State v. King

[Cite as State v. King, 2013-Ohio-2021.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR CLARK COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
JAYMALI KING
Defendant-Appellant
C.A. CASE NOS. 2012-CA-25/
2012-CA-26
T.C. CASE NOS. 12-CR-66
12-CR-113
(Criminal appeal from
(Common Pleas Court)
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 17th day of May , 2013.
...........
D. ANDREW WILSON, by LISA M. FANNIN, Atty. Reg. #0082337, Clark County Prosecutor’s
Office, 50 E. Columbia Street, P.O. Box 1608, Springfield, Ohio 45501
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
JENNIFER S. GETTY, Atty. Reg. #0074317, 46 E. Franklin Street, Dayton, Ohio 45459
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
2
FROELICH, J.
{¶ 1} Jaymali King pled guilty in the Clark County Court of Common Pleas to failure
to comply with the order or signal of a police officer, two counts of having weapons while under
disability, and possession of oxycodone in Clark C.P. No. 12CR66, and to possession of heroin in
Clark C.P. Case No. 12CR113. The trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of ten years
in prison, a lifetime driver’s license suspension, and court costs.
{¶ 2} King appeals from his convictions, claiming that he was denied the effective
assistance of trial counsel during the plea bargaining process and that the trial court erred and
abused its discretion by imposing an excessive sentence. He also contends that his two
convictions for having weapons while under disability are allied offenses of similar import,
which should have been merged during sentencing.
{¶ 3} We conclude that defense counsel’s conduct did not constitute ineffective
assistance of counsel and that the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in selecting the
length of King’s sentences or in running those in Case No. 12CR66 consecutively. However, we
agree with King that his two convictions for having weapons while under disability were allied
offenses of similar import. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed in part,
reversed in part, and remanded for the merger of allied offenses of similar import.
I. Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 4} In the early morning of December 25, 2011, Jaymali King engaged in a low-
speed car chase with police officers in the City of Springfield, Clark County, Ohio. The chase
began when police officers observed King’s vehicle make an illegal U-turn and signaled him to
stop. Instead of stopping, King continued driving erratically until he wrecked his vehicle into a
3
telephone pole. King ran from the wreckage in an attempt to flee; the officers chased him on
foot and caught him.
{¶ 5} After King’s apprehension, the officers searched his vehicle and found a gun.
The officers performed a pat-down on King, and initially found no contraband on his person.
King began to act as if he were in medical distress, so the police officers took him to the hospital.
The hospital staff discovered that he was carrying forty pills of oxycodone.
{¶ 6} Before taking King to the police department, the police officers asked him
whether he had any other contraband. King did not respond. At the police department, the
police officers performed another pat-down and discovered that he was carrying less than one
gram of suspected heroin. Before moving King to jail, the officers asked again whether he had
any other contraband. After the officers warned him of additional charges for conveyance into a
detention center, King produced a second gun that he was carrying inside the sleeve of his bulky
jacket. At the time of this incident, King was on post-release control and was legally prohibited
from possessing a firearm.
{¶ 7} On January 30, 2012, King was indicted for failure to comply with the order or
signal of a police officer, two counts of having weapons while under disability, improper
handling of a firearm in a motor vehicle, possession of oxycodone, and possession of a deadly
weapon while under detention. King was not immediately charged with possession of heroin,
since the suspected heroin was sent to a laboratory for testing.
{¶ 8} On February 6, 2012, an assistant county prosecutor offered defense counsel the
opportunity for King to receive 7½ years in prison in exchange for King’s pleading guilty to the
first five counts against him. The offer did not address the potential possession of heroin offense
4
(for which King had not yet been indicted), and it had no stated expiration date. Within a day or
two, defense counsel visited King at the jail and transmitted the offer to him. Counsel told King
to think about the offer and advised King that he (counsel) would be back to find out whether
King wanted to accept it.
{¶ 9} On February 21, 2012, after laboratory testing confirmed that the substance King
was carrying was heroin, King was indicted for possession of heroin in a separate case. The two
cases were consolidated. King was arraigned on the heroin charge on February 24, 2012, but
there is no indication in the record whether King discussed the State’s plea offer with his attorney
at that time.
