” Id. In
supporting this proposition, the Woodard majority cited five cases with
parentheticals that purportedly described how those cases supported its
conclusion that Woodard’s convictions were not allied offenses. I take issue with
each case cited by the Woodard majority.
First, the Woodard majority incorrectly relied — at least in part —
on Santiago and Heflin. In the parenthetical following Santiago, the Woodard
majority stated that the Eighth District found the “‘simultaneous possession of
heroin and cocaine, each recognized as a separate offense under R.C. 2925.11, does
not constitute allied offenses of similar import for sentencing.’” Id. at ¶ 34. In the
parenthetical following Heflin, the Woodard majority stated that the Sixth District
found that the defendant’s possession of cocaine and possession of heroin did not
merge as allied offenses of similar import as “possession of either cocaine or heroin
will never support a conviction for possession of the other.” Id. But I have
previously outlined the issues with Santiago and Heflin and explained why they
are not applicable when the heroin and fentanyl are mixed together in the same
bag and are indistinguishable from one another.
Each of the other three cases cited by the Woodard majority for the
proposition that two different drugs mixed together in the same bag constitutes
separate offenses that do not merge are factually distinguishable. Not only are the
cases distinguishable, they do not stand for what the Woodard majority stated they
did.
The Woodard majority explained in the parenthetical following
Graves, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2015-03-022, 2015-Ohio-3936, that the
Twelfth District held that “defendant’s convictions for trafficking in heroin and
aggravated trafficking in drugs did not merge.” Woodard at ¶ 34. But in Graves,
the heroin and fentanyl were in two separate bags. The Woodard majority stated
in the parenthetical following Daniels, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2014-05-010,
2015-Ohio-1346, that the court found the defendant’s convictions for trafficking
heroin, trafficking cocaine, and trafficking methadone did not merge as “‘[e]ach
trafficking offense required proof specific to that drug and could not be supported
by trafficking in a different controlled substance.’” Id. In Daniels, however, there
is not one sentence in the entire opinion that indicates how the three drugs
(heroin, cocaine, and methadone) were packaged. Finally, the Woodard majority
stated in the parenthetical citing Helmick, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27179, 2014-Ohio-
4187, that the Ninth District found “defendant’s convictions for aggravated
possession of drugs and possession of marijuana did not merge as allied offenses.”
Id. In Helmick, however, the two drugs, marijuana and methamphetamine, were
not found packaged together; the defendant had the marijuana in his lap and the
methamphetamine in his pocket.
The Woodard court went on to conclude:
Possession of heroin and aggravated possession of drugs are two
separate offenses pursuant to R.C. 2925.11(C)(6) and (C)(1). Each
possession offense required proof as to the specific drug involved and
could not be supported by possession of a different controlled
substance. See Daniels at ¶ 17; State v. Delfino, 22 Ohio St.3d 270, 22
Ohio B. 443, 490 N.E.2d 884 (1986), syllabus. The possession of
heroin or fentanyl will never support a conviction for possession of
the other. The fact that the two controlled substances were found in
the same baggie is of no consequence. See Heflin at ¶ 9-14. Therefore,
appellant’s possession offenses are not allied offenses of similar
import. Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.
Id. at ¶ 35.
This reasoning, albeit not explicitly, harkens back to the days of
State v. Rance, 85 Ohio St.3d 632, 710 N.E.2d 699 (1999), where courts did not
often find that two offenses were allied offenses of similar import because they
focused on the elements of the offenses rather than the defendant’s conduct. See
id. at paragraph one of the syllabus (“Under an R.C. 2941.25(A) analysis, the
statutorily defined elements of offenses that are claimed to be of similar import are
compared in the abstract.”). Under the “comparison-of-the-elements test,” merger
occurred “very rarely.” See In re A.G., 148 Ohio St.3d 118, 2016-Ohio-3306, 69
N.E.3d 646, ¶ 13. But the Ohio Supreme Court overruled Rance in 2010. See
Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, at the syllabus.
Having found that the legal reasoning set forth by the Woodard
majority is flawed on several fronts, this court should not have relied on it in Perry,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105501, 2018-Ohio-487 (the third case cited by the
majority in the present case to support its proposition that the “simultaneous
possession of heroin and fentanyl do not merge as allied offenses.”).
The majority claims that the doctrine of stare decisis “requires this
court to adhere to Perry as the law of this district.” I disagree. As I have
explained, Perry relied on cases that were decided before Ruff. And the one case
that Perry cited to that was released after Ruff (Woodard), also followed several
cases that were decided under old allied-offenses law. It is therefore my view that
Perry was wrongly decided and must be overruled. No reviewing court should
blindly follow the law set forth in a previous case when the previous case relied on
law that is no longer valid.
