Onderko v. Sierra Lobo, Inc.

[Cite as Onderko v. Sierra Lobo, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4115.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ERIE COUNTY
Michael P. Onderko Court of Appeals No. E-14-009
Appellant Trial Court No. 2013-CV-0187
v.
Sierra Lobo, Inc. DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellee Decided: September 19, 2014
*****
Margaret O’Bryon, for appellant.
Mark P. Valponi and Brian E. Ambrosia, for appellee.
*****
YARBROUGH, P.J.
I. Introduction
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from the judgment of the Erie County Court of Common
Pleas, which granted summary judgment in favor of defendant-appellee, Sierra Lobo,
Inc., on plaintiff-appellant’s, Michael Onderko, claims for retaliatory discharge and
intentional infliction of emotional distress. For the following reasons, we affirm, in part,
and reverse, in part.
A. Facts and Procedural Background
{¶ 2} On Thursday, August 9, 2012, appellant was moving a table and some
cabinets in the course of his employment as an engineering tech for appellee when he felt
some pain in his right knee. Appellant states that because of the pain, he left work early
that day. On his way home, appellant stopped at a gas station. As he was stepping off a
curb, his right knee “gave out.” Consequently, he went to the hospital. The handwritten
notes from the emergency room records document that “[appellant] had R knee pain for a
couple weeks, but today took a step off the curb & heard a ‘pop.’ Now painful to bear
weight.” Appellant states that the emergency room doctor then recommended that he
follow up with an orthopedic doctor.
{¶ 3} The next day, appellant saw Dr. Biro. A clinic note from Dr. Biro indicates
that appellant had injured his right knee six weeks earlier, which injury resolved itself
after several weeks of ice, rest, and walking on crutches. The note further indicates that
appellant continued with daily living until the knee “completely let go” when he was
climbing a curb.
{¶ 4} Notably, neither the hospital records nor Dr. Biro’s notes included any
mention by appellant that he suffered an injury while at work. Appellant states in his
affidavit that he did not mention work to the emergency room doctor because he was
afraid of being fired since it was known that appellee was very concerned about its safety
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record. In addition, appellant states that Dr. Biro’s clinic note contained incorrect
information in that appellant did not have a prior injury to his right knee, but rather had a
prior injury to his left knee. Appellant also states that he tried to contact Dr. Biro to
correct the clinic note, but that Dr. Biro refused to see him once Dr. Biro found out that it
was a workers’ compensation injury.
{¶ 5} Following his doctor visits, appellant contacted April Reeves, an employee
in appellee’s human resources department, and told her that he tore his right ACL.1
Reeves states in her affidavit that appellant told her the injury did not occur at work, but
appellant disputes Reeves’ statement in his own affidavit. On August 13, 2012, after
speaking with Reeves, appellant then contacted Dave Hamrick, appellee’s corporate
director of human resources, and inquired about receiving light-duty work. Hamrick
informed appellant that appellant could not return to work due to the pain medication
appellant was taking.
{¶ 6} Thereafter, still on August 13, 2012, appellant filed a First Report of Injury
with the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“BWC”). Appellant states in his affidavit
that he filed the report because Hamrick told him he did not have a work injury but
appellant wanted to ensure that it was filed as a work injury. The August 13, 2012 report
claims a torn right ACL caused by lifting and pushing equipment. On August 28, 2012,
appellant filed a second First Report of Injury, this time claiming a right knee
sprain/strain. The BWC initially disallowed appellant’s claim, but later vacated that
1
Nothing in the record supports a medical diagnosis of a torn right ACL.
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decision and entered a new decision that allowed appellant’s claim on the medical
condition of a right knee sprain.
{¶ 7} Appellee appealed the BWC’s decision to the Industrial Commission. After
a hearing, the Industrial Commission reversed BWC’s decision and denied appellant’s
workers’ compensation claim on November 6, 2012. In her decision, the Industrial
Commission District Hearing Officer found that appellant’s injury was not sustained in
the course of his employment. Appellant did not appeal the November 6, 2012 decision.
He states that he did not file an appeal because he was already back at work and just
wanted the ordeal to be over.