{¶ 10} On Thursday, March 1, 2012, the same prosecutor e-mailed defense counsel
requesting a general status update on the offer. Due to personal issues at home, defense counsel
was rarely in the office and did not see the e-mail. The e-mail did not mention any deadline or
consequence for failing to respond.
{¶ 11} On Monday, March 5, 2012, Andrew Wilson, the county prosecutor, sent a
written memorandum to defense counsel, revoking the offer of 7½ years. The memorandum
stated in pertinent part:
It is my understanding that Andrew Picek [an assistant prosecutor] has
previously extended a plea offer to Jaymali King involving an agreed sentence of
7 and a half years. It is also my understanding that as of today, the Defendant has
not accepted that offer. After having further prepared the case, reviewed the
surveillance video, and talked to the officers involved, that offer is now revoked.
The memorandum also included a second offer to dismiss the count for improper handling of a
firearm in a motor vehicle and the count for possession of weapons while under detention if King
5
agreed to plead guilty to the remaining counts without a stipulated sentence.
{¶ 12} Defense counsel advised King of the revocation, and King told him that he still
wanted to accept the 7½ years. Defense counsel tried to accept the former 7½-year plea offer,
but the State declined.
{¶ 13} On March 9, 2012, King pled guilty to failure to comply with the order or signal
of a police officer, two counts of having weapons while under disability, and possession of
oxycodone in Case No. 12CR66, and to possession of heroin in Case No. 12CR113. The State
agreed to dismiss the remaining counts in Case No. 12CR66. A presentence investigation was
conducted, and a sentencing hearing took place on March 30, 2012.
{¶ 14} During the sentencing hearing, defense counsel argued that he had provided
ineffective assistance by failing to revisit King before the State’s first offer of 7½ years was
revoked. The State responded by stating its belief that delaying the acceptance of an offer is a
plea bargaining technique that is regularly implemented by defense attorneys, including King’s
defense counsel. The State claimed that it can be an effective way to get a better offer if
prosecutors do not want to go to trial. The trial court found that defense counsel had not been
ineffective.
{¶ 15} In Case No. 12CR66, the trial court sentenced King to one year in prison for
failure to comply, three years each for the two having weapons while under disability offenses,
and three years for possession of oxycodone, to be served consecutively, for an aggregate
sentence of ten years in prison. The court imposed a mandatory driver’s license suspension for
the failure to comply charge due to a prior offense for failing to comply. The court ordered King
to pay court costs and indicated that King would receive jail time credit for time served in the
6
Clark County Jail.
{¶ 16} In Case No. 12CR113, the trial court imposed a twelve-month sentence for
possession of heroin and ordered it to run concurrently with the sentences in Case No. 12CR66.
The court imposed a one-year driver’s license suspension for possession of heroin, and it ordered
King to pay court costs.
{¶ 17} At the request of defense counsel, the trial court did not impose a penalty for
King’s violation of post-release control and decided, instead, to leave that decision to the parole
board.
{¶ 18} King appeals from the trial court’s judgment, claiming that his counsel rendered
ineffective assistance and that his sentence was excessive. After a preliminary review of the
record, this Court issued a Decision and Entry ordering the parties to simultaneously submit
supplemental briefs on whether King’s two convictions for having weapons while under
disability were allied offenses of similar import. Both parties timely filed supplemental briefs.
We will address King’s arguments in an order that facilitates our analysis.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
{¶ 19} In his first assignment of error, King claims that he “was denied his constitutional
rights to effective assistance of trial counsel.” King contends that his attorney acted deficiently
by failing to consult with him in jail before the State revoked its first plea offer. King argues
that his counsel’s untimeliness precluded him from accepting a more advantageous plea bargain
and caused him to be sentenced to an extra two and one-half years in prison.
