In re Adoption of G.W.K.

[Cite as In re Adoption of G.W.K., 2022-Ohio-2620.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF WAYNE )
IN RE ADOPTION OF C.A. Nos. 22AP0006
G.W.K. 22AP0007
R.M.G.
APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF WAYNE, OHIO
CASE Nos. 2021 PB-A 1106
2021 PB-A 1107
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: August 1, 2022
TEODOSIO, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant Mother appeals the judgment of the Wayne County Court of Common
Pleas, Probate Division, that concluded that her consent to the adoption of two of her children was
unnecessary because she failed to file timely objections to the Appellees-Petitioners’ petitions for
adoption of the children. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Mother and Father are the biological parents of five children who were subjects of
dependency actions filed in 2019, in the Portage County Juvenile Court. After being adjudicated
dependent, all five siblings were ultimately placed in the legal custody of various third parties. At
issue in this appeal are the minors G.W.K. who was placed in the legal custody of Mr. and Mrs.
K. (“Petitioners K.”), and R.M.G. who was placed in the legal custody of Mr. and Mrs. G.
(“Petitioners G.”).
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{¶3} On September 15, 2021, Petitioners K. and Petitioners G. filed petitions for
adoption of the respective child in each couple’s legal custody. Both petitions alleged that
Mother’s and Father’s consent to the adoptions was not required because neither parent, without
justifiable cause, had had more than de minimis contact with the children or provided for the
children’s maintenance and support for at least one year before the filing of the petitions.
{¶4} On September 16, 2021, the probate court issued notices of the petitions and orders
for hearings, scheduling the adoption petitions for hearings on October 26, 2021. On September
17, 2021, the probate court filed a Notice of Hearing on Petition for Adoption for each parent in
both children’s cases and served Mother and Father by certified mail. On Thursday, September
30, 2021, the clerk of court for the probate court docketed proof of service by certified mail of the
hearing notices on both Mother and Father.
{¶5} On October 18, 2021, Mother called the probate court to request the appointment
of counsel. She filed financial disclosure forms in each case the same day. After finding that
Mother met the requirements for court-appointed counsel, the probate court appointed an attorney
to represent Mother in both cases. The trial court further ordered that it was converting the October
26, 2021 hearing on the adoption petitions to a pretrial. In the meantime, on October 20, 2021,
Petitioners K. and Petitioners G. filed motions in their respective cases for findings that the parents’
consent to the adoptions of the children was unnecessary “based on the failure of each of them to
file an objection to the Petition[s] for Adoption within fourteen days of being served notice of the
filing of said petition[s].”
{¶6} On October 25, 2021, Mother filed motions for leave to file objections to the
adoption petitions regarding G.W.K. and R.M.G. She appended her objection to each motion. As
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grounds, she asserted that she had not failed without justifiable cause to have contact with the
children or provide for their maintenance and support during the past year.
{¶7} On October 26, 2021, the probate court issued judgment entries in both cases,
asserting that Mother, her attorney, Petitioners K. and Petitioners G., and their attorney appeared
before the court that day for a pretrial. The judgments stated:
The parties discussed the pending case and the pending motion[s] filed by the
petitioners to find the consent of the child[ren]’s natural parents unnecessary. The
Court will issue a ruling on the motion[s] by separate entry.
There is no transcript of that pretrial hearing in the record. On the same day, the probate court
issued journal entries in both cases granting Mother leave to file her objections to the adoptions
and noting that it found “good cause for granting the same.”
{¶8} On November 8, 2021, the probate court issued its final judgment addressing both
adoption cases. The trial court concluded that “neither biological parent’s consent to the
adoption[s] is required because both parents failed to timely object to the [ ] Petition[s] for
Adoption of [G.W.K. and R.M.G.]” Mother filed timely appeals. She raises two assignments of
error for review.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF [A] FOURTEEN DAY DEADLINE AS
OUTLINED BY THE CURRENT LANGUAGE OF [R.C.] 3107.07(K)[ ]
VIOLATES THE 14TH AMENDMENT TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AND
DENIED THIS APPELLANT AND OTHER SIMILARLY SITUATED
INDIVIDUALS EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW AND FURTHER
DENIES THEM THEIR DUE PROCESS RIGHTS TO BE HEARD REGARDING
THEIR PARENTAL RIGHTS TO THEIR CHILDREN.
