Brooks v. RKUK, Inc.

[Cite as Brooks v. RKUK, Inc., 2022-Ohio-266.]
COURT OF APPEALS
STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
KRISTINA BROOKS : JUDGES:
:
: Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
: Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
-vs- :
: Case No. 2021CA00048
:
RKUK, INC., ET AL. :
:
:
Defendants-Appellants : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court of
Common Pleas, Case No.
2020CV00599
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: January 28, 2022
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: For Defendants-Appellants:
JAMES J. COLLUM KEVIN J. BREEN
Law Office of James J. Collum, LLC Kevin J. Breen Co., LLC
4740 Belpar St. NW, Suite C 3500 West Market St., Suite 4
Canton, OH 44718 Fairlawn, OH 44333
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 2
Delaney, J.
{¶1} Defendants-Appellants Rakesh Patel and RKUK, Inc. appeal the April 1,
2021 and April 12, 2021 judgment entries of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Default Judgment
{¶2} On March 24, 2020, Plaintiff-Appellant Kristina Brooks filed a complaint in
the Stark County Court of Common Pleas against Defendants-Appellants Rakesh Patel
and RKUK, Inc. dba Woodlawn Food Market, owned by Rakesh Patel (hereinafter the
Defendants-Appellants shall be collectively referred to as “Patel”). The complaint alleged
nine causes of action: (1) quid pro quo sexual harassment; (2) hostile work environment
sexual harassment; (3) retaliation; (4) intentional infliction of emotional distress; (5)
assault and/or battery; (6) violations of O.R.C. § 4113.15, 44113.99; (7) violations of
O.R.C. § 4111.02, 4111.04, and 4113.10; (8) violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act;
and (9) false imprisonment.
{¶3} Brooks requested service of the complaint by U.S. certified mail. On March
24, 2020, the Stark County Clerk of Courts docketed that the complaint was sent by
certified mail. On April 14, 2020, the docket noted that certified mail had failed because
Patel refused service. Brooks requested service of the complaint by ordinary mail, which
the Clerk of Courts completed on April 21, 2020. The Clerk of Courts served the summons
upon Patel pursuant to Civ.R. 4, whereby the summons included the following language:
YOU HAVE BEEN NAMED A DEFENDANT IN A COMPLAINT FILED IN
STARK COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.
***
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 3
A COPY OF THE COMPLAINT IS ATTACHED HERETO.
***
YOU ARE HEREBY SUMMONED AND REQUIRED TO SERVE UPON
THE PLAINTIFF’S ATTORNEY, OR UPON THE PLAINTIFF, IF HE HAS
NO ATTORNEY OF RECORD, A COPY OF AN ANSWER TO THE
COMPLAINT WITHIN TWENTY-EIGHT DAYS AFTER THE SERVICE OF
THIS SUMMONS ON YOU, EXCLUSIVE OF THE DAY OF SERVICE.
YOUR ANSWER MUST BE FILED WITH THE COURT WITHIN THREE
DAYS AFTER THE SERVICE OF A COPY OF THE ANSWER ON THE
PLAINTIFF’S ATTORNEY.
IF YOU FAIL TO APPEAR AND DEFEND, JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT
WILL BE RENDERED AGAINST YOU FOR THE RELIEF DEMANDED IN
THE COMPLAINT.
{¶4} Brooks filed a motion for default judgment on May 21, 2020, stating service
of the complaint was completed by ordinary mail and Patel had not answered the
complaint or otherwise made an appearance in the action. Due to Patel’s default, she
requested judgment in her favor on all claims alleged in the complaint and a damages
hearing. On July 29, 2020, the trial court granted the motion for default judgment and set
the matter for a damages hearing on October 23, 2020. The judgment entry was served
upon Patel by ordinary and certified mail. On August 7, 2020, the docket noted that Patel
refused certified mail service of the default judgment entry.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 4
Patel’s Appearance
{¶5} On August 8, 2020, counsel for Patel filed a notice of appearance in the
action. Patel filed a motion to vacate/motion to reinstate, supported by his affidavit, on
August 24, 2020. He did not cite any basis for the motion from the Rules of Civil
Procedure, case law, or statute. In the motion, Patel admitted he was served with the
complaint but did not understand legal proceedings. He stated he was a native of India.
He had never been involved in a court case before and believed the court would let him
know when he had to be there. He also disputed Brooks’ allegations in the complaint.
{¶6} Brooks filed a response to Patel’s motion to vacate and argued the trial
court should consider it a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B). As
such, Patel failed to meet the GTE requirements, Brooks contended, when Patel failed to
show he had a meritorious defense or claim to present if relief was granted.
{¶7} On September 29, 2020, the trial court denied Patel’s motion to vacate.
After considering the motion to vacate as a motion for relief from judgment under Civ.R.