{¶ 20} We review alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial counsel under the
two prong analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80
7
L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio
St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Pursuant to those cases, trial counsel is entitled to a strong
presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable assistance.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. To reverse a conviction based on ineffective assistance of counsel,
it must be demonstrated that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that his or her errors were serious enough to create a reasonable probability
that, but for the errors, the result of the trial would have been different. Id.{¶ 21} To support his argument that defense counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, King relies on Missouri v. Frye, ___ U.S.___,132 S.Ct.
1399, 1405, 182 L.Ed.2d 379 (2012), which held that, as a general rule, “defense counsel has the
duty to communicate formal offers from the prosecution to accept a plea on terms and conditions
that may be favorable to the accused.” Id. at 1408. The Court’s decision was based on “[t]he
reality * * * that plea bargains have become so central to the administration of the criminal
justice system that defense counsel have responsibilities in the plea bargain process,
responsibilities that must be met to render the adequate assistance of counsel that the Sixth
Amendment requires in the criminal process at critical stages.” Id. at 1407.
{¶ 22} In Frye, defense counsel had received a letter from the prosecutor offering a
choice of two plea bargains. The offers were for a sentence substantially less than what the
defendant otherwise faced; both of the offers had an expiration date. Id. at 1404. Defense
counsel never advised his client of the offers, and they expired. Id. The defendant eventually
pled guilty and was sentenced to the lengthier sentence.
{¶ 23} The Supreme Court concluded that, “[w]hen defense counsel allowed the offer
to expire without advising the defendant or allowing him to consider it, defense counsel did not
8
render the effective assistance the Constitution requires.” Id. at 1408. The Supreme Court
declined, however, “to try to elaborate or define detailed standards for the proper discharge of
defense counsel’s participation in the process.” Id. In this regard, the Court reasoned that
elaboration would be neither “prudent nor practicable” because “[t]he alternative courses and
tactics in negotiation are so individual.” Id.{¶ 24} Frye is factually distinguishable from the present case. Unlike Frye, defense
counsel advised King of the 7½-year plea offer, and he did not fail to meet any deadlines.
Accordingly, the facts in Frye do not directly offer assistance in resolving this matter.
{¶ 25} Upon reviewing the record, we find that defense counsel’s conduct during plea
bargaining did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. “A reviewing court ‘must
indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance.’” State v. Clark, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2011 CA 32, 2013-Ohio-300, ¶
38, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Defense
counsel did not fail to meet any deadlines, and he complied with the general duty to communicate
the State’s plea offers. It was also not unreasonable for counsel to have lacked a sense of
urgency to revisit King, since the offer had no expiration date and counsel had no reason to
believe it would be revoked. Counsel could not have anticipated that the State would decide to
revoke the offer because, after learning more about the case, it believed that King’s actions
justified a more severe punishment (especially, in this case, by the supervisor of the assistant
prosecutor who had made the offer). Indeed, the State argued and defense counsel agreed (albeit
for different reasons) that prosecutors often offered more favorable plea bargains closer to the
trial date.
{¶ 26} The State’s first plea offer was made on February 6, 2012, but the offer only
9
addressed the first five counts for which King had been indicted. At that point in time, King had
not been indicted on the possession of heroin offense because the State was awaiting the results
of laboratory tests on the substance. It was not until three weeks later that King was indicted for
possession of heroin. We find it was not unreasonable for defense counsel to have waited for the
possession of heroin charge to unfold before reconvening with King, especially since the State’s
first offer did not address the heroin offense. King was arraigned for the heroin offense on
February 24, 2012; therefore only one week passed between King’s arraignment and the State’s
revocation of the offer. Based on the time frame of all these proceedings, we find that defense
counsel’s failure to revisit King before the March 5, 2012 revocation was not unreasonable.
{¶ 27} Given that we must indulge in a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls
within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and given that there are various facts
in the record which establish that defense counsel’s conduct was not unreasonable, we find that
defense counsel’s delay in revisiting King did not fall below an objective standard of
reasonableness. Accordingly, King has not demonstrated that his defense counsel rendered
ineffective assistance during the plea bargaining process.
{¶ 28} King’s first assignment of error is overruled.