{¶9} Mother argues that the statutory time limit in R.C. 3107.07(K), in which a parent
must file an objection to a petition for adoption of the parent’s child within 14 days of notice of
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the petition, is unconstitutional. Because Mother failed to raise the constitutional challenge below,
she has forfeited the issue and this Court declines to address it.
{¶10} Although Mother filed untimely objections to the petitions for the adoptions of
G.W.K. and R.M.G. on substantive grounds, she failed to argue that the statutory time limit was
unconstitutional. It is well settled that “the failure to raise at the trial court level the issue of the
constitutionality of a statute or its application, which issue is apparent at [that time], constitutes a
[forfeiture] of such issue and a deviation from this state’s orderly procedure, and therefore need
not be heard for the first time on appeal.” (Internal quotations omitted.) Akron v. Lewis, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 24236, 2008-Ohio-6256, ¶ 22, quoting State v. Dent, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23855,
2008-Ohio-660, ¶ 7, quoting State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120 (1986), syllabus, limited by In re
M.D., 38 Ohio St.3d 149 (1988), syllabus (allowing, but not requiring, review for plain error or
when interests may warrant). While this Court in our discretion may consider an argument
asserting plain error, Mother has not made one. Because Mother has not argued plain error on
appeal, we decline to consider it. See In re J.C., 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 26229 and 26233, 2012-
Ohio-3144, ¶ 10; App.R. 16(A)(7).
{¶11} Moreover, the probate court’s November 3, 2021 judgment entry notes that “[t]he
parties discussed [at the pretrial] the pending case[s] and the pending motion[s] filed by the
petitioners to find the consent of the child[ren]’s natural parents unnecessary.” The petitioners’
motions argued that the parents’ failures to file timely objections to the petitions rendered their
consent unnecessary. The record contains neither a transcript nor an App.R. 9 statement of that
pretrial hearing discussion. The appellant bears the duty of ensuring that the appellate record is
complete, and in the absence of a complete record, this Court is compelled to presume regularity
in the trial court’s proceedings. In re G.G., 9th Dist. Summit No. 29952, 2022-Ohio-1654, ¶ 15.
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As the final judgment does not consider and determine the constitutionality of R.C. 3107.07(K),
this Court presumes the regularity of the proceedings which indicate that Mother did not raise her
constitutional challenge below. As Mother forfeited that issue on appeal, we decline to address it.
Mother’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
THE TRIAL COURT IN THIS CASE ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW BY
INITIALLY GRANTING LEAVE TO PLEAD THE OBJECTION OF THE
BIOLOGICAL MOTHER AND THEN FINDING THAT HER CONSENT IS
NOT NECESSARY DUE TO THE TIMELINESS OF HER OBJECTION
OUTSIDE OF THE PARAMETERS OF [R.C.] 3107.07(K).
{¶12} Mother argues that the probate court erred by concluding that her consent to the
adoptions of her children was unnecessary based on its finding that her objections to the petitions
were untimely after the probate court granted Mother leave to file her objections. This Court
disagrees.
{¶13} Generally, a parent’s written consent is required before the probate court may grant
a petition to adopt a minor. R.C. 3107.06. The legislature has enumerated various exceptions to
the consent requirement, however. Relevant to this appeal is R.C. 3107.07(K) which obviates the
consent requirement where a parent has failed to file an objection to the adoption petition within
14 days of proof of service of the petition and notice of hearing.
{¶14} The probate court concluded that, notwithstanding its order granting Mother leave
to file objections, the statutory time limit was not overborne. The trial court reasoned that “it is
not within the constitutional scope of judicial power to change the face and effect of the plain
meaning of the statute.” This Court reviews a trial court's application of a statute de novo. State
v. Chandler, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010676, 2016-Ohio-164, ¶ 7.
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{¶15} In this case, Mother failed to file her objections within the statutory 14-day limit.
Twenty-five days after receiving notice of the petitions and hearing date, Mother filed a motion
for leave to file objections. The probate court granted leave, thereby making Mother’s objections
part of the record. The fact of the official filing of objections by Mother did not render them
timely, however.
{¶16} Because adoption statutes are “in derogation of the common law[,]” they “must be
strictly construed [and require] strict compliance[.]” Lemley v. Kaiser, 6 Ohio St.3d 258, 260
(1983). Due to the fundamental right of parents to raise their children, strict construction of the
statutory provisions addressing exceptions to the requirement of parental consent to adoption often
inures to the benefit of the natural parents. See In re Adoption of P.L.H., 151 Ohio St.3d 554,
2017-Ohio-5824, ¶ 23-29 (relying on the plain language of R.C. 3107.07(B)(2)(c) to conclude that
a putative father’s abandonment of the mother is not established by the “fail[ure] to care for and
support” the mother during pregnancy, as contrasted with the required finding under R.C.
