State v. Gregory

[Cite as State v. Gregory, 2013-Ohio-853.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
HARDIN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 6-12-02
v.
TRACE ELLIOT GREGORY, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Hardin County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 20112177CRI
Judgment Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Decision: March 11, 2013
APPEARANCES:
Michael J. Short for Appellant
Bradford W. Bailey and Siobhonne K. Ward for Appellee
Case No. 6-12-02
ROGERS, J.
{¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Trace Elliot Gregory, appeals the judgment of
the Court of Common Pleas of Hardin County, finding him guilty of domestic
violence and sentencing him to a 36 month prison term. On appeal, Gregory
contends that the verdict form is insufficient under R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) to support
his conviction for domestic violence as a third degree felony, and that the trial
court erred when it informed him that he was subject to three years of optional
post-release control. Based on the following, we reverse the trial court’s
judgment.
{¶2} On August 13, 2011, Julie Hobarty appeared at Glenn Moyer’s
residence covered in blood and asked him to call law enforcement. According to
Moyer, Hobarty informed him that a man had beaten her. Upon arrival, law
enforcement found Hobarty at Moyer’s residence and observed blood coming
from her nose and covering her clothing. Hobarty informed the officers that her
boyfriend, Gregory, had struck her in the nose.
{¶3} On September 9, 2011, the Hardin County Grand Jury returned an
indictment charging Gregory with a single count of domestic violence in violation
of R.C. 2919.25(A), (D)(4), a felony of the third degree.
-2-
Case No. 6-12-02
{¶4} On February 2, 2012, the matter proceeded to a jury trial. That same
day, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on the sole count. Later that same month,
the trial court sentenced Gregory to a prison term of 36 months.
{¶5} It is from this judgment Gregory appeals, presenting the following
assignments of error for our review.
Assignment of Error No. I
THE TRIAL COURT [ERRED] IN SENTENCING THE
DEFENDANT TO 36 MONTHS IN PRISON AS THE
VERDICT FORM WAS SUFFICIENT ONLY TO CONVICT
THE DEFENDANT OF A FIRST DEGREE MISDEMEANOR.
Assignment of Error No. II
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT INFORMED THE
DEFENDANT THAT HE WAS SUBJECT TO THREE YEARS
OF OPTIONAL POST-RELEASE CONTROL.
Assignment of Error No. I
{¶6} In his first assignment of error, Gregory contends that the verdict
form is insufficient under R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) to support his conviction for
domestic violence as a third degree felony. We agree.
{¶7} Initially, we note that Gregory did not object to the verdict form at
trial. As a result, Gregory has forfeited all but plain error. State v. Eafford, 132
Ohio St.3d 159, 2012-Ohio-2224, ¶ 11. In order to have plain error under Crim.R.
52(B), there must be an error, the error must be an “obvious” defect in the trial
proceedings, and the error must have affected “substantial rights.” State v. Barnes,
-3-
Case No. 6-12-02
94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002). Plain error is to be used “with the utmost caution,
under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of
justice.” Id. Accordingly, plain error exists only in the event that it can be said
that “but for the error, the outcome of the trial would clearly have been otherwise.”
State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 431 (1997).
{¶8} R.C. 2945.75 provides, in relevant part:
(A) When the presence of one or more additional elements makes
an offense one of more serious degree:
***
(2) A guilty verdict shall state either the degree of the offense of
which the offender is found guilty, or that such additional element or
elements are present. Otherwise, a guilty verdict constitutes a finding
of guilty of the least degree of the offense charged.
{¶9} The Supreme Court first considered the effect of not complying with
R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) in State v. Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 2007-Ohio-256.
Pelfrey was charged with tampering with government records in violation R.C.
2913.42(A)(1), (B)(4), a felony of the third degree. See State v. Pelfrey, 2d Dist.
No. 19955, 2004-Ohio-3401. The verdict form for that count stated:
We, the jury, upon the issues joined in this case, do find the
Defendant, David L. Pelfrey, Guilty of the offense of Tampering
With Records as charged in the indictment. State v. Pelfrey, 2d Dist.
No. 19955, 2005-Ohio-5006, ¶ 10.