III. Allied Offenses of Similar Import
{¶ 29} In his supplemental brief, King argues that his two convictions for having
weapons while under disability are allied offenses that should have been merged pursuant to R.C.
2941.25. King claims that he committed the offenses in the course of the same incident and that
he had a single animus for each offense.
{¶ 30} R.C. 2941.25, concerning allied offenses of similar import, provides:
10
(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute
two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may
contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only
one.
(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of
dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the
same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each,
the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the
defendant may be convicted of all of them.
{¶ 31} In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, the
Ohio Supreme Court announced a new test for determining when offenses are allied offenses of
similar import. Pursuant to Johnson, “[w]hen determining whether two offenses are allied
offenses of similar import subject to merger under R.C. 2941.25, the conduct of the accused must
be considered.” Id. at ¶ 44. The Court further noted that:
In determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import under
R.C. 2941.25(A), the question is whether it is possible to commit one offense and
commit the other with the same conduct, not whether it is possible to commit one
without committing the other. * * * If the offenses correspond to such a degree
that the conduct of the defendant constituting commission of one offense
constitutes commission of the other, then the offenses are of similar import.
If the multiple offenses can be committed by the same conduct, then the
court must determine whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct,
i.e., “a single act, committed with a single state of mind. “* * *
11
If the answer to both questions is yes, then the offenses are allied offenses
of similar import and will be merged.
Conversely, if the court determines that the commission of one offense
will never result in the commission of the other, or if the offenses are committed
separately, or if the defendant has separate animus for each offense, then,
according to R .C. 2941.25(B), the offenses will not merge.
(Citations and quotations omitted.) Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6341, 942 N.E.2d
1061, at ¶ 48-51.
{¶ 32} R.C. 2923.13 prohibits individuals under certain legal disabilities from
acquiring, having, carrying or using any firearm or dangerous ordnance. Several appellate
districts have commented that the legislature’s use of the word “any” created an ambiguity as to
whether each individual weapon was the “unit of prosecution,” rather than the “transaction of
having the weapons.” E.g., State v. Pitts, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 99 CA 2675, 2000 WL 1678020,
*13 (Nov. 6, 2000); see also State v. English, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-080872,
2010-Ohio-1759, ¶ 43. These courts have held that “the simultaneous, undifferentiated
possession of weapons by a person under a disability constitutes only one offense and not separate
offenses for each weapon.” (Emphasis in original.) Pitts at *13; see also, e.g., State v. Creech,
188 Ohio App.3d 513, 2010-Ohio-2553, 936 N.E.2d 79, ¶ 24 (4th Dist.); English at ¶ 43; State v.
Long, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26441, 2013-Ohio-251.
{¶ 33} For example, in Long, the defendant was arrested for a shooting, and the police
found two guns in a tote bag during a search of the defendant’s home. Id. at ¶ 2. The defendant
indicated that he acquired the two guns simultaneously from a friend for purposes of protection.
Id. at ¶ 10. After a jury trial, the defendant was found guilty of various charges, including two
12
counts of having weapons while under disability. Id. at ¶ 3. The defendant appealed the
convictions for having weapons under disability on the ground that they were allied offenses of
similar import. Id. at ¶ 5. The court in Long found that the first part of the Johnson analysis
was satisfied because “it was possible for [the defendant] to commit both crimes, i.e. possession
of two handguns, with the same conduct; simultaneously taking possession of the two guns while
under disability.” Id. at ¶11.
{¶ 34} We agree with Long and other cases that have applied the same reasoning, and
we likewise find that a defendant can commit one offense of having weapons while under
disability by the possession of multiple weapons.
{¶ 35} We therefore turn to whether King’s two offenses of having weapons while under
disability were committed separately or with a separate animus. Although the simultaneous,
undifferentiated possession of multiple weapons can constitute one act of having weapons while
under disability, Ohio appellate districts have further held, however, that multiple convictions are
appropriate if “‘there is evidence that the weapons were stored in different places or acquired at
different times.’” State v. Lowery, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2007-T-0085, 2008-Ohio-1896, ¶ 15,
quoting United States v. Dunford, 148 F.3d 385, 390 (4th Cir.1998). Accord Creech at ¶ 24;
Pitts at *13.