60(B), the trial court found that Patel failed to meet two elements of the GTE test
necessary to prevail under Civ.R. 60(B). First, Patel failed to establish there was a
meritorious defense to Brooks’ claims other than the blanket statement in his affidavit that
her allegations were not true. Second, Patel’s failure to respond to the complaint did not
demonstrate mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect. Patel actively refused
certified mail service of both the complaint and the trial court’s default judgment entry. In
clearly stated language, the summons provided Patel with instructions on how to respond
to the complaint, which did not include waiting for the trial court’s direction.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 5
Damages Hearing
{¶8} The damages hearing on Brooks’ complaint proceeded on October 23,
2020. Brooks and Patel testified at the hearing as to Brooks’ damages pursuant to her
nine causes of action. She testified that she began working for Patel at the Woodlawn
Food Market on September 2, 2019 and she was fired on March 1, 2020. While she was
employed, Brooks stated she worked 40 hours a week, approximately five days a week
from 3:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. with four hours of overtime each week. She was paid $8.00
per hour in cash. Neither party kept records of the time she worked but texted with each
other to determine Brooks’ work schedule. The texts were entered into evidence.
{¶9} In her complaint, Brooks alleged that on December 25, 2019, Brooks and
Patel were working alone in the Woodlawn Food Market. Patel’s wife and family were out
of the country. At closing time, Patel told Brooks she could select any alcoholic drink she
wanted in the store and drink it while performing her closing duties. Brooks walked into
the cooler to look for a beer, but she felt strange drinking alcohol on the job and advised
Patel that she did not choose anything to drink. In lieu of having a drink, Brooks chose to
stock the cooler. She entered the cooler and started stocking beer. Patel came into the
cooler with a beer but could not open it. He asked Brooks to get a bottle opener with him
from the office desk. Patel opened the beer, took a sip, and offered Brooks a sip, which
she took but declined any further sips. She walked back into the cooler to resume her
closing duties.
{¶10} Patel entered the cooler and approached Brooks. He placed his left hand
on her breast and started to rub her breast. Brooks stepped away and asked him, “What
the fuck?” Patel said he was sorry but kept begging and asking Brooks to please let him
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 6
touch her and to “go home” with him and how he could “take care” of Brooks. Patel kept
repeating his pleas while he and Brooks stood in the cooler. Brooks could not leave
because Patel was standing in front of the cooler’s entrance. A few minutes later, Patel
left the cooler but entered again with the same requests. Brooks managed to leave the
cooler and walk to the store’s front counter, followed by Patel. He repeatedly harassed
her and begged Brooks with requests for sex until closing time. Patel then left the store.
Brooks texted her boyfriend about what occurred, and he came to accompany her out of
the store.
{¶11} Brooks sent Patel a text message letting him know his behavior was
inappropriate, unappreciated, and he had no right to touch her. Patel responded to the
text message apologizing and stating it would not happen again. Brooks had trouble
returning to work and did not return until a week after December 25, 2019. Patel paid
Brooks for the time she was off work.
{¶12} Patel’s wife returned from India, and she worked in the store with Brooks.
She was reserved and quiet with Brooks because she blamed Brooks for Patel’s reason
to not travel to India with his family. Brooks asked Patel if he had told his wife about the
incident, and he responded that he had not advised his wife. In February, Patel’s wife
approached Brooks to ask if she could trust Brooks to open and close the store when the
family went out of town again or if she needed to hire someone else. Brooks asked Patel’s
wife if her husband told her what happened on December 25, 2019. Patel’s wife said he
did not, so Brooks told Patel’s wife about the December 25, 2019 incident.
{¶13} On March 1, 2020, Brooks was scheduled to work from 12:00 p.m. to 9:30
p.m. when Patel’s wife fired her. Patel’s wife said Brooks was lying about her husband.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 7
At the hearing, Patel testified that his wife fired Brooks because Brooks complained about
her husband’s harassment.
{¶14} Brooks testified that after she was fired, she had trouble paying her bills and
was almost evicted from her apartment. It affected her relationship with her child and
boyfriend. While she was working at her new job, she was cautious about the people
around her. She did not have insurance and could not afford mental health counseling.
Brooks requested compensatory damages in the amount of $75,000 and punitive
damages in the amount of $75,000, jointly and severally against Rakesh Patel and RKUK,
Inc.
{¶15} After the damages hearing, the parties filed proposed findings of facts and
conclusions of law.
February 1, 2021 Judgment
{¶16} On February 1, 2021, the trial court issued its judgment entry granting
judgment in favor of Brooks against Rakesh Patel and RKUK, Inc., jointly and severally,
totaling $75,000 in compensatory damages and $75,000 in punitive damages, plus
interest from March 1, 2020 and court costs. The award was split as follows: (a) $37,500
compensatory damages and $37,500 punitive damages against Rakesh Patel and (b)
$37,500 compensatory damages and $37,500 punitive damages against RKUK, Inc. The
trial court further stated that the $75,000 compensatory damages award included
$768.00, jointly and severally, as liquidated damages owed to Brooks by the defendants
for failure to pay overtime wages under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The total damages
award was $150,000, jointly and severally.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 8
{¶17} A separate hearing was scheduled for March 12, 2021 to address the award
of attorney fees under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Motion for Reconsideration / Amended Motion for Relief
{¶18} On March 1, 2021, Patel filed a motion for reconsideration, or, in the
alternative, an amended motion for relief from the trial court’s judgment entries filed on
July 29, 2020 and February 1, 2021. Brooks filed a response on March 3, 2021.