Subsequently, Pelfrey was convicted of tampering with records as a third degree
felony. While Pelfrey did not challenge the verdict form before the trial court or
-4-
Case No. 6-12-02
on direct appeal, the court of appeals reopened the appeal under App.R. 26(B). Id.
at ¶ 4. Pelfrey argued that the verdict form did not comply with R.C.
2945.75(A)(2), and therefore his conviction should be reduced to the lowest
degree of the offense charged, a first degree misdemeanor. Id. at ¶ 5; R.C.
2913.42(B)(2). The court of appeals agreed and reversed the trial court’s
judgment. Id. at ¶ 23, 26. Subsequently, the Supreme Court accepted
discretionary appeal and certified conflict among the courts of appeals.
{¶10} The Supreme Court addressed the following certified question:
Whether the trial court is required as a matter of law to include in the
jury verdict form either the degree of the offense of which the
defendant is convicted or to state that the aggravating element has
been found by the jury when the verdict incorporates the language of
the indictment, the evidence overwhelmingly shows the presence of
the aggravating element, the jury verdict form incorporates the
indictment and the defendant never raised the inadequacy of the jury
verdict form at trial. Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 2007-Ohio-256, at
¶ 1.
The majority’s response to this question was yes. Id. The majority held “that
pursuant to the clear language of R.C. 2945.75, a verdict form signed by a jury
must include either the degree of the offense of which the defendant is convicted
or a statement that an aggravating element has been found to justify convicting a
defendant of a greater degree of a criminal offense.” Id. at ¶ 14; see also State v.
Sessler, 119 Ohio St.3d 9, 2008-Ohio-3180 (holding in Pelfrey is applicable to
charging statutes that contain separate sub-parts with distinct offense levels). The
-5-
Case No. 6-12-02
court further explained that “[t]he express requirement of [R.C. 2945.75] cannot
be fulfilled by demonstrating additional circumstances, such as that the verdict
incorporates the language of the indictment, or by presenting evidence to show the
presence of the aggravated element at trial or the incorporation of the indictment
into the verdict form, or by showing that the defendant failed to raise the issue of
the inadequacy of the verdict form.” Id.{¶11} Contrary to the majority’s holding, the dissent found Pelfrey’s
argument unavailing in two respects. First, the dissent disagreed with the
majority’s application of strict compliance, arguing that the standard should be one
of substantial compliance. Id. at ¶ 19 (O’Donnell & Lundberg Stratton, JJ.,
dissenting). Applying this standard, the dissent found that the phrase “as charged
in the indictment” contained within the verdict form substantially complied with
R.C. 2945.75(A)(2), since the indictment referred to government records. Id. at ¶
24.
{¶12} Second, the dissent argued that even if there was no substantial
compliance, Pelfrey did not preserve the issue for appeal and therefore the issue
was waived absent plain error. Id. at ¶ 31. Under plain error, the dissent found
that there was no question that the jury understood that Pelfrey was accused of
tampering with government records. Id. at ¶ 33. As a result, the dissent concluded
-6-
Case No. 6-12-02
that the error was not plain because even had the trial court complied with R.C.
2945.75(A)(2) the outcome of the trial would not have been different. Id.
{¶13} Recently, the Supreme Court revisited the effect of not complying
with R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) in State v. Eafford, 132 Ohio St.3d 159, 2012-Ohio-2224.
Eafford was charged, in relevant part, with possession of “cocaine or a compound,
mixture, preparation, or substance containing cocaine in an amount less than 5
grams,” among other counts, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). Id. at ¶ 4. The
verdict form for that count stated:
We, the Jury in this case being duly impaneled and sworn, do find
the Defendant, Donald Eafford, guilty of Possession of Drugs in
violation of § 2925.11(A) of the Ohio Revised Code, as charged in
Count Two of the indictment. (Emphasis deleted.) Id. at ¶ 6.
Subsequently, Eafford was convicted of possession of drugs as a fifth degree
felony. While Eafford did not challenge the verdict form before the trial court, he
did assign error to the verdict form on appeal arguing that it did not comply with
R.C. 2945.75(A)(2), and therefore his conviction should be reduced to the lowest
degree of the offense charged. The Eighth District Court of Appeals agreed,
vacated the sentence, and remanded the matter for resentencing. Subsequently, the
Supreme Court accepted discretionary appeal.