{¶ 36} Multiple convictions are also appropriate where the offenses are committed with
a separate animus. This district discussed the definition of “animus” in State v. Beverly, 2d Dist.
Clark No. 2011 CA 64, 2013-Ohio-1365, stating:
The Supreme Court of Ohio has interpreted the term “animus” to mean
“purpose or, more properly, immediate motive.” “Like all mental states, animus
is often difficult to prove directly, but must be inferred from the surrounding
13
circumstances. * * * Where an individual's immediate motive involves the
commission of one offense, but in the course of committing that crime he must, A
priori, [sic] commit another, then he may well possess but a single animus, and in
that event may be convicted of only one crime.” “If the defendant acted with the
same purpose, intent, or motive in both instances, the animus is identical for both
offenses.”
(Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 42.
{¶ 37} In this case, King was apprehended after he crashed his vehicle into a telephone
pole and attempted to flee from the scene. After his apprehension, the police located a gun in his
vehicle. King was taken to a hospital and to the police department before he was moved to the
jail, where he produced a second gun from his jacket.
{¶ 38} Whether King initially acquired the guns at different times is not resolved in the
record. However, from the facts in the record, it is apparent that King had both guns in his
possession while he fled from officers in his vehicle. Thus, while he was fleeing in his car, King
had simultaneous, undifferentiated possession of both weapons.
{¶ 39} Upon King’s apprehension, the police found one of the weapons in King’s
vehicle. The police did not discover the second weapon until he was being booked into the jail.
However, King’s continued possession of the second weapon was not a separate act with a
separate animus. Rather, it was continuation of his possession of both weapons while under
disability. King’s continued possession of the second weapon beyond his initial apprehension
was due solely to the police officer’s failure to discover the second weapon during the initial pat
down at the site of his arrest and the subsequent pat down at the police department.
14
{¶ 40} This is not to say that temporal and spacial differences in the commission of
similar offenses are not important to our allied offense analysis. Indeed, our determination of
whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import often hinges on the timing and location of
the offenses. E.g., State v. Ranier, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25091, 2013-Ohio-963, ¶ 10
(concluding that the temporal separation between the knife blows, albeit slight, established
separate acts of felonious assault); State v. Wright, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24276,
2011-Ohio-4874, ¶ 79 (theft was not an allied offense of similar import where there was “a
distinct, temporal break between the commission of the aggravated burglary and aggravated
robbery offenses and the commission of the theft offense”); State v. Beverly, 2d Dist. Clark No.
2011 CA 64, 2013-Ohio-1365, ¶ 43 (citing additional cases). But in this case, King “had” and
“carried” two weapons simultaneously prior to his apprehension, and he had the second gun for a
longer period of time after his arrest simply because the police did not discover the weapons
simultaneously.
{¶ 41} Upon review of the record, we conclude that King committed a single act with a
single state of mind when he possessed the two guns. Accordingly, the trial court erred in failing
to merge King’s two counts of having weapons while under disability as allied offenses of similar
import.
{¶ 42} King’s supplemental assignment of error is sustained.
IV. Excessive Sentence
{¶ 43} In his second assignment of error, King claims that the trial court “erred and
abused its discretion in sentencing Mr. King to an excessive sentence.” Specifically, King
argues no one was injured during the commission of his offenses and that all offenses arose out
15
of the same action. He also emphasizes that he accepts full responsibility and has remorse for
his actions.
{¶ 44} We review a felony sentence using a two-step procedure. State v. Kalish, 120
Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124, ¶ 4. “The first step is to ‘examine the
sentencing court’s compliance with all applicable rules and statutes in imposing the sentence to
determine whether the sentence is clearly and convincingly contrary to law.’” State v. Stevens,
179 Ohio App.3d 97, 2008-Ohio-5775, 900 N.E.2d 1037, ¶ 4 (2d Dist.), quoting Kalish at ¶ 4.
“If this step is satisfied, the second step requires that the trial court’s decision be ‘reviewed under
an abuse-of-discretion standard.’” Id.{¶ 45} The trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence within the authorized
statutory range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give its reasons for
imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences. See State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1,
2006-Ohio-856, 845 N.E.2d 470, at paragraph seven of the syllabus. However, the trial court
must comply with all applicable rules and statutes, including R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12.