{¶19} In his motion, Patel argued he was entitled to relief from the default
judgment, and therefore the damages award, due to mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or
excusable neglect. In this second motion, he provided further details regarding his
background. He and his wife immigrated to the United States from India in 1988. English
was his second language and for that reason, he did not understand the summons served
with the complaint. Woodlawn Food Market, through RKUK, Inc., started operations in
2017. Patel argued he did have an attorney and had never been sued before, so he was
unaware of the litigation procedures.
{¶20} Patel next contended the trial court’s award of $75,000 in compensatory
damages and $75,000 in punitive damages against Rakesh Patel and RKUK, Inc., jointly
and severally, was unreasonable because it constituted a double recovery for Brooks.
{¶21} In support of his motion, Patel filed the September 22, 2020 deposition of
Brooks, his amended affidavit, and a transcript of the October 23, 2020 damages hearing.
April 1, 2021 Judgment
{¶22} On April 1, 2021, the trial court overruled the motion for reconsideration. It
sustained its earlier judgment that Patel was not entitled to relief from default judgment
pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B). The trial court next found the damages were reasonable and
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 9
the award of damages as “jointly and severally” did not give Brooks a double recovery.
Rather, either defendant may be liable, and the plaintiff could obtain a judgment against
any of the tortfeasors for the entire amount, after which the tortfeasors could apportion
their liability and seeks contribution among themselves.
{¶23} The trial court permitted the parties to file proposed amendments to the
language of the February 1, 2021 judgment entry to clarify the language of the damages
award.
{¶24} The April 1, 2021 judgment entry included Civ.R. 54(B) language that it was
a final appealable order with no just cause for delay.
Proposed Amendments
{¶25} Patel filed a proposed amendment to the language of the February 1, 2021
judgment entry. Brooks filed a response opposing any amendment to the language of the
February 1, 2021 judgment entry.
April 12, 2021 Judgment Entry
{¶26} On April 12, 2021, the trial court filed its judgment entry rejecting Patel’s
proposed amendment to the February 1, 2021 judgment entry. The trial court ordered the
“language of the Judgment Entry of February 1, 2021 to remain, as is, and the final
appealable order.”
Notice of Appeal
{¶27} On April 29, 2021, Patel filed a notice of appeal of the April 1, 2021 and
April 12, 2021 judgment entries of the trial court.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 10
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶28} Patel raises one Assignment of Error:
{¶29} “THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN DENYING
DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION, OR IN THE ALTERNATIVELY
AMEND[ED] MOTION FOR RELIEF FROM THIS COURT’S JUDGMENT ENTRY
FILE[D] JULY 29, 2020 AND FEBRUARY 1, 2021.”
ANALYSIS
{¶30} Patel contends in his sole Assignment of Error that the trial court abused its
discretion when it denied his motion for relief from default judgment pursuant to Civ.R.
60(B). He also argues the damages award was unsupported by the evidence.
Default Judgment
{¶31} The Stark County Clerk of Courts originally served the complaint and copy
of the summons upon Patel by certified mail. Patel refused the attempted certified service
of the complaint and the copy of the summons, after which Brooks requested ordinary
mail service. Pursuant to Civ.R. 4.6(C), “[t]he mailing shall be evidenced by a certificate
of mailing which shall be completed and filed by the clerk. Answer day shall be twenty-
eight days after the date of mailing as evidenced by the certificate of mailing.” The docket
shows the certificate of mailing was on April 21, 2020 and therefore, Patel’s answer day
would have been May 19, 2020. See also Civ.R. 12(A)(1).
{¶32} There is no dispute in this case that Patel failed to plead or otherwise defend
within the time provided by May 19, 2020. With respect to the entry of a default judgment,
Civ.R. 55(A) provides:
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 11
When a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has
failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these rules, the party
entitled to a judgment by default shall apply in writing or orally to the court
therefor * * *. If the party against whom judgment by default is sought has
appeared in the action, he (or, if appearing by representative, his
representative) shall be served with written notice of the application for
judgment at least seven days prior to the hearing on such application. If, in
order to enable the court to enter judgment or to carry it into effect, it is
necessary to take an account or to determine the amount of damages or to
establish the truth of any averment by evidence or to make an investigation
of any other matter, the court may conduct such hearings or order such
references as it deems necessary and proper and shall when applicable
accord a right of trial by jury to the parties.
{¶33} Brooks filed her motion for default judgment on May 21, 2020, which the
trial court did not grant until July 29, 2020. “A default by a defendant * * * arises only when
the defendant has failed to contest the allegations raised in the complaint and it is thus
proper to render a default judgment against the defendant as liability has been admitted
or ‘confessed’ by the omission of statements refuting the plaintiff's claims.” Ohio Valley
Radiology Assoc., Inc. v. Ohio Valley Hosp. Assn., 28 Ohio St.3d 118, 121, 502 N.E.2d
599 (1986) quoting Resse v. Proppe, 3 Ohio App.3d 103, 105, 443 N.E.2d 992 (8th
Dist.1981).
