State v. Jackson

[Cite as State v. Jackson, 2022-Ohio-3449.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-200332
TRIAL NO. B-1906355
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
VS. : O P I N I O N.
WILLIAM JACKSON, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: September 30, 2022
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Paula Adams, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Roger Kirk, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
WINKLER, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant William Jackson appeals his conviction, after a
guilty plea, for felonious assault with a firearm specification. In addition to his
conviction, he challenges his classification as a violent offender and his indefinite
sentence for felonious assault, imposed under the Reagan Tokes Law.
{¶2} We conclude that the trial court erred by classifying Jackson as a violent
offender and by failing to provide certain notifications required under the Reagan
Tokes Law at Jackson’s sentencing hearing. Consequently, we reverse part of
Jackson’s sentence and remand the matter for the trial court to provide the required
notifications and to delete the violent-offender classification from the sentencing
entry. In all other respects, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Background Facts and Procedure
{¶3} Jackson entered a guilty plea to one count of felonious assault, a second-
degree felony, with a one-year firearm specification. In exchange, the state dismissed
other counts and an additional firearm specification.
{¶4} The felonious-assault offense occurred on or about September 1, 2019,
subjecting Jackson to the indefinite sentencing provisions of the Reagan Tokes Law,
effective March 22, 2019. Prior to sentencing, Jackson raised a constitutional
challenge to the Reagan Tokes Law and requested to be sentenced under the former,
definite sentencing scheme. The trial court rejected Jackson’s constitutional challenge
and imposed an indefinite sentence of a minimum term of two years in prison and a
maximum term of three years in prison for the felonious assault, to be served
consecutively to a one-year term for the firearm specification. In addition, the court
classified Jackson as a violent offender and told him that he would be required to
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
register with Ohio’s Violent Offender Database pursuant to R.C. 2903.41 through
2903.44 (“Sierah’s Law”) upon his release from prison.
II. Analysis
A. Validity of the Guilty Plea
{¶5} In his first assignment of error, Jackson argues the trial court erred by
accepting his guilty plea because it was not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
made. He contends the record does not indicate that he voluntarily waived his jury-
trial rights or that he was informed of the maximum penalty to which he was subject.
{¶6} A guilty plea is constitutionally valid only if it is entered knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently. See State v. Dangler, 162 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-2765,
164 N.E.3d 286, ¶ 10; State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996).
To ensure a guilty plea is made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily, the trial court
must engage the defendant in a colloquy pursuant to Crim.R. 11(C). This requires the
court to inform the defendant of his rights and the consequences of his plea and
determine if the plea is made voluntarily and with an understanding of its
implications. See Dangler at ¶ 11.
{¶7} With respect to explaining the defendant’s constitutional rights, the trial
court must strictly comply with Crim.R. 11. See State v. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176,
2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, syllabus, cited in Dangler at ¶ 14. A defendant must
affirmatively show prejudice to invalidate a plea based on the trial court’s failure to
“fully cover other ‘nonconstitutional’ aspects of the plea colloquy,” unless the trial
court completely failed to comply with its duty. Dangler at ¶ 14-15; see State v. Fikes,
1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200221, 2021-Ohio-2597, ¶ 12-13 (Holding that defendant’s
guilty pleas were not made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily where the trial
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
court completely failed to advise the defendant of the indefinite, maximum sentence
he was subject to under the Reagan Tokes Law and instead advised defendant of the
maximum sentence under the former statutory scheme.). When a showing of
prejudice is required, “[t]he test * * * is ‘whether the plea would have otherwise been
made.’ ” Dangler at ¶ 16, quoting State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d
474 (1990).
1. Constitutional Right to a Jury Trial
{¶8} Jackson contends the trial court failed to ensure that he was knowingly
waiving his right to a jury trial. A knowing waiver of the constitutional right to a jury
trial cannot be inferred from a silent record. See Veney at ¶ 7, citing Boykin v.
Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969).
{¶9} Here, at the plea hearing, the trial court informed Jackson that he was
waiving his constitutional right to a jury trial, explaining to Jackson that he had a right
to trial, either before “the Court or a jury,” that would be waived upon entering a guilty
plea. Moreover, Jackson expressed his understanding of this right and his agreement
to waive it at the plea hearing, actions consistent with his signed guilty-plea form that
also informed him of this consequence of his plea.
{¶10} Jackson complains that the trial court did not obtain a “jury waiver
form” before accepting Jackson’s plea. The absence of this form, however, does not
affect our conclusion, based on the trial court’s jury-trial-right explanation and
Jackson’s affirmations, that Jackson knowingly waived his right to a jury trial. See
State v. Kinnebrew, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-060769, 2008-Ohio-812, ¶ 3-4; see also
State v. Sims, 2017-Ohio-8379, 99 N.E.3d 1056, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.) (R.C. 2945.05 does not
require a written jury waiver before a court may accept a plea of guilty or no contest.).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
2. Maximum Penalty for the Offense
{¶11} Jackson additionally argues the trial court before accepting his plea
failed to inform him of the maximum penalty involved for the felonious-assault
offense. Under the Reagan Tokes Law, when imposing prison terms for defendants
found guilty of first- or second-degree-felony offenses, sentencing courts must impose
an indefinite sentence with a stated minimum term as provided in R.C. 2929.14(A)
and a calculated maximum term as provided in R.C. 2929.144. See Fikes, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-200221, 2021-Ohio-2597, at ¶ 8.