{¶ 8} One month later, on December 12, 2012, appellee terminated appellant’s
employment. Prior to his termination, appellant had received three performance bonuses,
had no discipline write-ups, and had no unexcused absences. Appellant states that
Hamrick told him he was being terminated due to the workers’ compensation outcome.
Hamrick, for his part, states in his affidavit that appellant was terminated “for his
deceptive attempt to obtain Workers’ Compensation benefits for a non-work related
injury.”
{¶ 9} On March 8, 2013, appellant initiated his present claims for retaliatory
discharge in violation of R.C. 4123.90, and for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
As to the claim for retaliatory discharge, appellee moved for summary judgment solely
on the basis that appellant could not satisfy the required element of having suffered a
workplace injury. Specifically, appellee argued that the Industrial Commission
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determined that the injury did not occur at the workplace, and that such decision was
binding on appellant through the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel. Thus,
appellee concluded it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Appellant, on the other
hand, argued that having an allowable workers’ compensation claim is not a required
element of retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90. Rather, citing Ammon v. Fresh
Mark, Inc., 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 94-C-46, 1995 WL 472301 (Aug. 9, 1995),
appellant contended it is the “mere filing of a compensation claim [that] trigger[s] the
statutory protection from discharge.”
{¶ 10} As to the claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, appellee
argued that it is entitled to summary judgment because its act of terminating appellant for
deceptively attempting to collect benefits for a non-work-related injury is not “extreme
and outrageous” conduct, especially where appellant is employed “at-will.” Appellant
responded by arguing that he did not lie about his workers’ compensation claim, and that
his claim was supported by the medical report of Dr. Ahn, and by the statements of three
co-workers who reported that appellant told them he had aggravated his knee while
moving cabinets in the shop.
{¶ 11} The trial court, in granting summary judgment to appellee, agreed that res
judicata and collateral estoppel precluded appellant from re-litigating whether he suffered
a workplace injury. Further, the trial court determined that “[appellee] did not terminate
[appellant] for merely filing a workers’ compensation claim and subsequently being
denied benefits. Instead, [appellee] terminated [appellant] for engaging in deceptive
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practices: engaging in deceptive behavior when he attempted to obtain BWC benefits for
an injury that was not work related.” The court concluded,
Therefore, even in holding the evidence most favorable to
[appellant], reasonable minds can only come to the conclusion that
[appellee] did not violate R.C. 4123.90 as [appellant] did not suffer a work
related injury and that [appellee] has proven with clear and convincing
evidence that [appellee] terminated [appellant] for misrepresenting his
injury as a work related injury. [Appellant] cannot bring forth a prima facie
case of retaliatory firing.
{¶ 12} Finally, as it pertains to appellant’s intentional infliction of emotional
distress claim, the trial court held that appellant could not prove that appellee’s conduct
was extreme and outrageous. As support for its conclusion, the trial court noted that
appellant did not suffer a work injury and appellee chose to terminate appellant based
upon lawful reasons, i.e., “[appellant’s] dishonesty in filing a workers’ compensation
claim for an injury that did not occur at work.”
B. Assignments of Error
{¶ 13} On appeal, appellant presents two assignments of error for our review:
1. The Trial Court Committed Error in Granting Appellee’s Motion
for Summary Judgment on the Basis that Res Judicata and Collateral
Estoppel prohibited Appellant from Prevailing on a Retaliatory Discharge
Claim Regarding a Work Related Injury.
6.
2. The Trial Court Committed Error in Granting Appellee’s Motion
for Summary Judgment on the Basis that the Employer’s Conduct was not
Extreme and Outrageous.
II. Analysis
{¶ 14} We review summary judgment decisions de novo, applying the same
standard as the trial court. Lorain Natl. Bank v. Saratoga Apts., 61 Ohio App.3d 127,
129, 572 N.E.2d 198 (9th Dist.1989). Applying Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is
appropriate where (1) there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, (2) the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds can come to but
one conclusion, and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party, that conclusion is adverse to the non-moving party. Harless v. Willis Day
Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978).
A. Retaliatory Discharge
{¶ 15} A claim for retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90 involves a burden
shifting analysis. Initially, the employee bears the burden of establishing a prima facie
case of retaliatory discharge. Napier v. Roadway Freight, Inc., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-06-
1181, 2007-Ohio-1326, ¶ 12. Once an employee has set forth a prima facie case, the
burden then shifts to the defendant to set forth a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the
discharge. Id. “If the employer sets forth a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason, the burden
again shifts to the employee to ‘specifically show’ that the employer’s purported reason
is pretextual and that the real reason the employer discharged the employee was because
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the employee engaged in activity that is protected under the Ohio Workers’
Compensation Act.” Id.{¶ 16} Here, the threshold issue we must decide in appellant’s first assignment of
error is what elements are required to prove a prima facie claim for retaliatory discharge
under R.C. 4123.90. Specifically, we must determine whether appellant must prove that
he suffered a workplace injury. We hold that he does not.
{¶ 17} Our analysis centers on R.C. 4123.90, which provides, in relevant part,
No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive
action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or
instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’
compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in
the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer.
{¶ 18} Appellee argues that the statute requires proof of three elements: (1) the
employee was injured on the job, (2) the employee filed a claim for workers’
compensation, and (3) the employee was discharged by the employer in contravention of
R.C. 4123.90. Similarly, our court on several occasions has stated the elements as, “(1)
the employee suffered an occupational injury; (2) the employee filed a workers’
compensation claim; and (3) the employee was subsequently demoted or discharged from
her employment in retaliation for the filing of the claim for benefits.” E.g., Huth v.
Shinner’s Meats, Inc., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-05-1182, 2006-Ohio-860, ¶ 17. This
formulation of the elements derives from Wilson v. Riverside Hosp., 18 Ohio St.3d 8, 10,
8.
479 N.E.2d 275 (1985), in which the Ohio Supreme Court held “a complaint filed by an
employee against an employer states a claim for relief for retaliatory discharge when it
alleges that the employee was injured on the job, filed a claim for workers’ compensation
and was discharged by that employer in contravention of R.C. 4123.90.”
{¶ 19} However, the Tenth District, in Sidenstricker v. Miller Pavement Maint.,
Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 00AP-1146, 00AP-1460, 2001-Ohio-4111, ¶ 58, restated
the elements of a prima facie case for retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90 as: (1)
the employee was engaged in a protected activity, (2) he or she was the subject of an
adverse employment action, and (3) a causal link exists between the protected activity
and the adverse employment action. See also Ferguson v. SanMar Corp., 12th Dist.
Butler No. CA2008-11-283, 2009-Ohio-4132, ¶ 17 (adopting the Tenth District’s
approach). An employee engages in a protected activity when he or she “file[s] a
workers’ compensation claim or institute[s], pursue[s] or testifie[s] in a workers’
compensation proceeding regarding a workers’ compensation claim.” Sidenstricker at
¶ 58.
{¶ 20} In reformulating the elements of a prima facie claim under R.C. 4123.90 to
clarify that proof of a workplace injury is not required, the Tenth District reasoned first
that Wilson did not hold that proof of injury on the job is a necessary element of a
retaliatory discharge claim. In Wilson, the parties did not dispute that the plaintiff was
injured in a fall at her place of employment. Wilson at 8. As a result of her injury, the
plaintiff was unable to work for 11 months. When she notified her employer of her
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intention to return to work, the employer informed her that she no longer had a job. The
employer explained in a letter that its leave of absence policy only guaranteed a position
for ten weeks. Since the plaintiff had been gone for over eleven months, the employer
had filled her position. Id.{¶ 21} The plaintiff then filed a complaint against her employer, alleging a
violation of R.C. 4123.90. Attached to the complaint was the letter from the employer
explaining its leave of absence policy. The employer moved to dismiss the complaint
under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) on the grounds that the complaint did not “specifically allege that
the discharge was in retaliation for plaintiff’s workers’ compensation claim.” Id. On
appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court, the employer argued that the attached letter
demonstrates that the plaintiff was terminated pursuant to the leave of absence policy and
that there was no retaliatory motive. Id. at 10. The Ohio Supreme Court rejected this
argument, reasoning that the plaintiff’s material allegation with respect to the letter was
that her employment relationship was terminated; the complaint did not allege that the
plaintiff was discharged because of the leave of absence policy. Thus, the leave of
absence policy could not be considered in determining whether the motion to dismiss
should be granted. Id. The court continued, stating that the material allegations in the
complaint were that the plaintiff “was employed by [the employer], she was injured on
the job, she received workers’ compensation, she attempted to return to her job after
recovering from the work-related injury, and she was discharged in contravention of R.C.
