Babcock v. Welcome

[Cite as Babcock v. Welcome, 2012-Ohio-5284.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ROSS COUNTY
REBECCA LYNN BABCOCK, : Case No. 11CA3273
:
Petitioner-Appellant, :
: DECISION AND
v. : JUDGMENT ENTRY
:
JULIE THERESA WELCOME, :
: RELEASED 11/14/12
Respondent-Appellee. :
______________________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
Jack L. Moser, Jr., Gahanna, Ohio, for appellant.
Joshua M. Goodwin, Southeastern Ohio Legal Services, Chillicothe, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Harsha, J.
{¶1} Rebecca Babcock, the mother of I.S. and E.S., appeals the trial court’s
denial of her motion to modify an order granting custody of the children to Julie
Welcome, their paternal grandmother. Babcock argues that the trial court committed
plain error when it found no change in circumstances that warranted modification had
occurred. She contends that such a change occurred when: 1) the children had
unexpected contact with their father after the initial custody order was issued, and 2)
Welcome interfered with her visitation rights. She argues that the evidence from the
motion hearing supports her argument. However, the transcript of this hearing is not
properly before us, so we cannot consider it. In the absence of any evidence to support
the purported errors, we must presume the validity of the trial court’s proceedings.
{¶2} Next, Babcock contends that the trial court should have found that the fact
that the children reached school age since the issuance of the initial custody order,
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 2
when combined with “other factors,” constituted a change in circumstances. However,
Babcock failed to demonstrate that any “other factors” exist to support such a finding.
Therefore, we also reject this argument.
I. Facts
{¶3} Babcock and Brandon Stokes are the natural parents of I.S. and E.S. In
October 2006, a Minnesota court entered an order awarding physical custody of the
children to Welcome and joint legal custody of the children to Babcock and Welcome.
Stokes agreed to this arrangement. Evidently Welcome lived in Ohio at the time, and
the court ordered her to “make every effort to schedule visits with the children and their
maternal family members.” Shortly after the court entered the custody order, the
children moved to Ohio with Welcome.
{¶4} In 2008, Babcock filed a motion in the Minnesota court to request sole
physical and legal custody of the children. The Minnesota court declined to exercise
jurisdiction in the matter. The court concluded that Minnesota was an inconvenient
forum and that Ohio was a more appropriate forum for the motion because the children
had lived in Ohio for more than two years since the court issued the original custody
order.
{¶5} Subsequently, Babcock had the Minnesota custody order registered in
Ross County under R.C. 3127.35 and filed a motion to modify the order. She asked the
trial court to designate her as the residential parent and legal custodian of the children
and terminate Welcome’s rights. Alternatively, she sought parenting time and/or
visitation under Ross County’s standard visitation schedule. A magistrate conducted a
hearing on the motion. Subsequently, the magistrate issued a written decision denying
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 3
Babcock’s motion, concluding that no change in circumstances had occurred as
required by R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a). The trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision the
same day. Babcock filed a request for findings of fact and conclusions of law 11 days
later. Before the magistrate responded to this request, Babcock filed a notice of appeal.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶6} Babcock assigns three errors for our review:
I. TRIAL COURT ERRED, ABUSED ITS DISCRETION, AND RULED
AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE BY
RULING THAT THE FACT THAT THE CHILDREN ARE NOW OF
SCHOOL AGE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A SUFFICIENT
CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCES.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED, ABUSED ITS DISCRETION, AND
RULED AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
WHEN IT RULED THAT BRANDON STOKES’ EXPOSURE TO
THE CHILDREN DID NOT CONSTITUTE A CHANGE IN
CIRCUMSTANCES.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED, ABUSED ITS DISCRETION, AND
RULED AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
BY CONSIDERING THAT APPELLEE HAD NOT FAILED TO
FULFILL HER OBLIGATIONS AS TO APPELLANT’S
COMPANIONSHIP WITH THE CHILDREN.
III. Standard of Review
{¶7} In each of her assignments of error, Babcock contends that the trial court
abused its discretion in various ways when it found no change in circumstances
warranting modification occurred and denied her motion.1 Generally, “[d]ecisions
concerning child custody matters rest within the sound discretion of the trial court.”
Eatherton v. Behringer, 3rd Dist. No. 13-11-12, 2012-Ohio-1584, ¶ 13, citing Miller v.
Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). “Custody determinations are some
1
Babcock also contends this finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence. However, abuse of
discretion is the appropriate standard of review. Jones v. Jones, 4th Dist. No. 06CA25, 2007-Ohio-4255,
¶ 31-32, 41.