{¶14} On appeal, the court reversed the court of appeals. In doing so, the
majority recognized that Eafford, having not objected to the verdict form before
the trial court, forfeited all but plain error. Id. at ¶ 11. Under plain error, the
-7-
Case No. 6-12-02
majority, looking at the totality of the record, observed that the indictment, the
evidence presented at trial, and the jury instructions all referred to cocaine. Id. at ¶
17. Given these circumstances, the majority found that the failure to include either
the degree of the offense or a finding that the drug involved was cocaine in the
verdict form did not constitute plain error. Id. at ¶ 18. The majority reasoned that
even if the trial court complied with R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) the outcome of the trial
would not have been different. Id.
{¶15} Contrary to the majority’s holding, the dissent found that the matter
should have been dismissed as having been improvidently allowed. Id. at ¶ 25
(Lanzinger & Pfeifer, JJ., dissenting). The dissent found that a reversal of the of
the court of appeals’ judgment was a violation of Eafford’s Sixth Amendment
rights. Id. at ¶ 20. Specifically, the dissent argued that “by holding that a verdict
form can be modified by the indictment, the evidence at trial, the argument of
counsel, and the jury instructions, the majority allows a judge to supplant the
language of the jury verdict and the jury’s findings.” Id.
{¶16} Applying Pelfrey, the dissent found that the court of appeals
properly reversed the trial court’s judgment because the verdict form neither
included the degree of the offense nor a finding concerning the aggravating
element. Id. at ¶ 22, 25. In so finding, the dissent noted that “[t]his situation could
have been avoided by the prosecutor’s careful review of the verdict form before it
-8-
Case No. 6-12-02
was submitted to the jury[,]” thus placing the burden on the state to ensure the
verdict form complies with R.C. 2945.75(A)(2). Id. at ¶ 25.
{¶17} Though the majority in Eafford does not mention Pelfrey, it appears
that its decision conflicts with the holding in Pelfrey. In both cases, the defendants
did not object to the verdict forms before the trial court. In Pelfrey, the court,
conscious of the defendant’s failure to object to the verdict forms before the trial
court, stated that the requirement of R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) “cannot be fulfilled by
demonstrating additional circumstances, such as that the verdict incorporates the
language of the indictment, or by presenting evidence to show the presence of the
aggravated element at trial or the incorporation of the indictment into the verdict
form, or by showing that the defendant failed to raise the issue of the inadequacy
of the verdict form.” Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 2007-Ohio-256, at ¶ 14.
Conversely, in Eafford, the court determined that the additional circumstances
enumerated in Pelfrey can save a conviction from being reduced to the lowest
degree of the offense charged even when the verdict form does not include either
the degree of the offense or a finding concerning the aggravating element.
Eafford, 132 Ohio St.3d 159, 2012-Ohio-2224, at ¶ 17-18.
{¶18} Although the court’s decisions in Pelfrey and Eafford apparently
contradict each other, the Eafford Court did not expressly overrule Pelfrey.
Indeed, Eafford contains no reference to its effect on Pelfrey. In light of Eafford’s
-9-
Case No. 6-12-02
silence and our strict interpretation of R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) as required by R.C.
2901.04(A) and Pelfrey, we find that Pelfrey controls the disposition of this
matter. See, e.g., State v. Schwable, 3d Dist. No. 7-09-03, 2009-Ohio-6523.
{¶19} Here, Gregory was charged with domestic violence in violation of
R.C. 2919.25(A), (D)(4), a felony of the third degree. For a domestic violence
offense to constitute a third degree felony, the jury must make the additional
finding that the defendant “previously has pleaded guilty to or been convicted of
two or more offenses of domestic violence[.]” R.C. 2919.25(D)(4). Without this
finding, the defendant’s domestic violence offense constitutes a first degree
misdemeanor. R.C. 2919.25(D)(2).
{¶20} At trial, Gregory stipulated that he has two prior convictions of
domestic violence, and copies of those convictions were admitted into evidence.