State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio St.3d 54, 2006-Ohio-855, 846 N.E.2d 1, ¶ 37.
{¶ 46} With 2011 Am.Sub. H.B. 86, effective September 30, 2011, Ohio’s sentencing
scheme requires judicial fact-finding for consecutive sentences. Of relevance, R.C.
2929.14(C)(4) provides:
(4) If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions of
multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison terms
consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is necessary to protect
the public from future crime or to punish the offender and that consecutive
sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and
16
to the danger the offender poses to the public, and if the court also finds any of the
following:
(a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the
offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed pursuant
to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or was under
post-release control for a prior offense.
(b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or
more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the multiple
offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any
of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately
reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.
(c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that
consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the
offender.
{¶ 47} As stated above, King pled guilty to failure to comply with the order or signal of
a police officer, two counts of having weapons while under disability, and possession of
oxycodone, all third-degree felonies, and to possession of heroin, a fifth-degree felony. The trial
court was authorized to impose a sentence of 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 months for the third-degree
felonies and between 6 and 12 months for possession of heroin. The trial court’s sentences of
three years in prison for each count of having weapons while under disability, and possession of
oxycodone and of one year for failure to comply and possession of heroin were within the
statutory sentencing ranges.
{¶ 48} In imposing consecutive sentences in Case No. 12CR66, the trial court found that
17
consecutive sentences were “necessary to protect the public and to punish the offender, and
they’re not disproportionate to the crimes committed and the consequences of those crimes.”
The court further found that King was on post-release control when the offenses were committed
and that King’s criminal history “shows that consecutive terms are needed to protect the public.”
The record indicates that King had already been to prison three times for four different cases
involving possession of drugs (twice), burglary, and fleeing and eluding. (Two of the four
sentences had been served concurrently.) King had also been committed to the Department of
Youth Services as a juvenile for receiving stolen property and burglary. Based on the record, the
trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences was not contrary to law.
{¶ 49} It is well established that there may be only one conviction for allied offenses of
similar import, and thus, allied offenses must be merged at sentencing. State v. Underwood, 124
Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, 922 N.E.2d 923; R.C. 2941.25(A). We have concluded, above,
that King’s sentence was contrary to law to the extent that the trial court failed to merge allied
offenses of similar import. However, we will not discuss that issue again in this assignment of
error.
{¶ 50} King further claims that the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed an
excessive sentence. “A trial court has broad discretion in sentencing a defendant and a
reviewing court will not interfere with the sentence unless the trial court abused its discretion.”
(Citations omitted.) State v. Bray, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2010CA14, 2011-Ohio-4660, ¶ 28. In the
context of felony sentencing, an abuse of discretion may be found if the sentencing court
unreasonably or arbitrarily weighs the statutory factors. State v. Bailey, 2d Dist. Clark No.
2011CA40, 2012-Ohio-1569, ¶ 15, citing State v. Saunders, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2009 CA 82,
2011-Ohio-391, ¶ 15.
18
{¶ 51} The trial court reviewed the presentence investigation report. Although King
was 24 years old, he already had an extensive criminal history, including three separately-served
terms of incarceration in prison, and he was on post-release control at the time he committed the
instant offenses. King did accept responsibility for his actions and expressed remorse, but we
cannot say that the trial court acted unreasonably when it found that the sentence it imposed was
necessary to protect the public and adequately punish him. Based on the record, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion when it selected the length of the sentences and ordered the sentences
in Case No. 12CA66 to run consecutively to each other.
{¶ 52} The second assignment of error is overruled.
V. Conclusion
{¶ 53} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed in part, reversed in part, and
remanded for the merger of allied offenses of similar import.
.............
FAIN, P.J., concurs.