It is worth noting that one judge in Woodard dissented. He actually
concurred in part and dissented in part but it is his dissent that is relevant. I agree
with his well-reasoned dissenting opinion. The dissenting judge explained:
In the present case, appellant handed over a single bag of drugs to
Deron Partee. The bag contained a mixture of heroin, a schedule I
drug, and fentanyl, a schedule II drug. The possession of either drug
may constitute a criminal offense. Appellant was tried and convicted
on one count of possession of heroin and one count of aggravated
possession of drugs related to the fentanyl. The trial court found that
the convictions did not merge and the majority opinion affirms that
decision. The only evidence that the majority relies on is the crime lab
evidence that the .106 grams of powder contained “+/- 0.0123” grams
of heroin and the notation “[s]ample also found to contain [f]entanyl.”
Though it is true that “possession of heroin or fentanyl will never
support a conviction of possession of the other,” that conclusion
ignores the reality of what occurred in this case [i.e., the defendant’s
conduct]. Appellant possessed a single bag of drugs. There is no
evidence that appellant knew the bag of drugs contained both heroin
and fentanyl. Without the help of science and technology, it is not
clear if a person could distinguish that the bag contained both heroin
and fentanyl. The bag was merely categorized by a corrections officer
as an “off-white, talcum powder type material.”
Id. at ¶ 43-44 (Ringland, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
The dissenting judge in Woodard further explained:
This issue is intertwined with the very serious problems associated
with the opioid epidemic. Rising mortality rates due to accidental
overdose are due in part to the fact that drug dealers are spiking
heroin with much more potent synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl and
carfentanil. Synthetic opioids are usually in the form of a white
powder and may be indistinguishable from other street drugs.
Fentanyl and carfentanil are multiple times more powerful than
heroin and can be purchased at a lower cost. The incentive for the
dealer is simple. Adding a small amount of fentanyl or carfentanil to
heroin is a low-cost way to increase its value. The dealer may take
heroin, cut it with a common filler to increase the volume and then
add a more powerful synthetic opioid to maintain high potency. The
dealer would then sell the drug to the user who may be completely
unaware of the contents.
That is the situation that occurred here. The evidence supports
appellant’s guilt on a possession charge, but the charges should have
been merged. Appellant possessed a single bag containing an opioid,
off-white powder. The merger doctrine is designed to prevent
punishment for the same offense under two different statutes. I have
reservations about allowing two convictions under these
circumstances where there is absolutely no evidence, either directly or
circumstantially, that appellant knew the bag contained two separate
opioid drugs. Simply, the record reflects that the particular heroin
that appellant possessed was laced with fentanyl. In this case, there
was a single course of conduct. There is no evidence that the offenses
were committed with separate animus or motivation. Though heroin
(an opioid) and fentanyl (a synthetic opioid) are scheduled differently,
there was no separate or identifiable harm based on these facts.
Under these circumstances, I do not see the societal benefit to
convicting a drug user on two charges from what is generally one
criminal act. Moreover, I do not believe the majority decision
comports with the rationale behind the merger analysis and double
jeopardy protections.
***
A bulk weight finding was not made in this case, but it is worth
considering the effect of the majority’s decision as applied to the
statutory scheme. As noted above, fentanyl is an increasingly common
adulterant in heroin. The crime lab evidence showed that appellant
possessed .106 grams of powder. The powder contained “+/- 0.0123”
grams of heroin and an unspecified amount of fentanyl. Based on the
Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in [State v. Gonzales, 150 Ohio St.3d
276, 2017-Ohio-777, 81 N.E.3d 419], the filler and adulterants are part
of the usable drug. Therefore, appellant possessed both .106 grams of
heroin and .106 grams of fentanyl, even though appellant only
possessed .106 grams of powder. If appellant had possessed the
necessary bulk weights he would have been sentenced in accordance
with those provisions. In other words, the majority decision permits:
(1) a conviction for the possession of heroin with fentanyl considered
as adulterant material, and (2) a separate conviction for the
possession of fentanyl with heroin considered as adulterant material.
Such a result does not comport with the Double Jeopardy Clause, as it
would allow two punishments for the same offense.
Id. at ¶ 45-46, 49.
Although the defendant in Woodard was convicted and sentenced
on separate possession offenses instead of trafficking offenses, it is my view that
the same reasoning applies to both types of offenses. The Woodard dissent,
however, did not believe so. He distinguished traffickers from those who are
convicted of possession, stating “This analysis, of course, is limited to possession
[because] [d]rug traffickers, the individuals adding these highly dangerous
compounds and fueling the opioid epidemic, would not be covered under such a
merger analysis.” Id. at ¶ 46, fn.5. But when dealers sell drugs, there is often a
chain of many dealers. It is not often known where along the way the drug was
laced with, or cut with, another drug or filler. Thus, without proof that a
defendant who was convicted of trafficking heroin and trafficking fentanyl, where
the drugs are comingled in one package and indistinguishable from one another,
was actually the dealer who comingled and/or cut the drugs, the defendant cannot
be convicted and sentenced for trafficking both drugs.