After the parties’ closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury, in relevant
part, as follows:
Before you can find the Defendant guilty, you must find beyond a
reasonable doubt that on or about August 13th, 2011, and in Hardin
County, Ohio, the Defendant knowingly caused or attempted to
cause physical harm to a family or household member, and further
you must find Defendant has pleaded guilty to or has been convicted
of two or more offenses of domestic violence involving a person
who was a family or household member at the time of the violations
or offenses.1 Trial Tr., p. 156.
1
This language also appears in the typewritten jury instructions provided to the jury during deliberations.
-10-
Case No. 6-12-02
{¶21} Although Gregory stipulated that he had two prior convictions for
domestic violence and the jury instructions specified the correct offense and
degree, these facts, under Pelfrey, do not excuse the failure to comply with R.C.
2945.75(A)(2).2 Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 2007-Ohio-256, at ¶ 13. The
verdict form here reads:
We, the Jury in this case find the Defendant, Trace Elliot Gregory,
guilty of the offense of Domestic Violence. (Docket No. 25).3
Clearly, the verdict form does not include either the degree of the offense (i.e., a
third degree felony) or the aggravating element (i.e., two prior domestic violence
convictions), as required by R.C. 2945.75(A)(2). Under Pelfrey, the verdict form
is insufficient to convict Gregory of a third degree felony. Accordingly, we find
the failure to comply with R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) results in plain error.
{¶22} The State, however, contends that the verdict form does comply with
R.C. 2945.75(A)(2), and thus does not offend the holding in Pelfrey. The State
relies on State v. Sessler, 3d Dist. No. 3-06-23, 2007-Ohio-4931, and Schwable, 3d
2
We note that when parties to an action are able to reach a stipulation on an essential element of an offense
that stipulation does not have the effect of withdrawing the issue from the jury’s consideration, and
therefore a finding on the stipulated fact is still necessary. State v. Cisternino, 11th Dist. No. 99-L-137
(Mar. 30, 2001), citing State v. Fatica, 11th Dist. No. 93-G-1799 (Oct. 15, 1999); see also State v.
Williams, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1042, 2011-Ohio-4595 (despite the defendant’s stipulation that he stole a
credit card from the victim, a fact which elevated his conviction for receiving stolen property from a first
degree misdemeanor to a fifth degree felony, the court of appeals found that the defendant must be
convicted of the least degree of the offense because the verdict form did not include either the degree of the
offense or finding that the stolen property was a credit card). Furthermore, it has been this author’s
position that before a trial court accepts a defendant’s stipulation to an element of an offense it should
engage in a Crim.R. 11 colloquy to determine whether the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily entered the stipulation. State v. McCullough, 3d Dist. No. 12-07-09, 2008-Ohio-3055, ¶ 44-58
(Rogers, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
3
We further note that unlike the verdict forms in Pelfrey and Eafford, the verdict form in this matter did not
refer to the indictment.
-11-
Case No. 6-12-02
Dist. No. 7-09-03, 2009-Ohio-6523, to suggest that R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) can be
satisfied if the verdict form includes the statutory section under which the
defendant was charged. Under this interpretation, the State maintains that the
verdict form complies with R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) because its caption contains the
statutory section under which Gregory was charged, R.C. 2919.25(A), (D)(4). We
disagree.
{¶23} In both Sessler and Schwable, this court determined that the verdict
forms at issue did not comply with R.C. 2945.75(A)(2). In doing so, this court
observed that the verdict forms did not include either the degree of the offense, a
finding concerning the aggravating element, or the statutory section of the charged
offense. Sessler at ¶ 13; Schwable at ¶ 16.
{¶24} Contrary to the State’s interpretation, we find that our holdings in
Sessler and Schwable do not stand for the proposition that R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) can
be satisfied if the verdict form includes the statutory section under which the
defendant was charged. Those holdings were premised on the Supreme Court’s
decision in Pelfrey, which held that R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) can only be satisfied
where the verdict form includes either the degree of the offense or a finding
concerning the aggravating element. Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 2007-Ohio-256,
at ¶ 14. Nowhere in Pelfrey, did the court hold that the requirement of R.C.