WELBAUM, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part:
{¶ 54} I very respectfully dissent regarding the majority’s opinion that the two
convictions for having weapons under disability are allied offenses that should have been merged
pursuant to R.C. 2941.25. The record shows that King did not commit the offenses with a single
act or single animus when he possessed the two guns. The record also shows that the guns were
stored in different locations.
{¶ 55} The case at bar is distinguishable from State v. Long, 9th Dist. Summit No.
26441, 2013-Ohio-251. In this case, King simultaneously possessed the guns on December 25,
19
2011, but, unlike Long, the record does not indicate that King acquired them simultaneously or
that he stored them in same location. Generally, “‘the simultaneous, undifferentiated possession
of weapons by a person under a disability constitutes only one offense.’” (Citations omitted.)
State v. Creech, 188 Ohio App.3d 513, 2010-Ohio-2553, 936 N.E.2d 79, ¶ 24 (4th Dist.), quoting
State v. Pitts, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 99 CA 2675, 2000 WL 1678020, *13 (Nov. 6, 2000).
However, this is not the case if “‘there is evidence that the weapons were stored in different
places or acquired at different times.’” State v. Lowery, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2007-T-0085,
2008-Ohio-1896, ¶ 15, quoting United States v. Dunford, 148 F.3d 385, 390 (4th Cir.1998);
Accord Pitts at *13. Because King’s guns were stored in different places, and because there is
nothing in the record indicating that the guns were acquired at the same time, the first part of the
Johnson analysis is not satisfied.
{¶ 56} Even assuming that the first part of the Johnson analysis was satisfied, King’s
convictions would still not be considered allied offenses because he cannot satisfy the second part
of the analysis. The second part of the analysis is to determine whether the offenses were
committed separately or with a separate animus. “The Supreme Court of Ohio has interpreted
the term ‘animus’ to mean ‘purpose or, more properly, immediate motive.’” State v. Beverly, 2d
Dist. Clark No. 2011 CA 64, 2013-Ohio-1365, ¶ 42, citing State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d 126,
131, 397 N.E.2d 1345 (1979).
“Like all mental states, animus is often difficult to prove directly, but must be
inferred from the surrounding circumstances. * * * Where an individual's
immediate motive involves the commission of one offense, but in the course of
committing that crime he must, A priori, commit another, then he may well
possess but a single animus, and in that event may be convicted of only one
20
crime.” Logan at 131, 397 N.E.2d 1345. “If the defendant acted with the
same purpose, intent, or motive in both instances, the animus is identical for
both offenses.” (Citation omitted.) Id.{¶ 57} In Long, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26441, 2013-Ohio-251, the court found that the
second part of the Johnson analysis was satisfied because the defendant’s two weapons under
disability offenses were committed by a single act with a single state of mind, self-protection.
Id. at ¶ 13.
{¶ 58} Unlike Long, King committed his two weapons under disability offenses via
separate acts with a separate state of mind for each. After King’s arrest, and after the first gun
was already discovered, King purposely kept the second gun concealed from police and
continued to carry it in his jacket. He carried it while riding in the police cruiser, while receiving
treatment at the hospital, and while checking in at jail. This conduct is completely separate from
the conduct related to his possession of the first gun. Additionally, King’s separate conduct had
a separate animus because he was not acting with the same purpose, intent, or motive with
respect to each gun. One can infer from the surrounding circumstances, that once King was
arrested, his state of mind with respect to the second gun had changed. He was no longer
carrying it for its original purpose, but in response to his arrest. Because King committed the
two weapons under disability offenses via separate conduct and with a separate animus for each
offense, the second part of the Johnson analysis is not satisfied.
{¶ 59} Because both parts of the Johnson analysis are not satisfied, it is my opinion that
King’s two convictions for having a weapon while under disability are not allied offenses, and
they should not be merged under R.C. 2941.25. I would affirm the trial court’s sentence on the
two convictions for having weapons under disability. Accordingly, I very respectfully dissent on
21
this issue. I otherwise concur with the majority.
...........
Copies mailed to:
Lisa M. Fannin
Jennifer S. Getty
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter