Hicks v. Safelite Group, Inc.

[Cite as Hicks v. Safelite Group, Inc., 2021-Ohio-3044.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Shalonda Hicks, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : No. 20AP-136
(C.P.C. No. 19CV-1007)
v. :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Safelite Group, Inc., et al., :
Defendants-Appellees. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on September 2, 2021
On brief: The Ivan Law Firm, and Katherine E. Ivan, for
appellant. Argued: Katherine E. Ivan.
On brief: Thomas & Company, L.P.A., J. Michael
Reidenbach, and Abigail I. Marchisio, for appellee Safelite
Group, Inc. Argued: Abigail I. Marchisio.
On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, and Natalie J.
Tackett, for appellee Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Shalonda Hicks, appeals from a judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas granting the summary judgment motion of defendant-
appellee, Safelite Group, Inc. ("Safelite"). For the following reasons, we reverse and
remand.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} In February 2018, Hicks was employed with Safelite as a licensed insurance
adjuster. She worked from a desk at Safelite's leased office building at 2400 Farmers Drive,
in Columbus, Ohio. The performance of her duties as an adjuster did not require her to
No. 20AP-136 2
travel. Safelite leased the property from F.I.G. Holding Company for commercial use
pursuant to a lease agreement. The lease began on January 1, 2014, and is effective until
December 31, 2025. Pursuant to the lease agreement, Safelite has use of approximately
178,052 square feet, or 97.57 percent of the rentable area of the building. "Common areas"
of the premises include the building lobby, common corridors and hallways, restrooms, and
the adjacent parking lot. The lease states Safelite has the "right to use, free-of-charge * * *
all parking spaces in the surface parking area serving the Building other than" eight
specified spaces located at the side of the building. (Office Building Lease, filed in support
of Def.'s Nov. 7, 2019 Mot. for Summ. Jgmt.) F.I.G. Holding Company is responsible for
repairing and maintaining the common areas of the leased premises, including the parking
lot.
{¶ 3} During the morning of February 8, 2018, Hicks drove approximately 40
minutes to work at 2400 Farmers Drive. Hicks was in her third trimester of pregnancy at
the time, and there had been a snowstorm the previous night. When she arrived, she parked
her car in one of the five or six designated third trimester expectant mother parking spaces
in the lot adjacent to the building. Hicks placed her expectant mother parking permit on
her car's rear-view mirror. She received the parking permit from Safelite's human
resources department, and the permit itself instructed its holder to return it when it was no
longer necessary for the mother. Hicks had looked forward to receiving the permit because
the reserved spaces were closer to the building's entrance, and oftentimes the Safelite
parking lot was at or near its capacity. Previously, at her employment orientation, Hicks
provided her license plate information to Safelite and was informed where she could park
as a Safelite employee. She was also instructed that Safelite employees should park in
Safelite's lot, and they were not permitted to park in the lot serving the comparably sized
office building located next to the one Safelite leased. As Hicks stepped onto the sidewalk
in her walk to the building's entrance, she slipped and fell to the ground. She alleges that,
as a result of the fall, she sustained injuries to her left hip and lower back.
{¶ 4} In June 2018, Hicks filed a claim for benefits with the Ohio Bureau of
Workers' Compensation. In August 2018, an Ohio Industrial Commission ("commission")
district hearing officer disallowed the claim in its entirety. Hicks appealed, and the matter
No. 20AP-136 3
was heard before a commission staff hearing officer in September 2018, who also
disallowed the claim in its entirety. Hicks appealed, and the commission denied the appeal.
{¶ 5} In January 2019, and pursuant to R.C. 4123.512, Hicks filed an appeal in the
trial court alleging her right to participate in the workers' compensation fund. In November
2019, Safelite moved for summary judgment pursuant to Civ.R. 56(B), asserting Hicks'
alleged injuries did not occur "in the course of" and "arise out of" her employment with
Safelite. In January 2020, the trial court granted Safelite's summary judgment motion.
{¶ 6} Hicks timely appeals.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 7} Hicks assigns the following errors for our review:
[1.] The trial court erred when granting summary judgment
because Ms. Hicks meets the "totality of the circumstances"
exception to the coming and going rule because it considered
the lack of control and not the other factors of the exception.
[2.] The trial court erred when granting summary judgment
because Ms. Hicks meets the "zone of employment" exception
to the coming and going rule because control is only one factor
of this exception.