2945.75(A)(2) could be satisfied by including the statutory section of the offense
-12-
Case No. 6-12-02
charged. In fact, the court implicitly held otherwise. Id. (“The express
requirement of [R.C. 2945.75(A)(2)] cannot be fulfilled by demonstrating
additional circumstances[.]”). Consequently, Sessler and Schwable cannot be read
to expand the means by which a verdict form can comply with R.C.
2945.75(A)(2). Therefore, we find that the inclusion of the statutory number
under which Gregory was charged in the verdict form’s caption does not satisfy
the requirement of R.C. 2945.75(A)(2).4
{¶25} Having found the State’s argument unavailing, and having found the
verdict form insufficient to convict Gregory of a third degree felony, we must
reverse Gregory’s conviction of domestic violence as a third degree felony and
remand the matter for the trial court to enter a judgment convicting Gregory of
domestic violence as a first degree misdemeanor.
{¶26} Accordingly, we sustain Gregory’s first assignment or error.
Assignment of Error No. II
{¶27} In his second assignment of error, Gregory contends that the trial
court erred when it informed him that he was subject to three years of optional
post-release control. Given our disposition of Gregory’s first assignment of error,
Gregory’s second assignment of error is moot and we decline to address it.
App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
4
Our decision today should not be read as overruling our decisions in Sessler and Schwable. Instead, our
decision should be read as clarifying our decisions in Sessler and Schwable, so they are harmonized with
Pelfrey’s holding.
-13-
Case No. 6-12-02
{¶28} Having found error prejudicial to Gregory herein, in the particulars
assigned and argued in his first assignment of error, we reverse Gregory’s
conviction of domestic violence as a third degree felony and remand the matter for
the trial court to enter a judgment convicting Gregory of domestic violence as a
first degree misdemeanor, pursuant to R.C. 2919.25(A), (D)(2).
Judgment Reversed and
Cause Remanded
WILLAMOWSKI, J., Concurs Separately.
{¶28} I find that R.C. 2945.75(A)(2) is clear and unambiguous. The statute
was objectively not followed. The clear and unambiguous statute provides for
what happens when it is not followed. I therefore concur with the majority.
SHAW, J., DISSENTS.
{¶29} I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion. Plain error requires
that “but for the error, the outcome of the trial would clearly have been
otherwise.” (Emphasis added). State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 431 (1997).
Pursuant to the directives of the Ohio Supreme Court’s recent holding in State v.
Eafford, 132 Ohio St.3d 159, 2012-Ohio-2224, the circumstances of this case do
not create a “manifest miscarriage of justice” as is required for us to reverse the
trial court’s holding under a plain error standard.
-14-
Case No. 6-12-02
{¶30} In this case, Gregory was indicted for a violation of R.C. 2919.25(A),
(D)(4), and the indictment’s language reflected that he had to be found to have
committed two or more offenses of domestic violence in the past. Revised Code
2919.25(A), (D)(4) is cited in the caption of the jury verdict form. At trial, the
parties stipulated to two prior offenses of domestic violence, and judgment entries
reflecting those convictions and that stipulation were provided to the jury.
{¶31} In addition, both oral and written closing instructions were presented
to the jury informing the jury that before it could find Gregory guilty of the offense
charged, the jury had to find that Gregory committed two prior domestic violence
offenses. Throughout all of the proceedings, there is no indication that the jury was
anything but completely informed that it was required to find prior convictions of
domestic violence before finding Gregory guilty of the sole domestic violence
charge in the indictment.
{¶32} In Eafford, the Ohio Supreme Court conducted the following
analysis:
Count Two of the indictment alleged that Eafford possessed
cocaine, expert testimony confirmed that the substance at issue
tested positive for cocaine, and throughout the trial the parties
and the court treated the phrase “possession of drugs” as
synonymous with possession of cocaine. Further in its jury
instructions—a copy of which the court submitted to jurors who
had it in the deliberating room during deliberations—the trial
court explained to the jury that it could not find Eafford guilty
of possession of drugs as charged in Count Two unless it found
the drug involved to be cocaine or a compound, mixture,
-15-
Case No. 6-12-02
preparation, or substance containing cocaine. And, as we
observed in State v. Johnson, 71 Ohio St.3d 332, 340, 643 N.E.2d
1098 (1994), “[j]uries are presumed to follow the court’s
instructions.” Thus, when the jury found Eafford guilty as
charged in Count Two of the indictment, its finding necessarily
related to possession of cocaine.
