Cuyahoga Hts. v. Majors

[Cite as Cuyahoga Hts. v. Majors, 2014-Ohio-3326.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
Nos. 100687 and 100689
VILLAGE OF CUYAHOGA HEIGHTS
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
STEPHANIE A. JELENIC MAJORS,
ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Criminal Appeal from the
Garfield Heights Municipal Court
Case Nos. CRB-1300948 and CRB-1300949
BEFORE: Jones, J., Celebrezze, P.J., and E.A. Gallagher, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 31, 2014
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS
James A. Levin
2800 Euclid Avenue
Suite 545
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Jonathan D. Greenberg
Walter & Haverfield, L.L.P.
1301 East 9th Street
Suite 3500
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J.:
{¶1} In these consolidated cases, defendants-appellants, Stephanie A. Jelenic
Majors and James A. Majors Jr., appeal from their endangering children convictions,
entered after a bench trial. We affirm.
{¶2} In 2013, the Majors were each charged with one count of endangering
children, a misdemeanor of the first degree. The matter proceeded to a bench trial, at
which the following pertinent evidence was presented.
{¶3} On April 15, 2013, Lieutenant Brian Sturgill of the Cuyahoga Heights Police
Department received a dispatch to assist in a possible domestic situation. Lieutenant
Sturgill testified that he arrived on scene approximately four minutes after he was
dispatched. Lieutenant Sturgill, who had been in the Majors’ house before, parked his
cruiser near the Majors’ car and observed that their car was parked on a public street,
approximately six to eight feet in front of their house.
{¶4} When he arrived on scene, two Garfield Heights police cruisers were already
there. The lieutenant walked down the street to where the officers were waiting and
conferred with them “for a minute,” before they all walked back towards the Majors’
house. When Lieutenant Sturgill looked into the Majors’ vehicle, he noticed a baby
sitting in its car seat. The baby had been there for some undetermined time period prior
to Lieutenant Sturgill’s arrival on the scene. Lieutenant Sturgill testified that the car was
unlocked and the windows were open.
{¶5} Lieutenant Sturgill removed the ten-month-old infant from the vehicle and
placed him in his cruiser. Lieutenant Sturgill testified that the baby did not exhibit any
signs of physical distress with the exception of “an unusual skin condition” and “severe
diaper rash.”
{¶6} Lieutenant Sturgill stayed by his patrol vehicle with the infant while the other
police officers attempted to locate the child’s parents. The Garfield Heights officers
proceeded to knock on the Majors’ porch door for “two to four minutes” before someone
finally answered the door. Once the Majors were escorted out of their home, Lieutenant
Sturgill brought the baby to the front steps of the home. Lieutenant Sturgill testified that
while the Majors were being interviewed by the Garfield Heights police, he noted that
Stephanie seemed nervous, had delayed responses to questioning, and had noticeably
“pinpoint pupils,” that Lieutenant Sturgill testified were signs of heroin or opiate use.
Similarly, Lieutenant Sturgill testified that James exhibited slurred speech and delayed
responses to questioning that led Lieutenant Sturgill to believe that James was also under
the influence of drugs or alcohol.
{¶7} Thereafter, Stephanie was transported to a nearby hospital by EMS for an
injury to her hip or side. Because officers believed James was in an “inebriated state,” a
family member was contacted to take custody of the baby. The Majors were later
charged with child endangering.
{¶8} The trial court convicted both Stephanie and James of child endangering and
sentenced each to 180 days in jail, suspended, and one year of inactive probation.
{¶9} The Majors appeal, raising two assignments of error for review.
I. Assignments of Error
[I.] The trial court erred by denying appellants’ motion for judgment of
acquittal pursuant to Rule 29.
[II.] The trial court erred by rendering a verdict in favor of the
plaintiff-appellee, Village of Cuyahoga Heights; such a verdict remains
against the manifest weight of the evidence.
II. Law and Analysis
{¶10} In the first assignment of error, the Majors argue that the trial court erred in
denying their Crim.R. 29 motion for judgment of acquittal. In the second assignment of
error, the Majors argue that their convictions were against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Although these assignments of error involve different legal standards, because
the facts are the same for both, we will discuss them together.
{¶11} Crim.R. 29 mandates that the trial court issue a judgment of acquittal where
the state’s evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction for the offense; Crim.R. 29(A)
and a sufficiency of the evidence review require the same analysis. State v. Tenace, 109
Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386, ¶ 37.
{¶12} In analyzing whether a conviction is supported by sufficient evidence, the
reviewing court must view the evidence “in the light most favorable to the prosecution”
and ask whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99
S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492(1991), paragraph two of the syllabus; State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 651 N.E.2d 965(1995).