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 12
Civ.R. 60(B) v. Civ.R. 6(B)
{¶34} After the trial court granted default judgment on July 29, 2020, Patel filed a
motion with the trial court entitled, “Motion to Vacate/Motion to Reinstate.” The trial court
characterized the motion as “bare bones” that did not cite any Ohio Civil Rule or statute
as the basis of his request. (Judgment Entry, April 1, 2021). The trial court therefore
considered as a motion for relief from judgment under Civ.R. 60(B).
{¶35} On appeal, Patel argues for the first time that the trial court should have
considered his motion under Civ.R. 6(B), which states:
(B) Time: Extension. When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder
or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a
specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion
(1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request
therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or
as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the
expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure
to act was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the time for
taking any action under Civ.R. 50(B), Civ.R. 59(B), Civ.R. 59(D), and Civ.R.
60(B), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.
Civ.R. 6(B)(2) allows a trial court “in its discretion” to extend the 28-day period to file an
answer where the defendant files a motion outside of the 28-day period and demonstrates
that the failure to timely plead “was the result of excusable neglect.” Lester v. Chivington,
3rd Dist. Marion No. 9-15-21, 2015-Ohio-5446, ¶ 17.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 13
{¶36} Our review of the record shows Patel did not raise the issue of Civ.R. 6(B)
to the trial court. It is well-settled that issues not raised in the trial court may not be raised
for the first time on appeal; such issues are deemed waived. Smith v. Swanson, 5th Dist.
Stark No. 2003CA00140, 2004-Ohio-2652, ¶ 16, citing Schottenstein v. Schottenstein,
Franklin App. No. 02AP-842, 2003-Ohio-5032, ¶ 8, internal citation omitted. We further
find the trial court’s use of Civ.R. 60(B) to analyze Patel’s arguments that he should be
relieved of the default judgment appropriate pursuant to Civ.R. 55(B), which states:
(B) Setting Aside Default Judgment. If a judgment by default has been
entered, the court may set it aside in accordance with Rule 60(B).
Civ.R. 60(B) & Default Judgment
{¶37} Civ.R. 60(B) states as follows:
On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party *
* * from a final judgment, order or proceeding for the following reasons: (1)
mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered
evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered in time to
move for a new trial under Rule 59(B); (3) fraud (whether heretofore
denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation or other misconduct
of an adverse party; (4) the judgment has been satisfied, released or
discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed
or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should
have prospective application; or (5) any other reason justifying relief from
the judgment. The motion shall be made within a reasonable time, and for
reasons (1), (2) and (3) not more than one year after the judgment, order or
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 14
proceeding was entered or taken. A motion under this subdivision (B) does
not affect the finality of a judgment or suspend its operation.
{¶38} In GTE Automatic Electric Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc., 47 Ohio St.2d 146,
351 N.E.2d 113 (1976), paragraph two of the syllabus, the Supreme Court of Ohio held
the following:
To prevail on a motion brought under Civ.R. 60(B), the movant must
demonstrate that: (1) the party has a meritorious defense or claim to present
if relief is granted; (2) the party is entitled to relief under one of the grounds
stated in Civ.R. 60(B)(1) through (5); and (3) the motion is made within a
reasonable time, and, where the grounds of relief are Civ.R. 60(B)(1), (2) or
(3), not more than one year after the judgment, order or proceeding was
entered or taken.
{¶39} The GTE factors are “independent and in the conjunctive, not the
disjunctive.” DeChellis v. Estate of DeChellis, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2020CA00025, 2020-
Ohio-5111, 2020 WL 6375476, ¶ 16 quoting Blaney v. Kerrigan, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 12-
CA-86, 1986 WL 8646, *2 (Aug. 4, 1986) quoting GTE Automatic Elec., Inc., supra at 150-
151. “Failing to meet one is fatal, for all three must be satisfied in order to gain relief * *
*.” Id.
{¶40} A motion for relief from judgment under Civ.R. 60(B) lies in the trial court's
sound discretion. Griffey v. Rajan, 33 Ohio St.3d 75, 514 N.E.2d 1122 (1987). To find an
abuse of that discretion, we must determine the trial court's decision was unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable and not merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v.
Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 15
Excusable Neglect
{¶41} Patel first argues he was entitled to relief from default judgment pursuant to
Civ.R. 60(B)(1) due to mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect. The Ohio
Supreme Court has yet to develop a definitive definition of excusable neglect. However,
it has described it in the negative stating, “the inaction of a defendant is not ‘excusable
neglect’ if it can be labeled as a ‘complete disregard for the judicial system.’” Kay v. Marc
Glassman, Inc., 76 Ohio St.3d 18, 20, 665 N.E.2d 1102 (1996), quoting GTE Automatic
Elec., Inc., 47 Ohio St.2d at 153, 351 N.E.2d 113. It has been held that “[o]nly where the
failure to respond is coupled with a complete lack of notice of the original motion may
excusable neglect lie.” Stoller v. TRST, LLC., 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 2019 CA 00051, 2020-
Ohio-3041, ¶ 16 quoting Chuck Oeder Inc. v. Bower, 9th Dist. No. 23785, 2007-Ohio-
7032, at ¶ 8, quoting Zimmerman v. Rourke, 9th Dist. No. 04CA008472, 2004-Ohio-6075,
at ¶ 9. Excusable neglect has been further defined as some action “not in consequence
of the party's own carelessness, inattention, or willful disregard of the process of the court,
but in consequence of some unexpected or unavoidable hindrance or accident.” Emery
v. Smith, 5th Dist. Stark Nos. 2005CA00051, 2005CA00098, 2005-Ohio-5526, ¶ 16
quoting Vanest v. Pillsbury Co. (1997), 124 Ohio App.3d 525, 536 fn. 8, 706 N.E.2d 825.
{¶42} “In addition, ‘[w]hile unusual or special circumstances can justify neglect, if
a party could have controlled or guarded against the happening or event he later seeks
to excuse, the neglect is not excusable.’” Sandifer v. Yoder, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No.
2015 AP 02 0008, 2015-Ohio-4270, ¶ 20, quoting National City Bank v. Kessler, 10th Dist.
No. 03AP–312, 2003–Ohio–6938, ¶ 14, See also Stevens v. Stevens, 5th Dist. Fairfield
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 16
No. 16-CA-17, 2016-Ohio-7925, ¶ 14 (“Excusable neglect is not present if the party
seeking relief could have prevented the circumstances from occurring.”)
{¶43} The determination of whether neglect is excusable or inexcusable must take
into consideration all the surrounding facts and circumstances, and courts must be
mindful that cases should be decided on their merits, where possible, rather than
procedural grounds. Griffey v. Rajan, 33 Ohio St.3d 75, 79–81, 514 N.E.2d 1122 (1987).
{¶44} Patel contends his failure to answer or otherwise respond to the complaint
was due to his lack of proficiency with the English language and his unfamiliarity with the
legal system; therefore, he did not show a complete disregard for the judicial system. The
trial court rejected Patel’s arguments as to excusable neglect in its September 29, 2020
judgment entry and April 1, 2021 judgment entry.
{¶45} The trial court examined Patel’s claim that he did not understand the legal
system. Upon review of the summons served with the complaint, the trial court found it
included instructions on how Patel was to respond to the complaint. While Patel refused
certified mail service of the summons and complaint, ordinary mail service of the
summons and complaint was completed on April 21, 2020. We note that Patel also
refused certified mail service of the trial court’s default judgment entry. Patel’s refusal of
service and subsequent failure to answer or otherwise respond to the complaint was due
to his own willful disregard of the process of the court, not the consequence of some
unexpected or unavoidable hindrance or accident.
{¶46} Further, the operative facts in this case do not establish excusable neglect
due to Patel being a native of India. The record in this case showed Patel had a sufficient
command of the English language. He moved to the United States in 1988. He has
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 17
operated the Woodlawn Food Market, owned by Patel’s corporation RKUK, Inc., since
2017. During the damages hearing, Patel did not require an interpreter and he understood
counsel’s questions to respond accordingly. Patel presented text messages he
exchanged with Brooks as evidence at the damages hearing, which showed Patel
understood the English language sufficiently to determine Brooks’ weekly work schedule.
There was no evidence of a language barrier that unavoidably prevented Patel from
participating in the proceedings after notification of the complaint. See Suon v. Khan
Mong, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-879, 2018-Ohio-4187, ¶ 28 (appellant’s lack of
familiarity with legal proceedings, nor his inability to read English, amounted to operative
facts which would establish excusable neglect when he filed a pro se answer to the
complaint); Gamble Hartshorn, LLC v, Lee, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-35, 2018-Ohio-
980, ¶ 27-31 (holding that the appellant's failure to respond to the motion for summary
judgment “based on his contention that he was not proficient with the English language,
and he lacked familiarity with the legal system,” did not amount to excusable neglect).
{¶47} As Patel failed to present operative facts which would support a finding of
excusable neglect under Civ.R. 60(B)(1), the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Patel’s Civ.R. 60(B) motion for relief from judgment.
Meritorious Defense
{¶48} To prevail on a motion brought under Civ.R. 60(B), the movant must
demonstrate that: (1) the party has a meritorious defense or claim to present if relief is
granted; (2) the party is entitled to relief under one of the grounds stated in Civ.R. 60(B)(1)
through (5); and (3) the motion is made within a reasonable time, and, where the grounds
of relief are Civ.R. 60(B)(1), (2) or (3), not more than one year after the judgment, order
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 18
or proceeding was entered or taken. Patel next argues the trial court abused its discretion
when it found Patel failed to present a meritorious defense to Brooks’ causes of action.
{¶49} We determined the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found Patel
was not entitled to relief pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B)(1). A failure to establish any one of the
three GTE requirements will cause the motion for relief from judgment to be overruled.