4123.90.” Id. The court concluded that “[b]y referring to R.C. 4123.90 in the complaint,
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appellant sufficiently complied with the notice pleading requirements of Civ.R. 8(A).”
Id. Thus, the court held “that a complaint filed by an employee against an employer
states a claim for relief for retaliatory discharge when it alleges that the employee was
injured on the job, filed a claim for workers’ compensation and was discharged by that
employer in contravention of R.C. 4123.90.” Id.
{¶ 22} A close examination of Wilson reveals that the element of “injury on the
job” was not the focal point of the decision, as it was undisputed that the plaintiff
suffered such an injury. Rather, the focus of the holding was that a reference to R.C.
4123.90 in a complaint for retaliatory discharge was sufficient to satisfy the notice
pleading requirements, and that the plaintiff was not required to specifically allege that
the discharge was in retaliation for her filing of a workers’ compensation claim.
{¶ 23} The Tenth District in Sidenstricker further noted that, although Ohio courts
frequently cite Wilson for the elements of a retaliatory discharge claim under R.C.
4123.90, only one has directly addressed the element of “injury on the job.” In that
single case, Kilbarger v. Anchor Hocking Glass Co., 120 Ohio App.3d 332, 697 N.E.2d
1080 (5th Dist.1997), the Fifth District held that the employee failed to satisfy the
element of injury on the job, but also held that the employee failed to prove that the
employer’s legitimate reason for discharge was pretextual. Thus, no Ohio case has been
decided solely on the issue of injury on the job, as appellee requests that we do here.
{¶ 24} After examining Wilson, the Tenth District next looked to the language of
the statute itself. In examining a statute, the initial question that must be resolved in
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determining the intent of the legislature is whether the language is ambiguous. “Where
the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous and conveys a clear and definite
meaning there is no occasion for resorting to rules of statutory interpretation. An
unambiguous statute is to be applied, not interpreted.” Sears v. Weimer, 143 Ohio St.
312, 55 N.E.2d 413 (1944), paragraph five of the syllabus. “However, where a statute is
found to be subject to various interpretations, a court called upon to interpret its
provisions may invoke rules of statutory construction.” Cline v. Ohio Bur. of Motor
Vehicles, 61 Ohio St.3d 93, 96, 573 N.E.2d 77 (1991).
{¶ 25} Here, appellee, through its position, advances the interpretation that the
phrase “injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of
his employment” limits the type of claim and proceedings for which there is protection,
and that the limitation is separate and in addition to the limitation that the claim or
proceeding must be under the Workers’ Compensation Act. This interpretation results in
the conclusion that an employee must prove both that the claim or proceedings are under
the Workers’ Compensation Act, and that the claim or proceedings are for an injury that
definitively occurred in the course of and arising out of the employment. An at least
equally reasonable interpretation, however, is that the phrase is a continuation of the
single limiting factor that the claim or proceeding be under the Workers’ Compensation
Act, since all claims under the Workers’ Compensation Act are for injuries arising out of
the course of employment. Thus, under this interpretation, an employee must prove only
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that he or she filed a claim or initiated proceedings under the Workers’ Compensation
Act.
{¶ 26} Because there are two reasonable interpretations, we must turn to the rules
of statutory construction, bearing in mind that “[t]he primary rule in statutory
construction is to give effect to the legislature’s intention.” Cline at 97. Initially, we note
that, in dealing with ambiguity, the legislature has stated its intention that “where a
section of the Workmen’s Compensation Act will bear two reasonable but opposing
interpretations, the one favoring the claimant must be adopted.” State ex rel. Sayre v.
