State ex rel. Hicks v. Clermont Cty Bd. of Commrs.

[Cite as State ex rel. Hicks v. Clermont Cty Bd. of Commrs., 2021-Ohio-998.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLERMONT COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO ex rel. CHRISTOPHER : CASE NO. CA2020-06-032
HICKS,
: OPINION
Appellee, 3/29/2021
:
- vs - :
:
CLERMONT COUNTY BOARD OF
COMMISSIONERS, :
Appellant.
CIVIL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case No. 2018CVH00058
Barron Peck Bennie & Schlemmer Co., LPA, Matthew Miller-Novak, 3074 Madison Road,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45209, for appellee
Kinsley Law Office, Jennifer M. Kinsley, P.O. Box 19478, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, for
appellee
Godbey Law LLC, Robert L. Thompson, Mark E. Godbey, 708 Walnut Street, Suite 600,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, for appellee
Isaac Wiles Burkholder & Teetor, LLC, Mark Landes, Aaron M. Glasgow, 2 Miranova Place,
7th Floor, Columbus, Ohio 43215, for appellant
Clermont CA2020-06-032
M. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} The Board of Clermont County Commissioners (BCC) appeals from decisions
of the Clermont County Common Pleas Court in favor of relator, Christopher Hicks (Hicks),
which found that BCC violated the Open Meetings Act and awarded Hicks attorney fees.
For the reasons described below, this court affirms the decisions.
Procedural Posture/Factual Background
{¶ 2} In January 2018, Hicks, a Clermont County resident, filed a complaint alleging
that BCC failed to comply with the Open Meetings Act ("OMA"), R.C. 121.22. Hicks alleged
that BCC failed to maintain accurate meeting minutes, held a private quorum discussion of
public business, and, on multiple occasions in 2017, improperly conducted executive
sessions.
{¶ 3} The parties engaged in discovery and then filed cross-motions for summary
judgment. The summary judgment record included the depositions of the three incumbent
county commissioners, the county administrator, BCC's clerk, and BCC's responses to
written discovery requests. The summary judgment record established the following
undisputed facts.
{¶ 4} BCC is composed of three elected commissioners, which at all times
pertinent, were Edwin Humphrey, David Uible, and David Painter. BCC's duties include
making decisions regarding the hiring, firing, compensation, and discipline of Clermont
County employees.
{¶ 5} Based upon the recommendation of the county administrator, BCC frequently
convenes executive sessions, which exclude the general public, to discuss personnel
matters. The agenda for an executive session is prepared by BCC's clerk, who does not
know the identity of the employees to be discussed when she prepares the agenda. Neither
do the commissioners have foreknowledge of the employee or employees to be discussed
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at executive session.
{¶ 6} Those typically in attendance at executive sessions where personnel matters
are discussed include the commissioners, the county administrator, the assistant county
administrator, the department head from the department of the employee to be discussed,
and someone from the county prosecutor's office. The meeting attendees do not take
official minutes of the executive sessions.
{¶ 7} As reflected in its public session board minutes, BCC convened executive
sessions on February 22, 2017, February 27, 2017, March 1, 2017, March 22, 2017, March
27, 2017, April 19, 2017, June 7, 2017, August 2, 2017, and August 9, 2017 (hereinafter
collectively referred to as the "Nine Executive Sessions"). In each of those instances, the
public minutes reflect that BCC adopted a motion authorizing an executive session to
consider "the appointment, employment, dismissal, discipline, promotion, demotion, or
compensation of a public employee * * *" as provided by R.C. 121.22(G)(1). The motions
for the February 22, 2017 and March 1, 2017 executive sessions also provided that the
executive session was for the purpose of considering pending or imminent litigation, as
provided by R.C. 121.22(G)(3).
{¶ 8} There were multiple occasions in 2017 where BCC entered executive session
for less than the multiple reasons authorizing the Nine Executive Sessions, e.g., to only
consider the discipline of a public employee, to only consider the dismissal of a public
employee, to only consider the compensation of a public employee, and so forth. However,
it was common practice for BCC to convene an executive session based upon a motion
including the same multiple purposes included in the motions authorizing the Nine
Executive Sessions.
{¶ 9} Commissioner Uible explained that the practice of including multiple R.C.
121.22(G)(1) purposes in the motion authorizing an executive session was generally utilized
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because all of those purposes were relevant to the employees being reviewed.
Commissioner Uible testified that he would assume that the commissioners were discussing
more than one employee when dismissal, discipline, promotion, and demotion were all
considered in one executive session, as BCC would not simultaneously promote and
dismiss or demote an individual employee. Commissioner Humphrey testified that when
BCC moved into executive session and listed more than one reason for doing so, it was
because the commissioners "could" have discussed multiple employees in that session.
Commissioner Painter testified that in a single session, BCC might discuss three or four
employees, and that "almost every time" more than one employee was involved.
{¶ 10} Regarding the Nine Executive Sessions, Commissioner Uible testified that he
assumed the commissioners discussed more than one employee during the February 22,
2017 executive session. However, he did not claim that they "discussed every single one
of these things" [included in the authorizing motion] in the executive session." He could not
recall what the commissioners discussed concerning pending or imminent litigation. He
could not recall anything discussed during that session. Similarly, the other two
commissioners could not recall the employee or employees discussed during the February
22, 2017 session. Commissioner Painter could not recall whether there were threats of
litigation or pending suits. Then assistant county administrator Eigel could not recall which
employee or employees were discussed and was not sure whether he even attended the
session.1 Neither the commissioners nor its administrative staff could relate who or what
was discussed during the February 27, 2017, March 22, 2017, March 27, 2017, April 19,
2017, June 7, 2017, August 2, 2017, and August 9, 2017 executive sessions.
{¶ 11} During the March 1, 2017 executive session, the commissioners discussed
1. Eigel was an assistant county administrator during some relevant events in this case, and subsequently
became the county administrator.
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county employee D.R. However, Commissioner Uible could not recall what was discussed
with respect to D.R. He did not believe they could have discussed both promoting and
demoting D.R. He did not recall any other employees who were discussed during this
session. Commissioner Painter could not recall what was discussed concerning D.R. He
believed that promotion or demotion could have been discussed if D.R. was being moved
into a different position and then some other employee would be promoted or demoted to
take D.R.'s position. Humphrey wrote D.R.'s name and "fitness for duty" in personal notes
he kept during executive sessions. Humphrey's notes also indicated "conveyance fees,"
which he testified related to ongoing litigation.
{¶ 12} Finally, Hicks did not know what transpired during any of BCC's executive
sessions.
Summary Judgment Decision
{¶ 13} Upon consideration of the parties' motions for summary judgment, the trial
court rendered summary judgment in BCC's favor upon Hicks' claim that BCC had failed to
maintain proper meeting minutes. However, the trial court granted summary judgment in
Hicks' favor upon his improper executive sessions claim based upon the Nine Executive
Sessions. Finally, the trial court found that genuine issues of material fact remained as to
Hicks' claim that BCC had conducted an improper private discussion of public business.
Later, Hicks agreed to vacate trial upon this remaining unresolved issue.
{¶ 14} In rendering summary judgment in Hicks' favor as to the Nine Executive
Sessions, the trial court applied the burden-shifting framework for OMA claims set forth by
this court in State ex rel. Hardin v. Clermont Cty. Bd. of Elections, 12th Dist. Clermont Nos.
CA2011-05-045 and CA2011-06-047, 2012-Ohio-2569. The trial court found that Hicks met
his initial burden of production under Hardin by submitting evidence that the Nine Executive
Sessions were meetings from which the public was excluded. The trial court then noted
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that the burden shifted to BCC to come forward with evidence that the challenged meetings
fell within one of the statutory exceptions to public meetings. The trial court found that for
almost every challenged executive session, neither the commissioners nor Eigel could
recall who or what was actually discussed during the executive session. Instead, the
commissioners spoke generically about what "typically, usually, or almost always" happens
during executive sessions when they consider the appointment, employment, dismissal,
discipline, promotion, demotion, or compensation of one or more public employees. With
regard to the March 1, 2017 executive session, the court found that although BCC was able
to identify D.R. as an employee discussed during that session, the reasons set forth for
entering executive session were contradictory to discussing a single employee, that is, they
would not be discussing both promoting and demoting a single employee.
{¶ 15} Accordingly, the court found that BCC had not met its burden of producing
evidence that the Nine Executive Sessions fell within the statutory exceptions to public
meetings, that BCC's conduct therefore violated R.C. 121.22(G)(1), and that that summary
judgment should be granted in Hicks' favor.
Attorney Fees
{¶ 16} Following the summary judgment decision, Hicks applied for statutory
attorney fees. BCC opposed the application, contesting the reasonableness of the hourly
rates charged by Hicks' attorneys, as well as the time they spent on the case. BCC also
contested block-billed time entries on attorney billing records and argued that Hicks'
attorney fee award should be reduced by two thirds because he was successful on only
one of three OMA claims.
{¶ 17} After the matter was fully briefed and argued, the court issued a decision
awarding Hicks $79,676.77, which was approximately $5,000 less than he requested. That
reduction was based upon the court striking some block-billed time entries that contained
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redactions. The court further partially reduced some time entries that the court found would
have necessarily contained work related to the two unsuccessful OMA claims. BCC
appeals, raising two assignments of error.
{¶ 18} Assignment of Error No. 1:
{¶ 19} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY PUTTING THE BURDEN ON THE BOARD
TO PROVE THAT A VIOLATION OF THE OPEN MEETINGS ACT DID NOT OCCUR,
WHERE THE BOARD ESTABLISHED THAT [IT] PROPERLY VOTED TO GO INTO
EXECUTIVE SESSION FOR REASONS PERMITTED UNDER R.C. § 121.22(G)(1) AND
APPELLEE PRESENTED NO EVIDENCE THAT DELIBERATIONS WERE HELD ON ANY
OTHER TOPIC.
{¶ 20} BCC contends that the court erred in finding that it violated OMA where it
submitted undisputed evidence that it convened executive session for reasons permitted
under R.C. 121.22(G)(1) and Hicks failed to produce evidence that the exceptions claimed
by BCC were invalid.
{¶ 21} An appellate court reviews a trial court's decision to grant or deny summary
judgment de novo, without any deference to the trial court's judgment. Robinson v.
Cameron, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-09-191, 2015-Ohio-1486, ¶ 10. Summary
judgment is proper when (1) there is no genuine issue of any material fact, (2) the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) the evidence submitted can only
lead reasonable minds to a conclusion which is adverse to the nonmoving party. Civ.R.
56(C); Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66 (1978). The moving
party bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for the motion and
demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio
St.3d 280, 293 (1996). Once this burden is met, the nonmoving party has a reciprocal
burden to set forth specific facts showing there is some genuine issue of material fact yet
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remaining for the trial court to resolve. Id. In determining whether a genuine issue of
material fact exists, the evidence must be construed in favor of the nonmoving party.
Walters v. Middletown Properties Co., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2001-10-249, 2002-Ohio-
3730, ¶ 10.
{¶ 22} The Open Meetings Act, set forth in R.C. 121.22, seeks to prevent public
bodies from engaging in secret deliberations on public issues with no accountability to the
public. Hardin, 2012-Ohio-2569 at ¶ 14. The statute is to be "liberally construed" to require
public officials to take official action and conduct deliberations upon official business only in
open meetings unless the subject matter is specifically excepted. R.C. 121.22(A). Likewise,
R.C. 121.22(C), specifies that "[a]ll meetings of any public body are declared to be public
meetings open to the public at all times." In essence, OMA mandates that public bodies
deliberate public issues in public. State ex rel. Chrisman v. Clearcreek Twp., 12th Dist.
Warren No. CA2012-08-076, 2013-Ohio-2396, ¶ 10. As a "legislative authority,"
"commission," and "board" of a county, BCC is a "public body" under OMA and subject to
its provisions. R.C. 121.22(B)(1)(a).
{¶ 23} Public officials may discuss certain sensitive information privately in an
executive session. Hardin at ¶ 15. An executive session "'is one from which the public is
excluded and at which only such selected persons as the board may invite are permitted to
be present.'" Id. quoting Thomas v. Bd. of Trustees of Liberty Twp., 5 Ohio App.2d 265,
268 (7th Dist.1966). R.C. 121.22(G) lists the matters that a public body may consider in
executive session. The exceptions to public meetings contained in R.C. 121.22(G) are to
be strictly construed. In re Removal of Kuehnle, 161 Ohio App.3d 399, 2005-Ohio-2373, ¶
93 (12th Dist.).
{¶ 24} Relevant to this appeal is the exception contained within R.C. 121.22(G)(1).
The exception provides, in relevant part, that a public body may convene an executive
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session:
To consider the appointment, employment, dismissal, discipline,
promotion, demotion, or compensation of a public employee or
official * * * If a public body holds an executive session pursuant
to division (G)(1) of this section, the motion and vote to hold that
executive session shall state which one or more of the approved
purposes listed in division (G)(1) of this section are the purposes
for which the executive session is to be held, but need not
include the name of any person to be considered at the meeting.
Consistent with this statutory language, we have construed this section to require a public
body to "specify, in detail, the stated purpose for holding an executive session, although the
law does not require that the specific nature of the matter to be considered be disclosed."
Kuehnle at ¶ 93.
{¶ 25} In Hardin, this court addressed the burden of proof in cases alleging OMA
violations. We recognized that the individual seeking injunctive relief has the burden of
proof. 2012-Ohio-2569 at ¶ 22, citing State ex rel. Stern v. Butler, 7th Dist. Jefferson No.
98-JE-54, 2001 WL 1155821 (Sept. 26, 2001); State ex rel. Sigall v. Aetna Cleaning Contrs.
of Cleveland, Inc., 45 Ohio St.2d 308 (1976). We continued by observing:
The term "burden of proof" is a composite burden that
"encompasses two different aspects of proof: the burden of
going forward with evidence (or burden of production) and the
burden of persuasion." Chari v. Vore, 91 Ohio St.3d 323, 326,
744 N.E.2d 763 (2001). "The term 'burden of production' tells a
court which party must come forward with evidence to support
a particular proposition, whereas 'burden of persuasion'
determines which party must produce sufficient evidence to
convince a judge that a fact has been established." 29
American Jurisprudence 2d, Evidence, Section 171 (2012).