3107.07(B)(2)(b) that the putative father’s consent is not required if he “failed to care for and
support the minor”). (Emphasis added.) Moreover, “strict construction does not require that we
interpret statutes in such a manner that would mandate an unjust or unreasonable result[.]” In re
Adoption of Zschach, 75 Ohio St.3d 648, 655 (1996), citing R.C. 1.47(C). Nevertheless, this Court
may not interpret statutory language when it is unambiguous; rather, we must simply apply the
statute as written. State v. Greathouse, 9th Dist. Medina No. 15CA0024-M, 2016-Ohio-1350, ¶ 8.
{¶17} The relevant statutory language at issue is as follows: “Consent to adoption is not
required of * * * a juvenile court, agency, or person given notice of the petition pursuant to [R.C.
3107.11(A)(1)] that fails to file an objection to the petition within fourteen days after proof is filed
pursuant to division (B) of that section that the notice was given[.]” R.C. 3107.07(K). Mother
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does not dispute that she received the statutorily required notice of the petitions and hearing. She
argues only that holding her to the 14-day statutory time limit for filing her objections was unfair.
{¶18} First, Mother argues that, although she did not file objections within 14 days of
proof of notice, she called the probate court to request appointed counsel a mere four days after
the deadline for objections had passed. Mother argues that the probate court then waited four days
before appointing counsel, who moved for leave to file objections a mere three days later. Mother
implies that the probate court was at least partially responsible for the untimely filing of her
objections. The record is clear, however, that the 14-day statutory time limit had already passed
before Mother took any action in this case.
{¶19} We agree with our sister district’s discussion regarding this fairness issue.
R.C. 3107.07(K) is clear and unequivocal – consent to adoption is not required of
a parent who fails to file an objection to the adoption petition within 14 days after
proof of service of notice is filed with the trial court. It is no surprise then that this
and other courts have consistently applied R.C. 3107.07(K) strictly to foreclose
parents from withholding their consent to adoption where they failed to file an
objection to the adoption petition within the 14-day period prescribed by R.C.
3107.07(K). E.g., In re M.A.S., 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2020-03-005, 2020-
Ohio-3603, ¶ 16-18, 22-23; In re Adoption of A.B., 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-19-38,
2019-Ohio-5383, ¶ 31-37; In re Adoption of A.N., 3d Dist. Union No. 14-12-27,
2013-Ohio-3871, ¶ 31-42. Indeed, courts have repeatedly explained that “‘strict
adherence to the procedural mandates of [R.C. 3107.07(K)] might appear unfair,’
but ‘the state’s interest in facilitating the adoption of children and having the
adoption proceeding completed expeditiously justifies such a rigid application.’”
In re M.A.S. at ¶ 22, quoting In re Adoption of Zschach, 75 Ohio St.3d at 652; see
In re Adoption of A.N. at ¶ 42 (“[W]e acknowledge that ‘strict adherence to the
procedural mandates of [R.C. 3107.07(K)] might appear unfair,’ but that adherence
is necessary given the intent of the legislature apparent from the statute’s
language.”).
***
[Moreover,] R.C. 3107.07(K) does not distinguish between parents who barely
missed the 14-day deadline, parents who filed their objection long after the 14-day
deadline, and parents who never attempted to meet the 14-day deadline. Under the
plain language of R.C. 3107.07(K), the consequences of missing the 14-day
deadline are the same for each set of parents.
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In re Adoption of M.L., 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-21-05, 2021-Ohio-2805, ¶ 19-20. Accordingly,
Mother’s argument that strict application of the 14-day time limit was unfair given her attempt to
note her objections to the adoption petitions shortly after the expiration of the deadline is not well
taken.
{¶20} Second, Mother argues that it was unfair to apply the statutory 14-day time limit in
this case because the probate court granted her leave to file her objections beyond the deadline.
The plain language of the statute does not grant the probate court authority to extend the deadline.