Indus. Comm., 17 Ohio St.2d 57, 62, 245 N.E.2d 827 (1969), citing R.C. 4123.95
(“Sections 4123.01 to 4123.94, inclusive, of the Revised Code shall be liberally construed
in favor of employees and the dependents of deceased employees.”).
{¶ 27} One of the aids of construction in determining the intent of the legislature is
the object sought to be attained by the statute. R.C. 1.49(A). To that end, the Ohio
Supreme Court has stated that the basic purpose of the anti-retaliation provision in R.C.
4123.90 is “‘to enable employees to freely exercise their rights without fear of retribution
from their employers.’” Sutton v. Tomco Machining, Inc., 129 Ohio St.3d 153, 2011-
Ohio-2723, 950 N.E.2d 938, ¶ 22, quoting Coolidge v. Riverdale Local School Dist., 100
Ohio St.3d 141, 2003-Ohio-5357, 797 N.E.2d 61, ¶ 43. Under appellee’s interpretation,
that purpose would be frustrated in situations such as this where the precise cause of the
injury is unknown at the time, and multiple incidents may have substantially aggravated a
condition resulting in an injury. Requiring an employee to successfully prove that the
13.
injury occurred at work for purposes of a retaliatory discharge claim would have a
chilling effect on the exercise of his or her rights because the employee would be forced
to choose between a continuation of employment and the submission of a workers’
compensation claim. This choice must be made by the employee knowing that if he or
she fails to prove that the cause of the injury was work related, not only will his or her
claim be denied, but the employer would then be free to terminate the employment
simply because the claim was filed. As recognized by the Nevada Supreme Court, “In
the absence of an injury resulting in permanent total disability, most employees would be
constrained to forego their entitlement to industrial compensation in favor of the
economic necessity of retaining their jobs.” Hansen v. Harrah’s, 100 Nev. 60, 64, 675
P.2d 394 (1984).
{¶ 28} Therefore, in accordance with R.C. 4123.95 and the basic purpose of the
anti-retaliation provision, we construe R.C. 4123.90 to require that an employee must
prove only that he or she “filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any
proceedings under the workers’ compensation act.” The employee is not required to
prove definitively that the injury occurred and arose out of the course of employment. In
so doing, we agree with the reasoning of the Tenth District, and adopt its holding that to
prove a prima facie case of retaliatory discharge, the employee must show:
(1) the employee filed a workers’ compensation claim or instituted, pursued
or testified in a workers’ compensation proceeding regarding a workers’
compensation claim (the “protected activity”), (2) the employer discharged,
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demoted, reassigned or took punitive action against the employee (an
“adverse employment action”), and (3) a causal link existed between the
employee’s filing or pursuit of a workers’ compensation claim and the
adverse employment action by the employer (“retaliatory motive”).
Sidenstricker, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 00AP-1146, 00AP-1460, 2001-
Ohio-4111 at ¶ 58.
{¶ 29} Our holding today, however, does not grant employees the power to file
frivolous workers’ compensation claims with impunity. “The scope of R.C. 4123.90 is
narrow and protects only against adverse employment actions in direct response to the
filing or pursuit of a workers’ compensation claim.” Ayers v. Progressive RSC, Inc., 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94523, 2010-Ohio-4687, ¶ 14; see also Oliver v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-229, 2002-Ohio-5005, ¶ 10. “R.C. 4123.90 does not
prohibit a discharge for just and legitimate termination of employment. It does not
suspend the rights of an employer, nor insulate an employee from an otherwise just and
lawful discharge.” Markham v. Earle M. Jorgensen Co., 138 Ohio App.3d 484, 493, 741
N.E.2d 618 (8th Dist.2000), quoting Brown v. Whirlpool Corp., 3d Dist. Marion No.
9-86-20, 1987 WL 16261 (Sept. 1, 1987).