"The burden of persuasion never leaves the party on whom it is
originally cast." Id. Thus, what shifts is "the burden of going
forward with the evidence, rather than the actual burden of
proof. The burden which rests upon the plaintiff, to establish the
material averments of his or her cause of action * * *, never
shifts." 42 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Evidence and Witnesses,
Section 84 (2012).
Id. at ¶ 23.
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{¶ 26} Premised on these concepts, this court held that the relator alleging an OMA
violation has the ultimate burden, that is, the burden of persuasion, to prove OMA was
violated (or was threatened to be violated) by a public body. Id. at ¶ 24. That burden of
persuasion never leaves the relator. Id.
{¶ 27} The relator "initially carries his or her burden by showing that a meeting of the
majority of the members of a public body occurred and that the general public was excluded
from that meeting." Id. at ¶ 25. Once the relator makes this initial showing, the burden
shifts to the public body to "produce or go forward with evidence that the challenged meeting
fell under one of the exceptions of R.C. 121.22(G)." After the public body comes forward
with such evidence, the burden then shifts to the plaintiff or relator to come forward with
evidence that the exception claimed by the public body is not applicable or not valid. Id.
{¶ 28} This appeal centers on what evidence the public body must produce to satisfy
its obligation under Hardin. BCC contends that it meets its burden of production under
Hardin by proof that it convened, or motioned into an executive session for permissible R.C.
121.22(G)(1) purposes. BCC argues that the trial court erroneously concluded that Hardin's
framework required it to provide additional evidence of what was actually discussed during
executive session.
{¶ 29} Specifically, BCC asserts that it satisfied its burden of production under Hardin
because its public session meeting minutes reflect that it convened the Nine Executive
Sessions for proper R.C. 121.22(G)(1) purposes. Acknowledging that multiple permissible
(G)(1) purposes were identified in the motions authorizing the Nine Executive Sessions,
BCC argues that this was done because the evidence showed that BCC often discussed
multiple employees during these executive sessions. Additionally, as BCC asserted in its
appellate brief, because the commissioners did not know beforehand which specific
employees would be discussed "they sometimes include all of the grounds under [R.C.
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121.22(G)(1)] to make sure that they are covered for all employment-related discussions
that may arise during executive session."
{¶ 30} In Hardin, this court noted the dual aspects of a public body's compliance with
OMA. We held that, "[a]s long as an executive session is properly convened for the sole
purpose of considering certain specified matters under R.C. 121.22(G), and the
deliberations during the executive session are for a purpose specifically authorized under
R.C. 121.22(G), there is no violation of OMA." (Emphasis added.) 2012-Ohio-2569 at ¶
55, citing R.C. 121.22(G), (H). Consistent with this holding, the court in Hardin considered
evidence of what occurred in executive session in determining the existence of an OMA
violation. Id. at ¶ 57-62.
{¶ 31} Likewise, the court in Keystone Commt. v. Switzerland of Ohio Sch. Dist. Bd.
of Edn., 7th Dist. Monroe No. 15 MO 0011, 2016-Ohio-4663, ¶ 27, held that there are "two
separate issues" in analyzing a public body's compliance with R.C. 121.22(G). "The first is
whether the Board went into executive session for a legally permissible purpose. The
second is whether any impermissible deliberations on public topics took place during
executive sessions." Id.{¶ 32} BCC contends that it should be Hicks' burden under Hardin to come forward
with evidence that the executive session deliberations were noncompliant with OMA.
However, Hardin was clear that BCC bears the burden of production that the "the
challenged meeting fell under one of the exceptions of R.C. 121.22(G)." (Emphasis added.)
Hardin at ¶ 25. Thus, consistent with Hardin's recognition of the dual aspects of OMA
compliance, its burden-shifting scheme requires a public body to produce evidence that the
discussions during the executive session complied with R.C. 121.22(G) and were consistent
with the motion authorizing the executive session.
{¶ 33} It is both logical and consistent with the statutory purpose of OMA to place
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this burden on the public body rather than the relator. First, the legislative intent behind
OMA is that public bodies conduct their business publicly. The statute is required to be
"liberally construed" in favor of open meetings. R.C. 121.22(A). Furthermore, exceptions
to the requirement that meetings be open to the public must be strictly construed against
the public body. See Hardin at ¶ 15, Kuehnle at ¶ 93.
{¶ 34} Second, Hardin and Keystone's recognition that compliance with OMA
involves consideration of discussions during executive session is also consistent with the
language of R.C. 121.22(G), which specifies that an executive session is for the "sole
purpose" of the "consideration" of the permissible subjects set forth in the statute. Thus,
even where a public body properly convenes an executive session, compliance with OMA
requires that the public body "consider" only those specified matters while in executive
session.
{¶ 35} Third, the public body is in a much better position to produce evidence
demonstrating that its executive session complied with OMA. Such evidence is exclusively
in the possession of the public body and subject to its control. On the other hand, it is
unrealistic to believe that a relator could produce evidence that the public body engaged in
impermissible deliberations during an executive session in which the relator was not an
attendee. In such a case, a relator could only establish an OMA violation where the public
body shares such evidence with the relator, or an insider admits to improper conduct.
{¶ 36} Fourth, holding that the public body can meet its burden of production as to
both aspects of OMA compliance under Hardin simply by producing minutes reflecting that
it moved into executive session for a permissible purpose, begs the question. The motion
authorizing an executive session is not evidence that the discussions during the executive
session were consistent with that motion.
{¶ 37} Here, BCC, through its public session board minutes, came forward with
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evidence that it convened executive session for permissible purposes. Thus, BCC has
established the first aspect of its burden of production. However, as set forth above, BCC
was additionally required to produce evidence that the discussions during the challenged
meetings fell under one of the exceptions of R.C. 121.22(G) and were consistent with the
motion authorizing the executive session. With the exception of the March 1, 2017 meeting,
no commissioner or BCC staff could recall the content of any discussions during those
executive sessions. And BCC was unable to produce any other evidence of what occurred
during those sessions.
{¶ 38} The March 1, 2017 executive session differed from the others only in the
respect that BCC was able to identify a single employee who was discussed. BCC could
not say whether D.R. was the only employee discussed during the meeting. None of the
three county commissioners could recall what they discussed concerning D.R., i.e., whether
it was to discuss appointment, employment, dismissal, discipline, promotion, demotion, or
compensation. Commissioner Uible agreed that it would be "contrary" to discuss both
promoting and demoting D.R. He also could not recall any other employees discussed
during the session. Commissioner Painter's testimony was that he believed that they could
have been discussing both promoting and demoting if D.R. was being moved to a different
position and some other employee would then be promoted or demoted to take D.R.'s
position. But Commissioner Painter was unsure whether BCC was discussing promoting,
demoting, terminating, or hiring D.R. Thus, as found by the trial court, even if the evidence
was construed to show that the commissioners discussed demoting, dismissing, or
disciplining D.R., there was no evidence that the commissioners discussed appointing,
employing, or promoting another employee to take D.R.'s position as provided in the motion
convening the March 1, 2017 executive session.
{¶ 39} Moreover, the March 1, 2017 executive session was also convened to confer
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with the prosecuting attorney regarding pending or imminent litigation pursuant to R.C.
121.22(G)(3). The only evidence presented that possibly related to "pending or imminent
litigation" were personal notes taken by Commissioner Humphrey, that may or may not
have been taken during executive session. Those notes briefly referred to a "rear end"
accident by a county deputy and "conveyance fees." There was no evidence presented to
connect these remarks to pending or imminent litigation discussed by the commissioners
and a county prosecutor during the session. To that end, there was no evidence presented
indicating that a county prosecutor or other legal counsel even attended the session as is
required by R.C. 121.22(G)(3).
{¶ 40} The inability to produce any evidence of what was considered during the Nine
Executive Sessions – whether it be by a claimed lack of memory or lack of adequate record-
keeping – does not satisfy BCC's burden of production to show that the challenged
meetings fell under one of the exceptions of R.C. 121.22(G) and was consistent with the
motion to convene executive session. To hold that a board can demonstrate compliance
with OMA by properly motioning into executive session and then expressing a lack of
memory of the matters discussed would effectively turn Hardin's burden-shifting framework
on its head and eviscerate the OMA.
{¶ 41} Additionally, the trial court could have been justified in finding OMA violations
based upon BCC's admission that it listed multiple purposes under (G)(1) to ensure that it
was "covered for all employment-related discussions." This procedure is noncompliant with
OMA, which requires the public body, when listing those exceptions under R.C.
121.22(G)(1), to state "which one or more of the approved matters listed in those divisions
are to be considered at the executive session." (Emphasis added.) The case law as it
existed at the time also expressly forbid this practice. State ex rel. Long v. Council of the
Village of Cardington, 92 Ohio St.3d 54, 59 (2001) (holding that a public body that decides
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to conduct executive session "must specify in its motion and vote those listed matters that
it will discuss in the executive session"); Tobacco Use Prevention & Control Found. Bd. of
Trustees v. Boyce, 185 Ohio App.3d 707, 2009-Ohio-6993, ¶ 64 (10th Dist.) (holding that
executive session may be held "'for the sole purpose of the consideration of' one of the
enumerated exceptions.") Kuehnle at ¶ 93; Keystone, 2016-Ohio-4663 at ¶ 26. In this
regard, the record is clear that BCC did not list multiple purposes in a good faith belief that
all those subjects would be discussed. On the contrary, because the county commissioners
had no foreknowledge of what would be discussed, multiple purposes were listed to cover
all possible subjects of discussion.
{¶ 42} BCC argues that the trial court's decision, if permitted to stand, would require
public bodies to reveal the "substance" of what was discussed during an executive session
and undermine the public policy embodied in R.C. 121.22(G) authorizing executive
sessions. However, the OMA expressly provides that "[t]he minutes need only reflect the
general subject matter of discussions in executive sessions authorized under division (G)
or (J) of this section." R.C. 121.22(C). Thus, the General Assembly has afforded public
bodies with a means to maintain the confidentiality of executive session discussions while
generally memorializing that their discussions complied with OMA. For whatever reason,
BCC did not exercise its option to keep general minutes of its executive sessions. To the
extent that BCC has concerns over confidentiality of executive session discussions in the
midst of defending OMA claims, protective orders are commonly used by litigants to
preserve the confidentiality of sensitive matters. A trial court is well positioned to address
those concerns and tailor appropriate discovery orders.
{¶ 43} BCC also argues that it is prejudiced by the passage of time and fading
memories in cases asserting OMA violations. However, this argument is refuted, again by
R.C. 121.22(C) permitting public bodies to keep general minutes of executive sessions and
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R.C. 121.22(I), which requires actions alleging OMA violations or threatened violations to
be brought within two years.
{¶ 44} Finally, BCC cites State ex rel. Ames v. Portage Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 11th
Dist. Portage No. 2019-P-0015, 2019-Ohio-3729, for the proposition that a public body
meets its burden of production under Hardin by reciting permissible reasons to enter
executive session under R.C. 121.22(G)(1). There, the court held that when the board of
county commissioners recited R.C. 121.22(G)(1) prior to entering into executive session, it
met its burden of production and the burden then shifted back to the relator to come forward
with evidence that R.C. 121.22(G)(1) was not applicable or valid. Id. at ¶ 73.
{¶ 45} The opinion in Ames dealt only with the first aspect of a public body's
compliance with OMA because the relator there had complained that the public body failed
to comply where it "read from R.C. 121.22(G)(1) and stated all permissible purposes set
forth in the statute without specifying which of those permissible purposes would be
discussed." Id. at ¶ 8. Ames did not involve, and the court of appeals did not discuss, the
subject of the discussions during executive session. In this case, Hicks' challenge involved
both aspects of compliance with OMA.
{¶ 46} This case does not call upon us to prescribe the detail necessary for a public
body to demonstrate that its executive session discussions complied with OMA. We need
only decide whether the evidence produced by BCC here demonstrated such compliance.
Being mindful that this court must liberally construe the statute in favor of open meetings
and that the exceptions to open meetings are to be strictly construed against the public
body, we find that BCC failed to produce evidence that its discussions during the Nine
Executive Sessions were consistent with the authorizing motions. Accordingly, BCC failed
to satisfy its burden of production under Hardin. For the foregoing reasons, this court
overrules BCC's first assignment of error.
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{¶ 47} Assignment of Error No. 2:
{¶ 48} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING APPELLEE'S APPLICATION
FOR ATTORNEY'S FEES.
{¶ 49} BCC contends that the court erred in awarding Hicks attorney fees for time
entries that were block billed and for OMA claims that he failed to prove. BCC further argues
that the trial court erred in granting Hicks any attorney fees because a well-informed public
body in its place would have reasonably believed that it was not violating or threatening to
violate OMA.
{¶ 50} OMA contains a fee-shifting provision under R.C. 121.22(I)(2) that authorizes
an award of reasonable attorney fees to the individual establishing an OMA violation. A
trial court's determination as to whether to award attorney fees under R.C. 121.22(I)(2) is a
discretionary matter. Wheeling Corp. v. Columbus & Ohio River RR. Co., 147 Ohio App.3d
460, 479 (10th Dist.2001). An appellate court will not reverse a lower court's decision to
award attorney fees unless the decision indicates that the court's reasoning or attitude was
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Taylor v. McCullough-Hyde Mem. Hosp., 116
Ohio App.3d 595, 600 (12th Dist.1996).
{¶ 51} When calculating attorney fees, a trial court is guided by a two-step
determination. The court should first calculate the "lodestar" amount by multiplying the
number of hours reasonably expended by a reasonable hourly rate and, second, decide
whether to adjust that amount based on the factors listed in Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a). Levy v.
Seiber, 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2015-02-019, CA2015-02-021, and CA2015-02-030, 2016-
Ohio-68, ¶ 67.
{¶ 52} Hicks requested $82,358.07 in attorney fees and submitted his attorneys'
billing records and affidavits, and an affidavit attesting to the reasonableness of the hourly
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rates charged and time spent on the case.2 In opposition, BCC challenged both the
reasonableness of the hourly rates and the time expended on the case. BCC also argued
that Hicks should not be awarded attorney fees for claimed OMA violations that he did not
prove and for attorney time that was block billed. Based on these arguments, BCC asked
the court to award Hicks $10,774.50.
{¶ 53} BCC subsequently requested that the court lower Hicks' attorney fee award
to zero. The basis of the argument was R.C. 121.22(I)(2)(a), which permits a court, in its
discretion, to reduce an award of attorney fees if the court determines that a "well-informed
public body" would reasonably believe that it was not violating OMA and that it would believe
that its conduct was serving the public policy underlying OMA.
{¶ 54} In its decision, the court found that Hicks' attorneys' hourly rates were
reasonable, as was the time they expended on the case. The court found that while block
billing was disfavored, those items that were blocked billed related to the successful OMA
claim and were not so extensive as to "give the court pause." In this regard, the court noted
that most block-billed entries contained two tasks, as opposed to long paragraphs
describing numerous tasks. However, the court determined that it would strike three block-
billed entries that contained portions marked "[REDACTED]." The court noted that the
combination of block billing and redactions made it too difficult to determine the
reasonableness of the fee request.
{¶ 55} The court next addressed BCC's argument that Hicks' fee request should be
reduced by two thirds because he was not successful on all his claimed OMA violations. In
rejecting this argument, the court noted that Hicks' attorneys had already removed billing
entries that related exclusively to the unsuccessful OMA claims. The court also observed
2. Hicks later requested an additional $2,450 for attorney time incurred while defending the attorney fee
application.
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that the executive sessions claim was more labor intensive and detailed than the other
claims, which involved "substantially less discovery and briefing than the former." The court
found that most of the time entries submitted involved issues that were inextricably
intertwined with the successful claim and would have been incurred with or without the non-
meritorious claims.
{¶ 56} However, the court determined it would reduce the fee award to account for
the portion of attorney time spent drafting pleadings or filings that would have involved the
two meritless claims. Accordingly, the court reduced the award with respect to a percentage
of the time spent by Hicks' attorneys in drafting the complaint, motion for summary
judgment, and memorandum in opposition to BCC's motion for summary judgment.
{¶ 57} Finally, the court rejected BCC's argument that the award should be reduced
to zero because BCC reasonably believed it was not violating OMA. The court found that
case law explained that a public body must be specific, and not convoluted, concerning
executive sessions entered under R.C. 121.22(G). Based on the foregoing analysis, the
court reduced Hicks' fee request by $5,131.30 and awarded his attorneys $79,676.77.
{¶ 58} We first address BCC's argument with regard to "block billing," which, in
attorney invoicing, involves the practice of listing multiple tasks in a single paragraph
followed by the total amount of time spent on all tasks. Sims v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 10th
Dist. Franklin No. 15AP-19, 2015-Ohio-5367, ¶ 30. Block billing is disfavored by both clients
and courts, as it makes it difficult, if not impossible, to determine the reasonableness of a
fee request. State ex rel. Harris v. Rubino, 156 Ohio St.3d 296, 2018-Ohio-5109, ¶ 6, citing
Tridico v. Dist. of Columbia, 235 F.Supp.3d 100, 109 (D.D.C.2017).
{¶ 59} Because of concerns over block-billing, the Ohio Supreme Court determined
that:
this court will no longer grant attorney-fee applications that
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include block-billed time entries. Future fee applications
submitted to this court should contain separate time entries for
each task, with the time expended on each task denoted in
tenths of an hour. Applications failing to meet these criteria risk
denial in full.
(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 7. The language employed in Rubino seems to announce a de
facto rule of practice for the Ohio Supreme Court. Thus, we do not construe Rubino as
establishing a categorical rule applicable to all courts of Ohio precluding an award of
reasonable attorney fees that are block-billed. See id.; State ex rel. Kesteron v. Kent State
University, 156 Ohio St.3d 22, 2018-Ohio-5110, ¶ 36; accord Christen v. Continental
Enterprises, Ltd., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108736, 2020-Ohio-3665, ¶ 46-47 (holding that
Rubino did not preclude an award of fees based on block-billed time entries).
{¶ 60} This court shares the Ohio Supreme Court's concerns over fee requests and
block billing. We also recognize that experienced trial judges who are familiar with attorney
billing and litigation practice may determine that the tasks described in block-billed entries
and the total time expended on all tasks was reasonable, as the trial court did in this case.