Eafford therefore failed to demonstrate that the trial court
committed plain error in these circumstances. The verdict form
used the phrase “possession of drugs” but did not ask jurors to
specify whether the drug involved in this case was or was not
cocaine. The jurors found Eafford “guilty of Possession of
Drugs in violation of §2925.11(A) of the Ohio Revised Code, as
charged in Count Two of the indictment.” The finding in the
verdict cannot be described as error, let alone an obvious defect
in the trial proceedings, and it did not affect Eafford’s
substantial rights. He knew from the outset that the state
intended to prove his guilt of possession of cocaine. And it did.
The form of the jury verdict did not affect the outcome of the
trial. The state intended to prove the accused guilty of
possession of cocaine, it did so, and the jury in accordance with
its findings rendered a verdict in conformity with the evidence
presented by the state that Eafford possessed cocaine.
(Emphasis sic). Eafford, at ¶ 17-18. Following this analysis, the Ohio Supreme
Court came to this conclusion:
Count Two of the indictment charged Eafford with possession of
cocaine, the state provided testimony that he possessed cocaine,
and the jury returned its verdict on the only verdict form the
court submitted to it. That verdict form reflected a finding of
guilty as charged in Count Two of the indictment, referring to
possession of cocaine. Thus, Eafford has not shown that but for
the use of this verdict form, the outcome of the trial would have
been different. Had he made a timely objection, the court could
have modified the verdict form, but Eafford still would have
been found guilty of possession of cocaine, because the only
evidence in the case demonstrated his possession of cocaine, as
he did not offer any defense in this case. Accordingly, we reverse
-16-
Case No. 6-12-02
the judgment of the court of appeals and reinstate the sentence
imposed by the trial court.
(Emphasis sic). Eafford, at ¶ 19.
{¶33} Clearly, Eafford directs us to look specifically at all of the
circumstances of the trial and all of the information that was presented to the jury.
The fact that the verdict form in the case before us did not contain the phrase "as
charged in the indictment" does not diminish the significance of the remaining
factors cited in Eafford, identically present in this case, beyond the mere use of
that one phrase. In no event would the outcome of the case before us have been
altered by any amount of speculation concerning this jury verdict form. There
simply is no other rational construction of the verdict given the evidence and
instructions in this case.
{¶34} Inexplicably, the majority chooses to disregard the "totality of the
circumstances" analysis and the holding in Eafford on the basis that the Ohio
Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Pelfrey, 112 Ohio St.3d 422, 2007-Ohio-256,
was not expressly overruled in Eafford. In addition, based upon nothing more
than an apparent personal preference for the Pelfrey decision, the majority then
declares that it will not follow Eafford and will continue to apply only the Pelfrey
analysis in these cases. I am aware of no legal basis for an intermediate court of
appeals taking such a position with regard to the most recent decision of the Ohio
-17-
Case No. 6-12-02
Supreme Court on any issue and I will not join the majority panel members on this
path.
{¶35} Consequently, in the case before us, employing the methods of
Eafford, I would look first to the indictment, which reads as follows:
COUNT 1
[T]he defendant, TRACE ELLIOT GREGGORY, * * *: on or
about August 13, 2011, in Hardin County, Ohio, did knowingly
cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or
household member, and further, said Trace E. Gregory has
pleaded guilty to or has been convicted of two or more offenses
of Domestic Violence or two or more violations or offenses of the
type described in Ohio Revised Code §2919.25(D)(3) involving a
person who was a family or household member at the time of the
violations or offenses; in violation of Ohio Revised Code
§2919.25(A), (D)(4), Domestic Violence [F3], a felony of the third
degree.
(Doc. 2).