{¶ 30} Several Ohio courts have found that committing fraud in the pursuit of a
workers’ compensation claim is a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for discharge. In
Kilbarger v. Anchor Hocking Glass Co., 120 Ohio App.3d 332, 697 N.E.2d 1080 (5th
Dist.1997), the employer terminated the employee for falsification of records in
15.
connection with the filing of a workers’ compensation claim. In that case, the
employee’s ex-girlfriend testified that the employee injured himself while painting
houses during the plant’s summer shutdown, but told her that he would claim the injury
occurred while carrying buckets at the plant. Following a bench trial, the trial court
found in favor of the employer on the employee’s claim for retaliatory discharge, which
the Fifth District affirmed. Id. at 336, 343. In Kent v. Chester Labs Inc., 144 Ohio
App.3d 587, 761 N.E.2d 60 (1st Dist.2001), the employer terminated the employee for
dishonesty based on the statement of the employee’s co-worker that her injury “was fake
as fake could be,” and on the fact that the employee had previously injured herself while
lifting a bale of newspapers outside of work. The trial court granted summary judgment
in favor of the employer, but the First District reversed, and remanded the matter for a
trial to determine the motive for the discharge. Id. at 593-594. In another case from the
First District, Kelly v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-030770, 2004-
Ohio-3500, the employer fired the employee for dishonesty relating to lifting weights in
excess of the doctor’s recommendation. The trial court granted summary judgment, but
the First District reversed, finding that a genuine issue of material fact existed on whether
the employer’s stated reason for termination was pre-textual. Id. at ¶ 42. Finally, in
Ayers, supra, the employer terminated the employee for violating the company’s code of
conduct policy against deceit. In that case, the employee answered on a workers’
compensation questionnaire that she had never been involved in an automobile accident.
However, the employee had actually been involved in at least five automobile accidents.
16.
Further, testimony was presented that the employee called the doctor’s office directly to
reschedule her independent medical examination, in violation of the company policy that
only the employer can reschedule an examination, and that the employee represented
herself as someone else in order to reschedule. The trial court granted summary
judgment in favor of the employer, and the Eighth District affirmed finding that the
employee failed to establish a prima facie case and failed to demonstrate that the stated
reason for discharge was mere pretext. Ayers, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94523, 2010-
Ohio-4687 at ¶ 18.
{¶ 31} These cases are informative in that in each of them, the question of the
employee’s honesty regarding the workers’ compensation claim was determined within
the framework of the burden shifting analysis pertaining to the true motivation behind the
adverse employment action. If the employer can show that the basis of the discharge was
fraud or dishonesty, the employee has the opportunity to prove that the stated reason is
pretextual, and that the true motivation was the filing of the workers’ compensation claim
itself. An employee can prove pretext by showing that the employer’s proffered reason
“(1) had no basis in fact, (2) did not actually motivate the adverse employment action, or
(3) was insufficient to motivate the adverse employment action.” Ferguson, 12th Dist.
Butler No. CA2008-11-283, 2009-Ohio-4132 at ¶ 21, citing Wysong v. Jo-Ann Stores,
Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21412, 2006-Ohio-4644, ¶ 13; King v. Jewish Home, 178
Ohio App.3d 387, 2008-Ohio-4724, 898 N.E.2d 56, ¶ 9 (1st Dist.). We think that such an
approach is appropriate in this situation as well.
17.
{¶ 32} However, we do not reach the issue of whether appellee put forth a
legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for discharge, or whether appellant demonstrated that
the proffered reason was pretext through evidence showing that he did not in fact lie or
commit fraud in the filing of his workers’ compensation claims. It is well-settled in Ohio
that “a party seeking summary judgment, on the ground that the nonmoving party cannot
prove its case, bears the initial burden of informing the trial court of the basis for the
motion, and identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact on the essential element(s) of the nonmoving party’s
claims.” (Emphasis added.) Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 293, 662 N.E.2d 264(1996); see also Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38 Ohio St.3d 112, 526 N.E.2d 798 (1988), syllabus
(“A party seeking summary judgment must specifically delineate the basis upon which
summary judgment is sought in order to allow the opposing party a meaningful
opportunity to respond.”). “If the moving party fails to satisfy its initial burden, the
motion for summary judgment must be denied.” Dresher at 293. Here, with respect to
the retaliatory discharge claim, appellee made no argument that it provided a legitimate,
non-retaliatory reason for discharge or that appellant failed to provide evidence
demonstrating that the reason was merely pretext. Instead, appellee argued solely that by
failing to appeal the Industrial Commission’s decision disallowing benefits, appellant was
collaterally estopped or barred by res judicata from establishing the workplace injury
element of his claim. Because we have determined that a workplace injury is not a
required element of a retaliatory discharge claim under R.C. 4123.90, and because no
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other grounds were offered, we conclude that summary judgment for appellee on the
retaliatory discharge claim was inappropriate.