{¶13} When reviewing a claim challenging the manifest weight of the evidence,
the court, reviewing the entire record, must weigh the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving
conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State
v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Reversing a conviction
as being against the manifest weight of the evidence should be reserved for only the
exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. Id. We
are reminded that “it is not the function of an appellate court to substitute its judgment for
that of the factfinder.” Jenks at 279.
{¶14} The Majors were convicted of endangering children, in violation of R.C.
2919.22(A), which provides, in relevant part:
No person who is the parent, guardian, custodian, person having custody or
control, or a person in loco parentis of a child under eighteen years of age *
* * shall create a substantial risk to the health or safety of the child, by
violating a duty of care, protection, or support.
{¶15} A “substantial risk” is defined as “a strong possibility, as contrasted with a
remote or significant possibility, that a certain result may occur or that certain
circumstances may exist.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(8).
{¶16} “The existence of the culpable mental state of recklessness is an essential
element of the crime of endangering children under R.C. 2919.22(A).” State v. McGee,
79 Ohio St.3d 193, 680 N.E.2d 975 (1997), syllabus. A person acts recklessly when,
with heedless indifference to the consequences, he or she perversely disregards a known
risk that his or her conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain
nature. R.C. 2901.22(C). A person is reckless with respect to circumstances when, with
heedless indifference to the consequences, he or she perversely disregards a known risk
that such circumstances are likely to exist. Id.{¶17} The Majors argue that the prosecution failed to offer sufficient evidence that
they recklessly created a substantial risk to the health or safety of their child. To support
their position, the Majors cite State v. Martin, 134 Ohio App.3d 41, 730 N.E.2d 386 (1st
Dist.1999), and State v. Boone, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-950427, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS
3387 (Aug. 14, 1996). In Martin, the court found that a parent did not create a
substantial risk to her nine-year-old child’s safety when she left the child in the back of a
car while she went into a store, even though the child accidently knocked the car into gear
and the car rolled into the aisle of the parking lot; the child was not injured. In Boone,
the court found that a parent who intentionally drove away and left her seven-year-old
child in a public parking lot created only a speculative risk, not a substantial risk, to the
child.
{¶18} The prosecution relies on State v. Hawkins, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2008CA
00280, 2009-Ohio-5253, and State v. Lewis, 192 Ohio App.3d 153, 2011-Ohio-187, 948
N.E.2d 487 (5th Dist.), for the proposition that leaving an infant unattended in an
unlocked vehicle on a public street creates clear and substantial risks to the child’s safety,
including the risk of kidnapping and vehicle theft.
{¶19} As the Majors point out, in both Hawkins and Lewis, extreme temperatures
and public parking lots were cited as reasons for upholding the defendants’ convictions.
But Martin and Boone are distinguishable from this case as well. Martin and Boone both
concerned older children who could independently act on their own, not a helpless baby
who relied on his parents to meet his basic needs. The statutory duty imposed by the
law upon parents to care, protect, and support their child necessarily requires different
actions depending on the age and ability of each child. The duty naturally requires
different actions with a ten-month-old baby than with an older child that can walk, talk,
and eat on his or her own. An older child can most often communicate more effectively,
appreciate danger and verbally object if accosted, seek help from others, or, if it had been
a situation like the one in this case, simply got out of the car and walk into his house.
The infant here was unable to do so. Moreover, in Boone, the testimony was that the
defendant pulled out of the parking lot, drove a short distance, and then came back and
watched her child in the parking lot. In this case, there was circumstantial evidence
presented at trial that the Majors were neither watching nor could see their baby in his car
seat.
{¶20} In Beachwood v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93577, 2010-Ohio-3313, this
court upheld a child endangering conviction when the defendant left three children, ages
4, 7, and 8, alone in the car with a cell phone while she shopped for groceries. This court
expressly distinguished Martin and Hughes, stating:
Here Hill left three children alone, the youngest of whom was four years of
age. It was 9:00 p.m. Hill’s car window was open far enough for her
four-year-old to extend part of her body out the window, and someone
could have reached inside. The parking lot was on a busy street, very close
to Interstate 271, and had steady pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Any
rational trier of fact could have found these factors presented a substantial
risk to the health or safety of the children.
***
Hill left her three very young children unattended in a public parking lot, on
a busy street, at 9:00 p.m., for 15 minutes.
{¶21} The facts in Hill are admittingly different from the facts in the case at bar,
but Hill was decided by this district and the cases the Majors and the prosecution rely on
were all decided by other appellate districts.
Rarely will we find earlier cases decided on facts that are identical to the
ones we face presently; it seems that the outcome of child endangerment
cases are highly fact-specific.
Id. at ¶ 21. Yet, because these cases are so fact-specific is all the more reason to find that
the prosecution presented sufficient evidence to support a conviction as charged; the court
must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. Id.