III. Discussion
{¶ 8} Hicks' first assignment of error alleges the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment in Safelite's favor because she meets the "totality of the circumstances"
exception to the "coming-and-going" rule. In her second assignment of error, she alleges
the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in Safelite's favor because she meets
the "zone of employment" exception to the "coming-and-going" rule.
{¶ 9} Generally at issue is whether the trial court properly granted summary
judgment in Safelite's favor. An appellate court reviews summary judgment under a de
novo standard. Coventry Twp. v. Ecker, 101 Ohio App.3d 38, 41 (9th Dist.1995); Koos v.
Cent. Ohio Cellular, Inc., 94 Ohio App.3d 579, 588 (8th Dist.1994). Summary judgment is
appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates (1) no genuine issue of material fact
exists, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable
minds could come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party against
whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being entitled to have the
No. 20AP-136 4
evidence most strongly construed in its favor. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Grady v. State
Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183 (1997).
{¶ 10} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
293 (1996). However, the moving party cannot discharge its initial burden under this rule
with a conclusory assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case; the
moving party must specifically point to evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
affirmatively demonstrating that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the
nonmoving party's claims. Id.; Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d 421, 429 (1997). Once the
moving party discharges its initial burden, summary judgment is appropriate if the
nonmoving party does not respond, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56, with
specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists for trial. Dresher at 293; Vahila at 430;
Civ.R. 56(E).
{¶ 11} Hicks alleges she is entitled to participate in the workers' compensation fund.
For the purpose of Ohio's Workers' Compensation Act, R.C. Chapter 4123, "[i]njury" is
generally defined as "any injury, whether caused by external accidental means or accidental
in character and result, received in the course of, and arising out of, the injured employee's
employment." R.C. 4123.01(C). Thus, for an employee's injury to be compensable under
Ohio's workers' compensation system, the injury must be both (1) received in the course of,
and (2) arising out of, the injured employee's employment. Friebel v. Visiting Nurse
Assn. of Mid-Ohio, 142 Ohio St.3d 425, 2014-Ohio-4531, ¶ 12. There must be a sufficient
nexus " 'between the employment relationship and the injurious activity.' " Cunningham
v. Bone Dry Waterproofing, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 15AP-587, 2016-Ohio-3341, ¶ 9, quoting
Ruckman v. Cubby Drilling, Inc., 81 Ohio St.3d 117, 120 (1998). While workers'
compensation statutes should be liberally construed in favor of employees, the employee
bears the burden of establishing both prongs of this statutory requirement. Starkey v.
Builders Firstsource Ohio Valley, L.L.C., 130 Ohio St.3d 114, 2011-Ohio-3278, ¶ 17, citing
R.C. 4123.95; Fisher v. Mayfield, 49 Ohio St.3d 275, 279 (1990).
{¶ 12} It is undisputed that Hicks was a fixed-situs employee. "As a general rule, an
employee with a fixed place of employment, who is injured while traveling to or from his
No. 20AP-136 5
place of employment, is not entitled to participate in the Workers' Compensation Fund
because the requisite causal connection between the injury and the employment does not
exist." MTD Prods., Inc. v. Robatin, 61 Ohio St.3d 66 (1991), syllabus. This rule, often
referred to as the "coming-and-going" rule, has the following exceptions: "(1) the injury
occurs within the 'zone of employment'; (2) the employment creates a 'special hazard';
(3) there is a causal connection between the employee's injury and employment based on
the 'totality of the circumstances' surrounding the accident; and (4) the injury occurred
while the employee was on a special mission, errand, service or task for the employer."
Cunningham at ¶ 16; Bralley v. Daugherty, 61 Ohio St.2d 302, 303 (1980). Hicks
acknowledges that the "special hazard" and "special mission" exceptions do not apply. She
contends both the "zone of employment" and "totality of the circumstances" exceptions
apply.
{¶ 13} Because the essential facts are undisputed, the applicability of the exceptions
to the coming-and-going rule present questions of law. Mangan v. Texas Roadhouse Mgt.