{¶12} The record reflects that at the plea hearing, the trial court covered the
maximum penalty. The court informed Jackson that the offense to which he was
pleading guilty carried an “indefinite sentence” and that he would receive both a
“minimum and maximum term.” For the minimum term, the trial court stated, “on
the underlying felonious assault, [the range of penalties] is two to eight years * * *
[and] you have that one-year gun specification on there no matter what * * * [so] it
would be anywhere from three to nine years on the minimum side.” And for the
maximum term, the court said, “I’ll pick a maximum sentence, which is automatically
half of the minimum term * * * [and] because you have this gun specification, what we
end up with is 13 years as a max.”
{¶13} Jackson asserts that he was facing a maximum penalty of 27-and-one-
half years. Our review, however, indicates that the trial court’s calculations and
notifications were accurate for the second-degree-felony offense with the one-year
firearm specification. See R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a) and (B)(1)(a)(iii); R.C.
2929.144(B)(1). Thus, Jackson’s challenge is unfounded.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶14} In sum, nothing in our record prevents this court from concluding, as
the trial court did, that Jackson knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered his
guilty plea. Accordingly, we overrule the first assignment of error.
B. Sentencing Issues
{¶15} Jackson’s second and third assignments of error challenge his sentence.
In his second assignment of error, Jackson argues that the trial court erred by
classifying him as a violent offender under Sierah’s Law and requiring him to register
in the violent-offender database. Generally, in Sierah’s Law, enacted in 2019, Ohio
created a violent-offender database, which requires those deemed “violent offenders”
because of a conviction for certain predicate offenses to enroll in a registry to aid law
enforcement in tracking their whereabouts. Jackson’s third assignment of error
addresses the Reagan Tokes Law.
1. Classification under Sierah’s Law
{¶16} Jackson contends he was not convicted of a predicate offense listed in
R.C. 2903.41(A) and that the matter should be remanded for the trial court to remove
the violent-offender classification. The state concedes the trial court erred by
classifying Jackson as a violent offender and agrees the violent-offender classification
should be removed from Jackson’s sentencing entry.
{¶17} Because the offense for which Jackson was convicted, felonious assault
in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), is not a predicate offense listed in R.C. 2903.41(A),
the trial court erred by classifying Jackson as a violent offender. See State v. Freeman,
1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190751, 2021-Ohio-2283, ¶ 13-14, cited in State v. Perry, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-200178, 2022-Ohio-3056, ¶ 3. Consequently, we sustain the
second assignment of error.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
2. Reagan Tokes Law Challenges
{¶18} In his third assignment of error, Jackson argues his sentence is contrary
to law because the Reagan Tokes Law on its face violates the United States and Ohio
Constitutions. Specifically, he contends that the Reagan Tokes Law violates the
separation-of-powers doctrine, substantive- and procedural-due-process provisions,
and equal-protection guarantees. Jackson’s challenge is ripe for review in this direct
appeal of his indefinite sentence. See State v. Maddox, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-
764, ¶ 11 and 21.
{¶19} This court addressed a similar challenge to the Reagan Tokes Law in
State v. Guyton, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190657, 2022-Ohio-2962. In Guyton, we
determined that the Reagan Tokes Law was constitutional on its face, rejecting a claim
that the indefinite sentencing scheme violates the separation-of-powers doctrine,
substantive- and procedural-due-process provisions, and the Equal Protection Clauses
of the federal and state constitutions. Based on our holding in Guyton, we reject
Jackson’s challenge to his sentence on the grounds that the Reagan Tokes Law is
unconstitutional.
{¶20} Both Jackson and the state agree, however, that the trial court failed to
properly inform Jackson of the notifications set forth in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) when
sentencing him under the Reagan Tokes Law. When sentencing an offender to a non-
life felony indefinite prison term under the Reagan Tokes Law, a trial court must
advise the offender of the five notifications set forth in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)(i)-(v) at
the sentencing hearing to fulfill the requirements of the statute. See State v.
Whitehead, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109599, 2021-Ohio-847, ¶ 43, cited in State v.
Hodgkin, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2020-08-048, 2021-Ohio-1353, ¶ 24.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Consequently, we sustain the third assignment of error because the trial court failed
to comply with the notification requirements under the Reagan Tokes Law when
sentencing Jackson.
III. Conclusion
{¶21} In conclusion, we reverse part of Jackson’s sentence and remand the
matter for the trial court to provide the notifications required by R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)
and to delete the violent-offender classification from the sentencing entry. In all other
respects, we affirm.
Judgment accordingly.
MYERS, P.J., concurs.
BOCK, J., concurs separately.
BOCK, J., concurring separately.
{¶22} For the reasons explained in my concurrence in State v. Edwards, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-200101, 2022-Ohio-3408, I believe that the Reagan Tokes Law
violates procedural due process. But I will follow Guyton as precedent from this
district unless and until the Supreme Court of Ohio tells us otherwise. Therefore, I
concur in this opinion and do not intend to write separately in future Reagan Tokes
Law cases.
Please note:
The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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