{¶36} Next, I would note that the parties entered into a stipulation prior to
the trial regarding the prior domestic violence offenses. The stipulation reads as
follows:
The parties hereby stipulate that Trace E. Gregory has two prior
convictions of Domestic Violence. The first conviction for
Domestic Violence being an [F4], a felony of the fourth degree, in
violation of Ohio Revised Code §2919.25, filed March 11, 1194 in
Clark County Common Pleas Court Case No. 94-CR0116; and a
second conviction of Domestic Violence, [F5] a felony of the fifth
degree, in violation of Ohio Revised Code §2919.25 filed April 4,
2001, in Logan County Common Pleas Court Case No. CR00-10-
0172. There is no need for testimony from the Clerk of Courts
or other witness. Therefore, the parties stipulate that a file
-18-
Case No. 6-12-02
stamped copy of this Entry may be used and/or admitted by the
parties consistent with the rules of evidence and the rulings of
this Court without the need for identification, authentication or
other foundation testimony.
(Doc. 24). At the trial, judgment entries reflecting the prior convictions were, in
fact, introduced into evidence for the jury to consider in making its decision. No
evidence rebutting the prior convictions was presented by the defense.
{¶37} After the State presented its case, the defense called no witnesses.
The court then proceeded to turn the case over to the jury, giving the jury its
closing instructions. As part of the closing instructions, the court stated:
I will now read the indictment to you. State of Ohio, Hardin
County, Court of Common Pleas, in the August 25th, 26th, 2011
session, the jurors of the Grand Jury of the State of Ohio within
and for the body of the county aforesaid on their oaths, in the
name and by the authority of the State of Ohio, do find and
present that count one, there’s only one count, the Defendant,
Trace Elliott Gregory, in Hardin County, Ohio, did knowingly
cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or
household member, and further, that said Trace E. Gregory has
pleaded guilty to or has been convicted of two or more offenses
of domestic violence involving a person who was a family or
household member at the time of the violations. Domestic
violence, in violation of Ohio Revised Code Section 2919.25(A),
(D)(4). Now what does that all mean?
***
Before you can find the Defendant guilty, you must find beyond a
reasonable doubt that on or about August 13th, 2011, and in
Hardin County, Ohio, the Defendant knowingly caused or
attempted to cause physical harm to a family or household
member, and further you must find Defendant has pleaded guilty
to or has been convicted of two or more offenses of domestic
-19-
Case No. 6-12-02
violence involving a person who was a family or household
member at the time of the violations or offenses.
(Emphasis added). (Tr. at 155-56).
{¶38} The court’s oral closing instructions were accompanied by written
closing instructions reflecting the same information. The written instructions read:
The Defendant is charged in count one of the indictment with
domestic violence. Before you can find the Defendant guilty, you
must find beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about August
13th, 2011, and in Hardin County, Ohio, the Defendant
knowingly caused or attempted to cause physical harm to a
family or household member, and further you must find
Defendant has pleaded guilty to or has been convicted of two or
more offenses of domestic violence involving a person who was a
family or household member at the time of the violations or
offenses.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶39} Based on these oral and written instructions, the jury was duly
notified that before it found Gregory guilty, it had to find that he had been
convicted twice previously of domestic violence.
{¶40} The jury verdict form is captioned: “Offense: Domestic Violence in
violation of Ohio Revised Code Section 2919.25(A), (D)(4).” (Doc. 25). The
statute referenced in the verdict form points to domestic violence as a felony of the
third degree (as Gregory was charged), requiring two previous convictions. The
text in the body of the verdict form reads, “We, the Jury in this case find the
-20-
Case No. 6-12-02
Defendant, Trace Eliot Gregory, Guilty5 of the offense of Domestic Violence.
(Doc. 25).
{¶41} As pointed out by the majority, the verdict form does not include the
language “as charged in the indictment.” Nevertheless, based upon all of this
information, I fail to see how we could find that plain error existed. There is no
indication that had the verdict form read any differently that the outcome would
not have been the same at Gregory’s trial. In fact, Gregory presented no evidence
to rebut the prior convictions, which were stipulated to by the defense. Thus the
only evidence at all in the record reflects that Gregory did have two prior
convictions. This is identical to Eafford where the only evidence presented was
that the substance was, in fact, cocaine. In Eafford the Ohio Supreme Court
directs us to find that plain error does not exist in such circumstances.
Accordingly, pursuant to Eafford, and the facts and circumstances of this case, I
would affirm the jury verdict and judgment of conviction entered in the trial court.
/jlr
5
The word guilty is hand-written.
-21-