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 4
of the most difficult and agonizing decisions a trial judge must make, and, therefore,
appellate courts must grant wide latitude to their consideration of the evidence.” Id.,citing Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). Ordinarily,
“a reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s decision regarding child custody absent
an abuse of discretion.” Id., citing Masters v. Masters, 69 Ohio St.3d 83, 85, 630 N.E.2d
665 (1994). The phrase “abuse of discretion” connotes an attitude on the part of the
court that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d
151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980).
{¶8} “While a trial court’s discretion in a custody modification proceeding is
broad, it is not absolute, and must be guided by the language set forth in R.C. 3109.04.”
Miller at 74. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a) provides:
The court shall not modify a prior decree allocating parental rights and
responsibilities for the care of children unless it finds, based on facts that
have arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the
time of the prior decree, that a change has occurred in the circumstances
of the child, the child’s residential parent, or either of the parents subject to
a shared parenting decree, and that the modification is necessary to serve
the best interest of the child. In applying these standards, the court shall
retain the residential parent designated by the prior decree or the prior
shared parenting decree, unless a modification is in the best interest of the
child and one of the following applies:
(i) The residential parent agrees to a change in the residential parent or
both parents under a shared parenting decree agree to a change in the
designation of residential parent.
(ii) The child, with the consent of the residential parent or of both parents
under a shared parenting decree, has been integrated into the family of
the person seeking to become the residential parent.
(iii) The harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is
outweighed by the advantages of the change of environment to the child.
{¶9} Nonetheless, a party forfeits all but plain error on appeal if the party fails to
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 5
timely object to a magistrate’s decision on a R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a) motion. Juv.R.
40(D)(3)(b)(iv) provides: “Except for a claim of plain error, a party shall not assign as
error on appeal the court’s adoption of any factual finding or legal conclusion, whether
or not specifically designated as a finding of fact or conclusion of law under Juv.R.
40(D)(3)(a)(ii), unless the party has objected to that finding or conclusion as required by
Juv.R. 40(D)(3)(b).” “In appeals of civil cases, the plain error doctrine is not favored and
may be applied only in the extremely rare case involving exceptional circumstances
where error, to which no objection was made at the trial court, seriously affects the
basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging
the legitimacy of the underlying judicial process itself.” Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio
St.3d 116, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997), syllabus.
{¶10} Babcock claims that her objections were timely because she made a
timely request for findings of fact and conclusions of law and made her objections within
fourteen days after the magistrate filed a decision containing the requested information.
Under Juv.R. 40(D)(3)(a)(ii), “a magistrate’s decision may be general unless findings of
fact and conclusions of law are timely requested by a party or otherwise required by
law. A request for findings of fact and conclusions of law shall be made before the entry
of a magistrate’s decision or within seven days after the filing of a magistrate’s
decision.” Juv.R. 40(D)(3)(b)(i) states: “A party may file written objections to a
magistrate’s decision within fourteen days of the filing of the decision, whether or not the
court has adopted the decision during that fourteen-day period as permitted by Juv.R.
40(D)(4)(e)(i). * * * If a party makes a timely request for findings of fact and conclusions
of law, the time for filing objections begins to run when the magistrate files a decision
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 6
that includes findings of fact and conclusions of law.”
{¶11} Here, the magistrate issued a decision on July 22, 2011, and the trial court
adopted it the same day, which it had authority to do under Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(e)(i).
Babcock had to request findings of fact and conclusions of law within seven days after
the filing of a magistrate’s decision, i.e., by July 29, 2011. She did not file her request
until August 2, 2011, and she did not request the court’s permission to make a belated
request under Juv.R. 18(B).
{¶12} Babcock contends that the time for filing should have been extended by
three days under Civ.R. 6(E). Because a juvenile court heard this case, Babcock
should have cited Juv.R. 18(E)’s similar three-day rule, which provides: “Whenever a
party has the right or is required to do an act within a prescribed period after the service
of a notice or other paper upon the person and the notice or other paper is served upon
the person by mail, three days shall be added to the prescribed period.” However, even
if we presume this rule applies, Babcock would have needed to file her request by
August 1, 2011. In other words, even if we extended the time for filing the request by
three days, it would still be untimely.
{¶13} Because Babcock failed to make a timely request for findings of fact and
conclusions of law, she had to file her written objections to the magistrate’s decision
within fourteen days of the filing of that decision, i.e., by August 5, 2011. She failed to
do so. Instead, on August 23, 2011, she filed her notice of appeal. Even though the
magistrate had not responded to Babcock’s request for findings of fact and conclusions
of law yet, that fact did not prevent this court from assuming jurisdiction over this case
because Babcock’s request was untimely. See, by way of analogy, Caruthers v.