Van Wert v. Akron Metro. Regional Transit Auth., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2016CA00052, 2016-
Ohio-8072, 2016 WL 7159144, ¶ 31 citing Rose Chevrolet, Inc. v. Adams, 36 Ohio St.3d
17, 20, 520 N.E.2d 564 (1988). Accordingly, it is unnecessary for this Court to determine
whether the trial court abused its discretion as to the element of meritorious defense.
Damages
{¶50} Brooks finally contends the trial court’s determination of damages was in
error, as to both the amount and the manner of award. At the damages hearing, Brooks
requested $75,000 in compensatory damages and $75,000 in punitive damages, for a
total damages award of $150,000. The trial court awarded damages as follows:
Therefore, it is Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that judgment is granted in
favor of the Plaintiff, Kristina Brooks against the Defendants, RKUK, Inc.
dba Woodlawn Food Market and Rakesh Patel, jointly and severally,
totaling $75,000 in compensatory damages and $75,000 in punitive
damages, plus interest from March 1, 2020 and court costs, awarded as
follows:
a) The amount of $37,500 compensatory damages against Defendant
Rakesh Patel and $37,500 punitive damages against Defendant Rakesh
Patel; and
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 19
b) The amount of $37,500 in compensatory damages against Defendant
RKUK, Inc. and $37,500 punitive damages against Defendant RKUK, Inc.
It is further ordered that the foregoing award of $75,000 compensatory
damages includes the sum of $768.00 jointly and severally against all
Defendants, which is the liquidated damages owed to the Plaintiff by the
Defendants for failure to pay overtime wages under FLSA.
(Judgment Entry, Feb. 1, 2021).
{¶51} When a defendant fails to answer, default judgment is warranted because
liability has been admitted “by the omission of statements in a pleading refuting the
plaintiff's claims.” Berube v. Richardson, 8th Dist. No. 104651, 2017-Ohio-1367, 89
N.E.3d 85, 2017 WL 1365458, ¶ 9 quoting Girard v. Leatherworks Partnership, 11th Dist.
Trumbull No. 2004-T-0010, 2005-Ohio-4779, 2005 WL 2211079, ¶ 38. Therefore, once
default judgment has been entered, the only remaining triable issue is the amount of
damages. Id.{¶52} Under Civ.R. 54(C), a trial court may not grant default judgment “different
in kind from or exceed in amount” that which is stated in the demand for judgment. Civ.R.
54(C). Civ.R. 55(A) provides when a hearing on damages is necessary:
If, in order to enable the court to enter judgment or to carry it into effect, it
is necessary to take an account or to determine the amount of damages or
to establish the truth of any averment by evidence or to make an
investigation of any other matter, the court may conduct such hearings or
order such references as it deems necessary and proper and shall when
applicable accord a right of trial by jury to the parties.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 20
{¶53} Thus, pursuant to Civ.R. 55(A), the trial court has the discretion to conduct
a hearing following an entry of default judgment to determine the measure of damages.
Skiver v. Wilson, 8th Dist. No. 106560, 2018-Ohio-3795, 119 N.E.3d 969, 2018 WL
4521021, ¶ 14 citing Malaco Constr. v. Jones, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 94APE10-1466,
1995 WL 506026, 8 (Aug. 24, 1995); Buckeye Supply Co. v. N.E. Drilling Co., 24 Ohio
App.3d 134, 136, 493 N.E.2d 964 (9th Dist.1985) (“It has always been within the discretion
of the trial court to determine whether further evidence is required to support a claim
against a defaulting defendant.”).
Compensatory and Punitive Damages
{¶54} In this case, Brooks filed a complaint based on negligence and statutory
violations, requesting compensatory and punitive damages. Where the judgment is not
liquidated or only partially liquidated, the court must hold a hearing on the damages.
Skiver, supra citing Mid-America Acceptance Co. v. Reedy, 11th Dist. Lake No. 89-L-14-
072, 1990 WL 94816, at 2 (June 29, 1990), citing Maintenance Unlimited, Inc. v. Salemi,
18 Ohio App.3d 29, 480 N.E.2d 113 (8th Dist.1984). “Ohio law requires the presentation
of proof of damages for an unliquidated claim before any can be awarded.” Faulkner v.
Integrated Servs. Network, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 81877 and 83083, 2003-Ohio-
6474, 2003 WL 22861771, ¶ 26 (finding the trial court's failure to hold an evidentiary
hearing error where a determination of damages “necessarily require[d] consideration of
factors outside the ‘written instrument’”).
{¶55} Before a money judgment may be awarded, the plaintiff must establish
evidence of the damages. Clark v. Enchanted Hills Community Assn., 4th Dist. Highland
No. 19CA4, 2020-Ohio-553, 2020 WL 807069, ¶ 10 citing Labonte v. Labonte, 4th Dist.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 21
Meigs No. 07CA15, 2008-Ohio-5086, ¶ 19. “Ohio courts have found that, once a right to
damages has been established, that right cannot be denied because damages are
incapable of being calculated with mathematical certainty. Pennant Moldings, Inc. v. C &
J Trucking Co. (1983), 11 Ohio App.3d 248. However, the amount of damages must be
susceptible of ascertainment in some manner other than by mere speculation, conjecture
or surmise. See also: 30 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, 14 Damages 24-5.” Pingue v. Pingue,
5th Dist. Delaware No. 95CAF02006, 1995 WL 768535, *10. In conducting a hearing on
damages, the trial court has broad discretion in assessing the weight and credibility of the
evidence of damages. Arendt v. Price, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101710, 2015-Ohio-528,
¶ 16.
{¶56} “A reviewing court ordinarily will uphold a trial court's damage award if it is
not against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Clark v. Enchanted Hills Community
Assn., 4th Dist. Highland No. 19CA4, 2020-Ohio-553, 2020 WL 807069, ¶ 9 citing
Downard v. Gilliland, 4th Dist. Jackson No. 07CA11, 2008-Ohio-3155, at ¶ 7. See Shemo
v. Mayfield Hts., 88 Ohio St.3d 7, 10, 722 N.E.2d 1018 (2000); C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley
Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978), syllabus. This standard of review
is highly deferential and even “some” evidence is sufficient to support a court's judgment
and to prevent a reversal. Id. citing Barkley v. Barkley, 119 Ohio App.3d 155, 159, 694
N.E.2d 989 (4th Dist.1997); Willman v. Cole, 4th Dist. Adams No. 01 CA725, 2002-Ohio-
3596, ¶ 24. “[A]n appellant's disagreement with the trier of fact as to the appropriate
amount of damages is not grounds for reversal.” Arendt, supra; Sotnyk v. Guillenno, 6th
Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1198, 2014-Ohio-3514, 2014 WL 4049863, ¶ 11.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 22
{¶57} In his appellate brief, Patel contends he is entitled to relief from judgment
because the damages award was speculative, duplicative, and unsupported by the
evidence. In Whitaker v. M.T. Automotive, Inc., 111 Ohio St.3d 177, 2006-Ohio-5481, 855
N.E.2d 825, the Ohio Supreme Court stated that:
In Fantozzi [v. Sandusky Cement Prods. Co.], 64 Ohio St.3d [601], at 612,
597 N.E.2d 474 [1992], we defined “compensatory damages” in such a way
that it includes both economic and noneconomic damages: “Compensatory
damages are defined as those which measure the actual loss, and are
allowed as amends therefor. For example, compensatory damages may,
among other allowable elements, encompass direct pecuniary loss, such
as hospital and other medical expenses immediately resulting from the
injury, or loss of time or money from the injury, loss due to the permanency
of the injuries, disabilities or disfigurement, and physical and mental pain
and suffering.” Usually awarded for pain and suffering, noneconomic
damages can also include compensation for loss of ability to perform usual
functions; loss of consortium, mental anguish, or other intangible loss; and
humiliation or embarrassment.
(Footnotes omitted.) Cavins v. S & B Health Care, Inc., 2015-Ohio-4119, 39 N.E.3d 1287,
(2nd Dist.), ¶ 134 quoting Whitaker at ¶ 19. “Under Ohio law, even without proof of
contemporaneous physical injury, one may recover for mental anguish, humiliation or
embarrassment.” Cavins at ¶ 136 quoting Brooks v. Montgomery Care Ctr., 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C–130838, 2014-Ohio-4644, 2014 WL 5361549, ¶ 12, citing Schultz v.
Barberton Glass Co., 4 Ohio St.3d 131, 447 N.E.2d 109 (1983), syllabus.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 23
{¶58} At the damages hearing, Brooks testified as to the events giving rise to her
claims for which Patel has admitted liability “by the omission of statements in a pleading
refuting the plaintiff's claims.” She stated that without her consent, Patel (1) touched and
rubbed her breast (assault/battery and sexual harassment), (2) asked her to come home
with him and let him touch her, and (3) while he touched Brooks, blocked her from leaving
the cooler (false imprisonment). When Brooks refused Patel’s advances and told Patel’s
wife about her husband’s actions, Brooks was fired (retaliation). She testified that Patel’s
actions and her termination included affected every aspect of her life:
Emotionally, I had been in some trouble and trying to pick myself out of it,
and I was able to finally get this job to help pay my bills and get myself back
to where I was needing to be. So without that job, it put me behind. I couldn’t
get my bills paid, it took me away from seeing my daughter more. I was
almost evicted from my apartment. I couldn’t pay my utility bills. It affected
my relationship with my boyfriend. The trust with any man. When I’m at
work, if anyone comes around me, it makes me second-guess and kind of
watch over my shoulder as to what could possibly happen. It affected a lot
so, and it still is so …
(T. 26-27). Brooks was unable to seek medical or professional assistance for the events
she described because her job did not offer insurance. She could not afford counseling
after the incident, but she also did not check out agencies in the county to determine if
she could get free mental health counseling. (T. 27, 32).
{¶59} Under these circumstances, there was sufficient proof of compensatory
damages to support the trial court’s calculation of damages. Patel admitted that Brooks
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 24
was terminated because she complained about his sexual harassment. Patel’s sexual
harassment and termination of her employment caused her to suffer emotional impact,
inconvenience, and monetary suffering.