Corp., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-42, 2021-Ohio-2201, ¶ 18. We first address the "zone of
employment" exception, which has been defined as " 'the place of employment and the area
thereabout, including the means of ingress thereto and egress therefrom, under control of
the employer. ' " Cunningham at ¶ 17, quoting Merz v. Indus. Comm., 134 Ohio St. 36, 39
(1938). This zone "is not a fixed area, rather, its relative limits or expansion must be
determined from the logical and close association of the surrounding area to the premises
of employment, together with the particular circumstances and hazards existing in relation
thereto." (Citations omitted.) Id. Application of this exception depends on the specific
facts and circumstances of each case. Id. For example, in Baughman v. Eaton Corp., 62
Ohio St.2d 62, 63 (1980), the Supreme Court of Ohio found that the claimant employee was
entitled to workers' compensation benefits for injuries sustained from his fall on a public
street as he walked from the employer's parking lot to the employer's factory. The court
reasoned: "Appellee parked his automobile in the only employer parking lot then available
to him free of charge. His injuries occurred on the public street as he proceeded, without
deviation, toward the plant entrance prior to the commencement of his shift. Finally,
appellee could not reach the plant entrance without crossing the public street. On these
facts, it would be unreasonable to deny appellee compensation." Id. The employee in
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Baughman effectively had "arrived at his place of employment" when he was injured. MTD
Prods., Inc. at 69, citing Baughman.
{¶ 14} "The zone of employment has been extended beyond the employer's
immediate premises in a number of situations, most of which involve parking lots over
which the employer has some control, and it has also been extended to the public road
providing access to the employer's premises." Lemming v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 41 Ohio
App.3d 194, 195 (1st Dist.1987). As to an injury occurring in a parking lot adjacent to a work
situs, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held: "An employee who, on his way from the fixed
situs of his duties after the close of his work day, is injured in a collision of his automobile
and that of a fellow employee occurring in a parking lot located adjacent to such situs of
duty and owned, maintained and controlled by his employer for the exclusive use of its
employees, receives such injury 'in the course of, and arising out of' his employment, within
the meaning of that phrase in the Work[ers'] Compensation Act, Section 4123.01(C),
Revised Code." Marlow v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 10 Ohio St.2d 18 (1967), syllabus.
Further, in Griffin v. Hydra-Matic Div., Gen. Motors Corp., 39 Ohio St.3d 79 (1988), the
employee "had completed her employment for the day" and "slipped and fell on a wet or icy
spot" while "traversing a driveway between the plant of appellant and its parking lot." Id.
at 79. The court held that "an injury sustained by an employee upon the premises of her
employer is compensable pursuant to R.C. Chapter 4123 irrespective of the presence or
absence of a special hazard thereon which is distinctive in nature or quantitatively greater
than hazards encountered by the public at large." Id. at 82.
{¶ 15} Safelite argues this court's decision in Thephasith v. Automotive Specialty
Co. Div., 10th Dist. No. 00AP-415, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 5300 (Nov. 16, 2000), mandates
a finding that the zone of employment exception does not apply. In Thephasith, the
plaintiff's employer had leased a 26,000 square foot building at the Alum Creek Industrial
Park. The lease provided that the employer could use a parking lot located at the industrial
park and owned by the landlord. The plaintiff was struck by another employee's automobile
as he walked to his own automobile in that parking lot. Pursuant to the lease, the landlord
was responsible for the condition and repair of the parking lot, and the employer "had the
'non-exclusive right to use of the parking and driveway areas.' " Id. The parking lot "was
available to other tenants in the Industrial Park and to members of the public." (Internal
No. 20AP-136 7
quotation omitted.) Id. In addressing the plaintiff's contention that he was injured while
within the zone of employment, this court noted that the employer "presented evidence that
it did not own, maintain, or have control over the parking lot where appellant was injured.
Appellee also presented evidence that appellant was not engaged in any activities relating
to his employment except for the fact that he was walking to his car at the end of his
workday." Id. This court found "these facts sufficiently establish that appellant was not
within the 'zone of employment' when he was injured, and, therefore, he is not eligible for
benefits pursuant to the 'zone of employment' test." Id. Safelite argues Thephasith is right
on point because Hicks' slip and fall occurred in a parking lot Safelite does not own,
maintain, or control, and Hicks was not engaged in any activities relating to her
employment when she fell. We are unpersuaded and find Hicks was in the zone of
employment when she slipped and fell.