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 7
Caruthers, 4th Dist. No. 00CA09, 2001 WL 243407, *2-3 (Jan. 25, 2001) (Explaining
that a judgment entry is not a final, appealable order when a timely Civ.R. 52 motion for
findings of fact and conclusions of law is pending but is final if the motion is untimely).
{¶14} Apparently, on September 9, 2011, the magistrate did issue findings of
fact and conclusions of law, and Babcock filed objections less than fourteen days later.
The trial court declined to rule on the objections on the grounds that the filing of the
notice of appeal deprived it of jurisdiction. The appellate record does not contain any of
these documents. However, even if we presume their existence, “[t]he filing of a notice
of appeal deprives a trial court of jurisdiction to grant any relief inconsistent with an
appellate court's ability to affirm, modify or reverse the judgment being appealed.” State
v. Scheutzman, 4th Dist. No. 07CA22, 2008-Ohio-6096, ¶ 6. “The review and
determination of objections to a Magistrate's Decision is inconsistent with an appeal
because objections are directed at the substance of the judgment appealed and the
issues raised on appeal.” Arthur v. Trimmer, 5th Dist. No. 02CA06029, 2003-Ohio-
2034, ¶ 13 (Although the Arthur Court made this statement in the context of Civ.R. 53,
we find it applies equally to Juv.R. 40). Therefore, the trial court did lack jurisdiction to
consider any objections Babcock filed after her notice of appeal.
{¶15} Because Babcock failed to timely file objections to the magistrate’s
decision, we conclude that plain error analysis applies to her assignments of error.
IV. Appellate Consideration of the Transcript of Proceedings
{¶16} Before we address the merits of the assignments of error, we must
address another preliminary matter. Welcome contends that in reviewing the
assignments of error, we may not consider the transcript of the hearing on Babcock’s
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 8
motion. This transcript is part of the record on appeal because we granted Babcock
leave to supplement the record with it. However, our review of the record indicates that
this transcript was not actually before the trial court when it adopted the magistrate’s
decision. Babcock never filed the transcript prior to filing her notice of appeal. Under
these circumstances, “this court will not review the transcript on appeal because our
decision would then be predicated upon materials that the trial court did not have the
opportunity to review in rendering its judgment.” Molnar v. Molnar, 9th Dist. No. 3102-
M, 2001 WL 688898, *2 (June 20, 2001). “A reviewing court cannot add matter to the
record before it, which was not a part of the trial court’s proceedings, and then decide
the appeal on the basis of the new matter.” State v. Ishmail, 54 Ohio St.2d 402, 377
N.E.2d 500 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus. Therefore, we will not consider this
transcript in ruling on Babcock’s assignments of error.
V. Change in Circumstances
{¶17} Before a court can modify a prior decree under R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), it
must find that “based on facts that have arisen since the prior decree or that were
unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree, that a change has occurred in the
circumstances of the child, the child’s residential parent, or either of the parents subject
to a shared parenting decree[.]” The trial court denied Babcock’s motion because it
determined there was “insufficient evidence to find that the children’s circumstances
have changed * * *.” Babcock contends that the court committed plain error when it
made this determination because numerous changes occurred.
{¶18} “[A] change in circumstances is a threshold requirement intended to
provide some stability to the custodial status of the child.” Thebeau v. Thebeau, 4th
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 9
Dist. No. 07CA34, 2008-Ohio-4751, ¶ 29 (per curiam), citing In re Braydon James, 113
Ohio St.3d 420, 2007-Ohio-2335, 866 N.E.2d 467, ¶ 15. “Because of this need for
stability in the child’s life, any change in circumstances must be substantive and
significant.” Id. R.C. 3109.04 does not define what constitutes a change of
circumstances. Courts have generally interpreted the phrase to mean “ ‘an event,
occurrence, or situation which has a material and adverse effect upon a child.’ ”
Roberts v. Bolin, 4th Dist. No. 09CA44, 2010-Ohio-3783, ¶ 27, quoting In re M.D.D.,
12th Dist. No. CA2009-06-170, 2010-Ohio-326, ¶ 22.