It is clear that the legislature knows how to provide for the extension of statutory time limits “for
good cause shown” when it wishes to do so. See, e.g., R.C. 2106.25 (allowing the probate court
to extend the five-month time limit for surviving spouses to exercise certain rights for good cause
shown); R.C. 5711.04(A) (allowing the county auditor to extend the deadline for filing certain tax
returns for good cause shown); R.C. 5555.67 (allowing the board of county commissioners to
extend time for the completion of certain contracts for good cause shown); R.C. 2981.03(A)(4)
(allowing the trial court to extend time in which to hold a seizure hearing for good cause shown);
R.C. 173.56(C)(2) (allowing the trial court to extend the time for filing an administrative appeal
from a decision of the director of the department of aging for up to six months for good cause
shown). Unlike as in these examples, the legislature made no provision for the probate court to
extend the 14-day deadline under R.C. 3107.07(K) for a parent to file objections to an adoption
petition. Merely finding “good cause” to grant Mother leave to file her objections did not grant
the probate court the power to extend the 14-day time limit in the absence of legislative authority.
{¶21} The probate court’s order granting Mother leave to file her objections merely
allowed her to have those objections made part of the court record. It did not alter the untimeliness
of the objections any more than it accorded any substantive value to the arguments therein. While
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the result may be harsh, the plain language of R.C. 3107.07(K) imposes a strict 14-day window in
which a parent may file an objection to a petition for adoption after proof of notice and provides
no authority for the probate court to extend that deadline irrespective of whether the trial court
might find good cause for an extension. Mother’s second assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶22} Mother’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Wayne County
Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Wayne, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period
for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to
mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the
docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
THOMAS A. TEODOSIO
FOR THE COURT
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HENSAL, J.
CONCURS.
CARR, J.
DISSENTING.
{¶23} I respectfully dissent from the judgment of the majority. I would conclude that the
trial court had the authority to extend the timeframe for filing objections, that it in fact did so, and
that the trial court then had the obligation to consider the objections that were filed.
{¶24} “[I]t is essential to recognize that ‘the right of a natural parent to the care and
custody of his [or her] children is one of the most precious and fundamental in law.’” In re
Adoption of A.R.M.R., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106969, 2019-Ohio-253, ¶ 20, quoting In re
Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163, 165 (1986). “Adoption terminates those fundamental rights.
For this reason, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that ‘[a]ny exception to the requirement of
parental consent [to adoption] must be strictly construed so as to protect the right of natural parents
to raise and nurture their children.’” In re Adoption of A.R.M.R. at ¶ 20, quoting In re Adoption of
Masa at 165.
{¶25} “R.C. 3107.06 and 3107.07 do not create a jurisdictional limitation on the probate
court’s authority; rather, the statutes set forth substantive criteria for the probate court to apply in
adoption proceedings.” In re Adoption of S.L.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108602, 2020-Ohio-495,
¶ 14. In other words, they provide guidelines; guidelines that were mindfully designed to first and
foremost protect the underlying rights of the natural parents.
{¶26} Concluding that trial courts do not possess discretion in these matters does not serve
the interests sought to be protected by the statutes. Given the importance of the rights at issue,
trial courts must have discretion in order to address the myriad of facts and situations presented to
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them so that the fundamental rights of natural parents can be protected and substantial justice
served.
{¶27} This view is in fact supported by case law. Case law makes it clear that trial courts
do have discretion in issues related to the filing and timing of objections. At least one appellate
court has concluded that a trial court has discretion to consider objections timely filed, to deem a
motion to strike objections untimely filed, or to grant leave to file objections. Id. at ¶ 19. Another
court has concluded that the failure to timely file a motion to strike objections can be deemed
invited error under certain circumstances. See In re D.N.O., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2012-CA-00239,
2013-Ohio-601, ¶ 40-43. In that same case, the court noted the importance of serving substantial
justice. Id. at ¶ 43. In addition, it has been concluded that a petitioner’s failure to raise the issue
of the timeliness of objections in the trial court results in the forfeiture of that issue on appeal. See
In re Adoption of D.W.-E.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110705, 2022-Ohio-528, ¶ 46-51. If the
matter is subject to forfeiture or invited error, it is only logical to determine that the trial court
possesses the authority to extend the timeframe.
{¶28} Accordingly, in my view, the trial court had the authority to extend the 14-day
period to object and it did so when it granted Mother leave to file her objections. Therefore, the
trial court had the obligation to consider Mother’s objections.
APPEARANCES:
RENEE J. JACKWOOD, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
JULIA A. CAIN, Attorney at Law, for Appellees.