{¶ 16} First, we do not interpret Thephasith to hold that, for an injury to be covered,
the employee must be actively engaged in his employment duties. The zone of employment
test does not include such a requirement. See Ruckman at 120 (entitlement to workers'
compensation coverage is not contingent on the injury occurring in the actual performance
of work duties).
{¶ 17} Second, we find Thephasith to be distinguishable on the issue of control.
Unlike the employer in Thephasith, Safelite exerted control over the parking lot where
Hicks slipped and fell. Despite Safelite not owning the parking lot, it demonstrated control
by generally limiting usage of the parking lot serving the building it leased, and by further
restricting usage of certain parking spaces in that lot. The lease agreement states: Safelite
"shall have the non-exclusive right (unless otherwise provided herein) in common with
Landlord, other tenants, subtenants and invitees to use the Common Areas," which
includes the "parking area serving the [b]uilding." (Office Building Lease, filed in support
of Def.'s Nov. 7, 2019 Mot. for Summ. Jgmt.) Even though the lease agreement identified
the parking lot adjacent to the building as a "common area," Safelite had the right to use
almost the entire parking lot as it leased over 97 percent of the 182,487 square feet of total
rentable area of the five-story office building. There was no evidence of any intent of the
parties to the lease agreement that this area would serve any purpose other than
constituting the parking lot for the leased building. Consistent with these circumstances,
No. 20AP-136 8
Safelite collected employee license plate information, reflecting an effort to regulate and
limit parking in the lot. Additionally, the evidence demonstrated that Safelite restricted the
use of five or six prime spaces in the parking lot for expectant mothers in their third
trimester. On the day of her slip and fall, Hicks, with the required permit displayed on her
car, parked in one of those spaces. Thus, the record reflects Safelite exerted a degree of
control over the parking lot and in particular the reserved space Hicks used immediately
before her slip and fall.
{¶ 18} We further note that while Safelite did not own the parking lot adjacent to the
building it leased, employer ownership of a parking lot, which is the site of the accident, is
not a prerequisite to coverage. Fitch v. Ameritech Corp., 10th Dist. No. 05AP-1277, 2007-
Ohio-2725, ¶ 17, citing Jesse v. May Dept. Stores Co., 11th Dist. No. 2003-L-064, 2004-
Ohio-5313, ¶ 29 ("Ohio courts have found that the 'zone of employment' exception may be
satisfied when an employer leases the parking lot where an employee was injured."). The
lot was, in a practical sense, an integral aspect of Safelite's operations at the location as the
lot served the parking needs of its employees. There was no evidence presented of another
viable parking option for employees like Hicks who commuted to the building location.
Although the evidence demonstrated the presence of a comparable office building next to
the one Safelite leased, with its own sizeable parking area, Hicks was specifically instructed
not to park in the lot serving the sister building. She was directed to park in the Safelite lot.
Thus, the parking area was Hicks' "normal and customary means to and from [her]
employer's premises to which such passageway was an indispensable appurtenance."
Frishkorn v. Flowers, 26 Ohio App.2d 165, 168 (8th Dist.1971) ("this was tantamount to an
essential expansion of [its] premises for the purpose of adequately serving and furthering
[its] business interests"). Moreover, even though the lessor, F.I.G. Holding Company, was
directly responsible for maintaining the parking lot under the terms of the lease agreement,
Safelite, as the lessee, had the legal authority to ensure F.I.G. Holding Company was
fulfilling this obligation for the benefit of Safelite's employees.
{¶ 19} Under the particular facts of this case, we conclude that, as a matter of law,
Hicks was within the zone of employment when she slipped and fell in the parking lot
adjacent to Safelite's leased office building. Consequently, Hicks' alleged injuries arose out
No. 20AP-136 9
of, and in the course of, her employment, and the trial court erred in determining Hicks is
not entitled to participate in the workers' compensation fund.
{¶ 20} For these reasons, we sustain Hicks' second assignment of error. This
disposition renders moot her first assignment of error.
IV. Disposition
{¶ 21} Having sustained Hicks' second assignment of error, and finding as moot her
first assignment of error, we reverse the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common
Pleas and remand this matter for further proceedings in accordance with law and consistent
with this decision.
Judgment reversed;
cause remanded.
MENTEL and NELSON, JJ., concur.
NELSON, J., retired, formerly of the Tenth Appellate District,
assigned to active duty under authority of Ohio Constitution,
Article IV, Section 6(C).