A. The Children’s Interaction with Brandon Stokes and Visitation with Babcock
{¶19} In the second assignment of error, Babcock contends that the court
committed plain error when it found the children’s exposure to their father after the
Minnesota decree was issued did not constitute a change in circumstances. In the third
assignment of error, Babcock argues that the court committed plain error when it found
her claim that Welcome failed to fulfill her obligations as to Babcock’s companionship
with the children was unsupported by the evidence and did not amount to a change in
circumstances. She argues that these conclusions are not supported by the evidence
adduced at the modification hearing.
{¶20} However, the appellant has the duty to provide a transcript for appellate
review. Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 199, 400 N.E.2d 384(1980) (per curiam). “This is necessarily so because an appellant bears the burden of
showing error by reference to matters in the record.” Id. “When portions of the
transcript necessary for resolution of assigned errors are omitted from the record, the
reviewing court has nothing to pass upon and thus, as to those assigned errors, the
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 10
court has no choice but to presume the validity of the lower court’s proceedings, and
affirm.” Id. As we explained above, even though a transcript of the modification hearing
appears in the appellate record, we cannot consider it because the trial court did not
have access to it in reaching its decision. Obviously, we cannot find that the trial court
committed “plain error” based on evidence that was not before it. Absent a transcript,
Babcock cannot support the purported errors and rebut the presumption of validity.
{¶21} In her reply brief, Babcock suggests the 2006 and 2008 Minnesota court
orders in the record prove Welcome interfered with her visitation rights. However, this is
not the case. The 2006 order indicates that Welcome “shall make every effort to
schedule visits with the children and their maternal family members.” The 2008 order
mentions Babock’s allegations that Welcome failed to do this, but as the court clearly
states, those were simply allegations. The Minnesota court did not consider the merits
of Babcock’s allegations – it concluded an Ohio court should do that. Thus, the 2006
and 2008 orders do not support Babcock’s argument.
{¶22} Because Babcock failed to file timely objections, the court was free to
adopt the magistrate’s decision unless the court determined there was an error of law or
other defect evident on the face of the magistrate’s decision. Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(c).
Babcock does not contend that such an error or defect exists, nor do we observe one.
Accordingly, we overrule the second and third assignments of error.
B. Age of the Children
{¶23} In her first assignment of error, Babcock contends that the trial court
committed plain error when it found that the children’s attainment of school age did not
constitute a change in circumstances. However, in her argument, Babcock
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 11
acknowledges that a change in circumstances does not automatically occur anytime a
child starts school. (Reply Br. 2). Instead, she argues that the fact that the children
reached school age, when combined with other factors, constitutes a change in
circumstances.
{¶24} She cites one case from this district, Wilson v. Wilson, 4th Dist. No.
09CA1, 2009-Ohio-4978, for the proposition that “while a change in the child’s age
alone is not dispositve of a change in circumstances, a child’s maturation, when coupled
with other factors, may establish a change in circumstances.” (Appellant’s Br. 2). In
Wilson, we did state that “[t]he passage of time, standing alone, * * * is not sufficient to
demonstrate a change in circumstance.” Id. at ¶24. We also stated that, “[a] child’s
maturation along with other factors, * * * may establish a sufficient change in
circumstances.” Id.
{¶25} Babcock contends that “[t]he maturation of [I.S. and E.S.], when coupled
with other factors, including reaching school age, most certainly establishes a change in
circumstances that warrants a review as to what is in the best interests of the children.”
(Appellant’s Br. 2). Babcock apparently claims that the maturation of the children and
the fact that they reached school age constitute two independent factors. We disagree.
Babcock’s only basis for stating that the children have matured is the fact that they have
reached school age. Thus, she is just stating the same factor in different ways.
{¶26} In her reply brief, Babcock argues that “additional factors” include the
children’s exposure to their father and Welcome’s interference with her visitation rights.
(Reply Br. 3). However, the trial court generally concluded there was insufficient
evidence to find that a change in circumstances occurred. The court specifically found
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 12
that Babcock’s claim that Welcome “failed to fulfill her obligations as to [Babcock’s]
companionship with the children” was not supported by the evidence. And the court
found that the father’s exposure to the children had not “been shown to create a
‘likelihood of harm to the safety, health, and well being of the children’ as [Babcock]
argues.” Again, because the transcript of proceedings is not properly before us,
Babcock cannot demonstrate that the court erred when it made these findings. See the
discussion in Sections IV. and V.A. above. Babcock failed to show that any factor other
than the children reached school age supports the conclusion that a change in
circumstances occurred. Therefore, we overrule the first assignment of error.
VI. Conclusion
{¶27} Having overruled each of the assignments of error, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. No. 11CA3273 13
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay the
costs.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross
County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Exceptions.
Kline, J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court
BY: ____________________________
William H. Harsha, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.