The majority cites to seven other cases that it claims held “post-
Ruff” that “possession or trafficking of different drug groups constitutes different
offenses.” Five of these cases, however, discuss simultaneous possession, but
again, nowhere in the opinions do the courts address whether the drugs were
comingled in one bag and indistinguishable from one another. See State v.
Stuckey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-170285, 2018-Ohio-4435, ¶ 10 (“The record does
not indicate that the cocaine and fentanyl were mixed. If anything, the fact that the
two drugs were listed as having been weighed separately, and that only the cocaine
was described as having been prepared for distribution, indicates that the two
drugs were not combined.”); State v. Howard, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 16CA3762,
2017-Ohio-9392 (defendant convicted of and sentenced on possession of heroin
and possession of cocaine, but nowhere in the opinion does it discuss if the drugs
were comingled and indistinguishable from one another); State v. Hunt, 7th Dist.
Jefferson No. 17JE0012, 2018-Ohio-815 (defendant convicted of and sentenced on
possession of heroin and possession of cocaine, but nowhere in the opinion does
the court discuss if the drugs were comingled and indistinguishable from one
another); State v. Ratliff, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1187, 2017-Ohio-2816(defendant convicted of and sentenced on possessing over five grams of cocaine
and 0.07 grams of heroin, and thus, the drugs were separate and distinguishable
from one another); and State v. Dodson, 9th Dist. Medina No. 16CA0020-M, 2017-
Ohio-350 (defendant convicted of and sentenced on possession of heroin, cocaine,
and methadone, but nowhere in the opinion does the court address whether the
drugs were comingled and indistinguishable from one another). As I explained
earlier, “simultaneous possession” can entail having a bag of fentanyl in one pocket
and a bag of heroin in another pocket. Therefore, five of the majority’s post-Ruff
cases, Stuckey, Howard, Hunt, Ratliff, and Dodson have no application to the facts
in the present case.
The majority does cite to two post-Ruff cases, State v. Pendleton, 2d
Dist. Clark Nos. 2017-CA-9 and 2017-CA-17, 2018-Ohio-3199, and State v.
Morgan, 5th Dist. Richland No. 18CA121, 2019-Ohio-2816, that support its
position in this case. Pendelton, however, is currently pending in the Ohio
Supreme Court on this exact issue on a certified conflict with State v. Lee, 11th
Dist. Ashtabula No. 2018-A-0009, 2018-Ohio-4376. See State v. Pendelton, 154
Ohio St.3d 1443, 2018-Ohio-4962, 113 N.E.3d 551, and State v. Lee, 154 Ohio St.3d
1476, 2019-Ohio-169, 114 N.E.3d 1205. In these cases, the Ohio Supreme Court
accepted review of the following proposition of law: “A criminal defendant’s right
against double jeopardy as guaranteed by the United States and Ohio Constitutions
is violated when he is convicted for two drug trafficking offenses where the drugs
in each offense are calculated as filler for the other offense.” The Supreme Court
heard oral arguments in these cases on January 8, 2020.
The defendant in Pendelton was convicted in relevant part of
trafficking heroin and trafficking fentanyl when all police found (related to these
charges) was one bag of comingled heroin and fentanyl weighing 0.78 grams. The
Second District determined in Pendelton that the offenses do not merge,
reasoning:
In this case, Pendleton’s conviction for trafficking in heroin required
proof that the “drug involved in the violation [was] heroin or a
compound, mixture, preparation, or substance containing heroin,”
pursuant to R.C. 2925.03(C)(6), and his conviction for trafficking in
fentanyl required proof that the “drug involved in the violation [was]
any compound, mixture, preparation, or substance included in
[S]chedule I or [S]chedule II, with the exception of * * * heroin,”
pursuant to R.C. 2925.03(C)(1). His conviction for possession under
R.C. 2925.11(C)(6) required proof that the “drug involved in the
violation [was] heroin or a compound, mixture, preparation, or
substance containing heroin,” and his conviction for possession under
R.C. 2925.11(C)(1) required proof that the “drug involved in the
violation [was] any compound, mixture, preparation, or substance
included in [S]chedule I or II, with the exception of * * * heroin.”