{¶22} In this case, the Garfield Heights police officers were already on scene when
the lieutenant arrived but, to his knowledge, the Garfield Heights officers did not know
the baby was in the car. Lieutenant Sturgill parked his cruiser in front of the Majors’
house, walked down the street to where the other officers were located and conferred with
them “for a minute,” before he walked back to the house and discovered the unattended
baby. Although the Majors’ car was parked on the street only six to eight feet away
from the porch door, Lieutenant Sturgill testified that the baby was sitting behind the
driver’s side seat, so he estimated the child to be another three feet away from the porch
door. The house had an enclosed porch with a door and a second door that led to the
main living area of the house so one would have to go through two doors in order to enter
the house. Additionally, the police had to knock on the porch door for “two to four
minutes” before someone finally answered the door.
{¶23} Lieutenant Sturgill testified that while it was neither too hot nor too cold
outside, the car was unlocked and the windows were open. He estimated the time that
the baby was alone in the car to be “approximately 10 minutes.” Although it is not
known what time the Garfield Heights police officers arrived on scene, based on the
timeline, it is likely the baby was left in the car for more than ten minutes.
{¶24} The evidence showed that, for at least a ten-minute period, the Majors, both
of whom appeared to be under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol, abandoned their
ten-month old baby in an unlocked car on a public street. They left the car windows
open and entered their house, going through two exterior doors. Neither parent
responded to a police officer removing their baby from the car and it took police two to
four minutes of knocking to get someone to answer the door.
{¶25} To support their argument that their convictions were against the manifest
weight of the evidence, the Majors again argue that there was no evidence that they acted
recklessly or that there was a substantial risk to the health or safety of their baby. We
disagree.
{¶26} Although these types of cases are intensely fact-specific and, therefore, do
not easily lend themselves to comparison to other child endangering cases, the facts of
this specific case show that the Majors created a substantial risk to the health and safety
of their child. Their actions were not simply an act of bad parenting or an error in
judgment. The mother appeared high on “heroin or opiates” and the father was so
inebriated that another family member had to take custody of the baby. They left their
ten-month-old baby in an unlocked car on a public street with the windows down, went
into the house, and even after three police cars pulled up and a police officer removed
their baby from the car, it still took two to four minutes of the officers knocking on their
door for one of them to answer.
{¶27} In light of these facts, there was sufficient evidence to support the
convictions for child endangering. We further find that their convictions were not
against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶28} The assignments of error are overruled.
{¶29} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellants costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Garfield
Heights Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURS;
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., DISSENTS WITH
SEPARATE OPINION
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., DISSENTING:
{¶30} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s position that the Village presented
sufficient evidence to establish that the appellants recklessly created a substantial risk to
the health or safety of their child. In my view, the factual circumstances involved in this
case, although troubling, did not rise to the level of criminal conduct.
{¶31} As stated by the majority, “substantial risk” is defined as “a strong
possibility, as contrasted with a remote or significant possibility, that a certain result may
occur or that certain circumstances may exist.” Thus, there must be some evidence
beyond mere speculation as to the risk of harm that could potentially occur due to a single
imprudent act.
{¶32} In this case, the child was not injured, and the state failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that there was a strong possibility that he would have been injured. The
majority makes much of the fact that the car was unlocked with the windows rolled down.
However, these factors alone are not sufficient to support a child endangering
conviction. See State v. Martin, 134 Ohio App.3d 41, 730 N.E.2d 386 (1st Dist.1999).
Lt. Sturgill’s testimony established that appellants were just a short distance away from
the child, that the vehicle was parked just “six to eight feet” in front of the appellants’
home, in a residential neighborhood with minimal pedestrian and vehicular traffic, and
that the weather was neither “particularly hot” nor “particularly cold.” Moreover, the
prosecution failed to present any evidence regarding the duration of time the child was
left unsupervised prior to the arrival of Lt. Sturgill.
{¶33} The majority further references Lt. Sturgill’s testimony that the mother’s
eyes were dilated, indicating use of “heroin or opiates,” and that the father appeared to be
slurring his words, indicating that he was inebriated. However, there was no evidence
presented to confirm that appellants were in fact under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Lt. Sturgill was merely asked to speculate on this issue during his direct examination.
Thus, the trial court was left to speculate on numerous relevant factors and was only able
to find appellants guilty of child endangering by drawing inferences upon inferences.
{¶34} Under these circumstances, I would find that Lt. Sturgill’s testimony did not
prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the existence of a substantial risk to the health or safety
of the child. Instead, Lt. Sturgill’s testimony merely presented potentially harmful
scenarios that, although might have been remotely or even significantly possible, did not
have a strong possibility of occurring.
{¶35} Accordingly, I believe that insufficient evidence exists to support the trial
court’s verdict pronouncing appellants guilty of child endangering.
{¶36} Based on the foregoing, I would sustain appellants’ first assignment of error
and reverse and vacate their child endangerment convictions.