{¶ 33} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is well-taken.
B. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
{¶ 34} “In a case for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must
prove (1) that the defendant intended to cause the plaintiff serious emotional distress,
(2) that the defendant’s conduct was extreme and outrageous, and (3) that the defendant’s
conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s serious emotional distress.” Phung v.
Waste Mgt., Inc., 71 Ohio St.3d 408, 410, 644 N.E.2d 286 (1994).
{¶ 35} In its motion for summary judgment, appellee argued that it was entitled to
judgment because its conduct was not extreme and outrageous as a matter of law.
Extreme and outrageous conduct has been described as:
It has not been enough that the defendant has acted with an intent
which is tortious or even criminal, or that he has intended to inflict
emotional distress, or even that his conduct has been characterized by
“malice,” or a degree of aggravation which would entitle the plaintiff to
punitive damages for another tort. Liability has been found only where the
conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to
go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious,
and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Generally, the case is one
in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community
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would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim,
“Outrageous!” Yeager v. Local Union 20, Teamsters, Chauffeurs,
Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., 6 Ohio St.3d 369, 374-375, 453 N.E.2d
666 (1983), quoting Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, Section 46(1),
Comment d (1965).
{¶ 36} In particular, appellee contended that appellant did not pursue a valid
workers’ compensation claim, but rather attempted to collect benefits for a non-work
related injury. Appellee stated that “[s]uch deceptive conduct constituted a legitimate,
non-discriminatory, non-retaliatory business reason to terminate [appellant’s]
employment and cannot be found to be ‘extreme and outrageous’ conduct,” so as to
support an intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. Further, appellee contended
that the termination of an at-will employee is an exercise of the employer’s legal rights
and does not constitute extreme or outrageous conduct. Appellee relies on Jones v.
Wheelersburg Local School Dist., 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3513, 2013-Ohio-3685, ¶
42, for the proposition that
“Termination of employment, without more, does not constitute the
outrageous conduct required to establish a claim of intentional infliction of
emotional distress, even when the employer knew that the decision was
likely to upset the employee.” * * * Moreover, an employer is not liable for
a plaintiff’s emotional distress if the employer does no more than “insist
upon his legal rights in a permissible way, even though he is well aware
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that such insistence is certain to cause emotional distress.” (Internal
citations omitted.)
{¶ 37} Appellant responded by arguing that he never lied about his workers’
compensation claim, and that his claim was supported by the medical report of Dr. Ahn,
who examined him as part of his workers’ compensation claim, and by three employees
who acknowledged that appellant said he aggravated his knee while moving cabinets at
work.
{¶ 38} Upon our review of the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to
appellant, we conclude that no reasonable fact-finder could find that appellee’s conduct
rises to the level of outrageousness sufficient to support a claim for intentional infliction
of emotional distress. We hold that, under the circumstances, appellee’s actions in
terminating an at-will employee do not go beyond all possible bounds of decency so as to
be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Therefore,
appellee’s actions are not extreme and outrageous as a matter of law, and summary
judgment in favor of appellee on appellant’s intentional infliction of emotional distress
claim is appropriate.
{¶ 39} Accordingly, appellant’s second assignment of error is not well-taken.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 40} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Erie County Court of
Common Pleas is affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part. The matter is remanded to the
21.
trial court for further proceedings on appellant’s claim for retaliatory discharge under
R.C. 4123.90. Costs of this appeal are to be split evenly between the parties pursuant to
App.R. 24.
Judgment affirmed, in part,
and reversed, in part.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________
JUDGE
Stephen A. Yarbrough, P.J.
_______________________________
James D. Jensen, J. JUDGE
CONCUR.
_______________________________
JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/?source=6.
22.