Accordingly, Pendleton’s conviction for trafficking in heroin required
proof of different facts under a different subsection vis-à-vis his
conviction for trafficking in fentanyl, and his conviction for possession
of heroin required proof of different facts under a different subsection
vis-à-vis his conviction for possession of fentanyl.
Pendleton, 2d Dist. Clark Nos. 2017-CA-9 and 2017-CA-17, 2018-Ohio-3199, ¶ 30.
It is my view that the Second District’s reasoning in Pendelton is
flawed because the court continually discussed the elements of the offenses rather
than the defendant’s conduct.
Rather, I agree with the Eleventh District’s decision in Lee, 11th Dist.
Ashtabula No. 2018-A-0009, 2018-Ohio-4376. In Lee, the Eleventh District
followed the reasoning set forth by the dissenting judge in Woodard, 12th Dist.
Warren No. CA2016-09-084, 2017-Ohio-6941. The Eleventh District explained:
The dissent in Woodard relied on State v. Gonzales, 150 Ohio St.3d
276, 2017-Ohio-777, 81 N.E.3d 419, in which the Ohio Supreme Court
held: “R.C. 2925.11(C)(4)(b) through (f) penalizes an offender for the
amount of cocaine possessed, and the amount of ‘cocaine’ clearly
encompasses the whole compound * * * of cocaine, including fillers
that are part of the usable drug.” Gonzales at ¶ 9.
In arriving at its decision in Gonzales, the Court relied on R.C.
2925.11(C)(4), the statute describing the cocaine-possession offense,
which provides: “If the drug involved in the violation is cocaine or a
compound, mixture, preparation, or substance containing cocaine,
whoever violates division (A) of this section is guilty of possession of
cocaine.” The penalty sections of the statute then set forth increasing
degrees of punishment depending on the weight of the cocaine in the
offender’s possession.
***
Appellant possessed one bag containing a powdery-solid substance
comprised of heroin and fentanyl, but the state did not quantify the
amount of each drug contained therein. Applying the rule in
Gonzales, the filler and adulterants are part of the usable drug. Since
the heroin involved here was adulterated with fentanyl or the fentanyl
was adulterated with heroin, depending on the state’s theory of the
case, the weights of both should have been combined in arriving at the
weight of the primary drug. The lab evidence showed that appellant
possessed .566 gram of a powdery-solid material. According to the
indictment, appellant possessed .566 gram of heroin and .566 gram of
fentanyl, even though appellant only possessed .566 gram of a
powdery-substance. In other words, the trial court’s decision allowed
for a conviction of possession of heroin with fentanyl considered as an
adulterant and a separate conviction for the possession of fentanyl
with heroin considered as an adulterant. Such a result violates the
Double Jeopardy Clause as it would allow two punishments for the
same offense.
Lee at ¶ 22 – 23, 27, citing Woodard.
Similarly, in this case, police found one bag of drugs that contained
27 grams of heroin and fentanyl that were comingled and indistinguishable from
one another. Just as the Supreme Court explained in State v. Gonzales, 150 Ohio
St.3d 276, 2017-Ohio-777, 81 N.E.3d 419, about possession, the penalties for
trafficking drugs under R.C. 2925.03 also depend on the amount of drug found in
the defendant’s possession; i.e., the weight of the drug. Under Gonzales, the
weight of the drug includes all fillers (explaining that “[p]rior to distribution,
powder cocaine typically is ‘cut,’ or diluted, by adding * * * one or more
adulterants: sugars, local anesthetics (e.g., benzocaine), other drugs, or other inert
substances. Consequently, the purity level of powder cocaine may vary
considerably.”). The majority states that police found “well over 100 doses of
fentanyl and heroin” in Daniels’s home. But police did not find 100 doses of heroin
and 100 doses of fentanyl in Daniels’s home. Nonetheless, Daniels was convicted
of trafficking both drugs despite the fact that the heroin and fentanyl could not be
distinguished from one another and separately weighed. This violated Daniels’s
double jeopardy rights under the U.S. and Ohio Constitutions.
The majority in this case states that it “declines to find that the
legislature intended that drug users who simultaneously possess two drugs can be
convicted of two offenses while drug dealers, who are lacing the drugs and putting
the deadly combination of drugs out on the streets, can only be convicted of one
offense.” The majority implies that this writer would allow drug possessors to be
convicted of two offenses but traffickers of only one. This writer, however, would
find that under both convictions, possession and trafficking, that unless the state
can separate and distinguish the two drugs, then the convictions must merge.
While I understand the serious harm that has been done to
thousands of Ohioans by the deadly opioid epidemic, we must not lose sight of a
defendant’s constitutional right to be free from multiple punishments under the
Double Jeopardy Clause. Accordingly, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in
part.