{¶60} As to punitive damages, we find that Patel has not cited in his appellate
brief to any case law or statutory law to support his argument that the punitive award was
against the manifest weight of the evidence or unsupported by law. It is not the duty of an
Ohio appellate court to create arguments for the parties and search the record for
evidence to support them. Salameh v. Doumet, 2019-Ohio-5391, 151 N.E.3d 83, (5th
Dist.), ¶ 60 citing Colvin v. Colvin, 5th Dist. Guernsey No. 18 CA 27, 2019-Ohio-2209,
2019 WL 2375394, ¶ 40 citing Washek v. Washek, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 18 CA 22, 2019-
Ohio-1504, 2019 WL 1785411, ¶ 21 citing Sisson v. Ohio Department of Human Services,
9th Dist. Medina No. 2949–M, 2000 WL 422396.
Fair Labor Standards Act / Failure to Pay Overtime
{¶61} Patel argues the trial court’s determination of damages as to Brooks’
overtime wages was in error. Brooks contended she was entitled to $768.00 in damages
due to Patel’s failure to pay her overtime wages. At the damages hearing, the evidence
showed that Patel did not require Brooks to complete a time sheet or clock in. Brooks and
Patel determined her work schedule through text messages. The testimony from Patel
and Brooks conflicted as to Brooks’ hourly work schedule. It was agreed that Patel paid
Brooks $8.00 per hour in cash.
{¶62} Issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given the
evidence are primarily for the trier of fact. As the court explained in Seasons Coal Co. v.
Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984): The underlying rationale of
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 25
giving deference to the findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial
judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures, and voice
inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered
testimony. The trial court determined that Brooks’ testimony was more credible than Patel
as to her work schedule and overtime hours. We defer to the trial court’s determination of
credibility and find the evidence supports the damages award of $768.00.
Joint and Several Liability
{¶63} In his final argument, Patel contends the trial court erred when it found
Rakesh Patel and RKUK, Inc. jointly and severally liable, thereby enabling a double
recovery for Brooks. We disagree.
{¶64} We affirmed the trial court’s decision to deny Patel’s motion for relief from
judgment. When the defendant has failed to contest the allegations raised in the complaint
and it is proper to render a default judgment against the defendant as liability has been
admitted or confessed by the omission of statements refuting the plaintiff's claims.
Because liability has been established pursuant to default judgment, Rakesh Patel and
RKUK, Inc. are barred from arguing they are not liable for the independent acts of the
other.
{¶65} As to joint liability, the Ohio Supreme Court clarified the meaning of the
phrase in Meyer v. Cincinnati Street Ry. Co, 157 Ohio St. 38, 104 N.E.2d 173 (1952):
The concept that ‘joint liability’ can arise only from the commission of a ‘joint
tort’ is fundamentally unsound. Joint liability can arise from the concurrent
commission of independent wrongful acts, each having causal connection
with the injury or damage complained of.
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 26
This principle is recognized in the opinion in Wery v. Seff, 136 Ohio St. 307,
311, 25 N.E.2d 692, 694, where Judge Zimmerman stated: ‘The rule
recognized by the majority of courts is that when the negligence of two or
more persons concur to produce a single indivisible injury, such persons
are jointly and severally liable, and the existence of common duty, common
design or concerted action is not essential.’
In 1 Cooley on Torts (4 Ed.), 277, Section 86, the author states: ‘The weight
of authority will, we think, support the more general proposition, that, where
the negligence of two or more persons concur in producing a single,
indivisible injury, then such persons are jointly and severally liable, although
there was no common duty, common design or concerted action.’ Citing
decisions from many states. See, also, Prosser on Torts, 1092, Section 109
et seq.
(Emphasis sic.) Meyer v. Cincinnati St. Ry. Co., 157 Ohio St. 38, 41, 104 N.E.2d 173,
175, (1952).
{¶66} “When parties are jointly and severally liable, each defendant may be held
liable.” Edwards v. Ohio Inst. of Cardiac Care, 170 Ohio App.3d 619, 2007-Ohio-1333,
868 N.E.2d 721 (2nd Dist.), ¶ 75 citing Shoemaker v. Crawford, 78 Ohio App.3d 53, 66–
67, 603 N.E.2d 1114 (10th Dist.1991). The plaintiff may obtain a judgment against any of
the joint tortfeasors for the entire amount, and the tortfeasors may apportion their liability
and seek contribution among themselves. Id.{¶67} While the trial court equally divided the damages between the defendants,
it ultimately awarded Brooks $75,000 in compensatory damages and $75,000 in punitive
Stark County, Case No. 2021CA00048 27
damages against the defendants, jointly and severally. The trial court clarified its
damages award in the April 1, 2021 judgment entry stating it did not intend to permit
Brooks to receive a double recovery. Brooks was entitled to one recovery from either or
both defendants pursuant to the meaning of joint and several liability.
{¶68} Accordingly, Patel’s sole Assignment of Error is overruled.
CONCLUSION
{¶69} The judgment of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
By: Delaney, J.,
Baldwin, P.J. and
Wise, Earle, J., concur.