However – and we caution trial judges – if attorney fees are awarded based upon block-
billed entries, they should articulate the factors upon which the fees were determined to be
reasonable despite having been block-billed.
{¶ 61} As noted by the court, where block billing occurred, it was often limited to a
few tasks or less, and was never so extensive that the court was concerned as to the
reasonableness of the fee request. The one example of excessive block billing cited by
BCC in its brief consists of five different tasks, including composing multiple e-mails and a
demand correspondence to opposing counsel. However, the total time expended on all five
tasks was less than one hour of attorney time. Those time entries that were block billed for
a greater amount of attorney time appear consistent with the work described. Accordingly,
in this case, we cannot find that the court abused its discretion in awarding Hicks fees for
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certain block-billed time entries.
{¶ 62} This court also finds no abuse of discretion in the trial court's decision not to
reduce the fee award by two thirds based on the argument that Hicks only succeeded on
one of three claims. The court's rationale was sound, i.e., the time entries related
exclusively to the unproven OMA claims were already removed but it would reduce, by a
percentage, those time entries involving the drafting of pleadings or filings where Hicks
would have had to contribute some work towards advancing those unsuccessful claims. In
addition, the court found that the majority of work on the case was related to the successful
claim. The court's approach was far less arbitrary than BCC's argument that the entire fee
application should be reduced by two thirds based simply upon the number of claims
involved in the case, rather than the work attributable to each claim. The lower court is in
a far better position than this court to determine the effort put forth by counsel on a specific
claim and we will not second-guess that judgment.
{¶ 63} Finally, BCC argues that the court should have reduced the attorney fee
award to zero based on the application of R.C. 121.22(I)(2)(a), which provides:
If the court of common pleas issues an injunction pursuant to
division (I)(1) of this section, the court shall order the public body
that it enjoins to pay * * * subject to reduction as described in
division (I)(2) of this section, reasonable attorney's fees. The
court, in its discretion, may reduce an award of attorney's fees
to the party that sought the injunction or not award attorney's
fees to that party if the court determines both of the following:
(i) That, based on the ordinary application of statutory law and
case law as it existed at the time of violation or threatened
violation that was the basis of the injunction, a well-informed
public body reasonably would believe that the public body
was not violating or threatening to violate this section;
(ii) That a well-informed public body reasonably would believe
that the conduct or threatened conduct that was the basis
of the injunction would serve the public policy that underlies
the authority that is asserted as permitting that conduct or
threatened conduct.
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Thus, a court, in its discretion, may reduce or eliminate an award of attorney fees only if the
court finds both that a well-informed body in the position of BCC would reasonably believe
that it was not violating OMA and that it would reasonably believe that its conduct would
serve the public policy set forth in OMA.
{¶ 64} BCC argues that it had a reasonable belief that it could recite multiple
permissible reasons under R.C. 121.22(G)(1) when it motioned into executive session
because it often considered multiple employees and did not know what specific matters it
might need to discuss concerning those employees. As described in response to the first
assignment of error, this argument is meritless. R.C. 121.22(G)(1) unambiguously informs
a public body that if it "holds an executive session pursuant to division (G)(1) of this section,
the motion and vote to hold that executive session shall state which one or more of the
approved purposes listed in division (G)(1) of this section are the purposes for which the
executive session is to be held * * *." (Emphasis added.) From this language as well as
the case law previously cited, BCC should have known that it must be specific when
describing the reasons for moving into executive session instead of perfunctorily covering
all possibilities.
{¶ 65} BCC attempts to excuse its failure to comply with R.C. 121.22(G)(1) because
the commissioners did not know the identity of those employees who would be discussed,
and often multiple employees were discussed. However, the fact that the commissioners
may not have known which employees were the subject of the session, and what topics
may be discussed relative to an employee or employees is an administrative deficiency and
has no effect on whether BCC could reasonably believe that it was complying with the OMA.
{¶ 66} Finally, BCC makes no argument as to how its practice of listing multiple R.C.
121.22(G)(1) purposes before moving into executive session would serve the policy
purposes of the OMA. Given that the OMA is primarily concerned with the openness of the
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meetings of public bodies, there can be no legitimate argument made by BCC that this
conduct, which necessarily obfuscated the content of considerations in executive session,
served the public purpose underpinning the OMA. For the foregoing reasons, this court
overrules BCC's second assignment of error.
{¶ 67} Judgment affirmed.
HENDRICKSON, J., concurs.
PIPER, P.J., dissents.
PIPER, P.J., dissenting.
{¶ 68} I respectfully dissent. Hicks admitted he lacked any knowledge of what
occurred during the BCC's executive sessions and, with the exception of the June 7, 2017
executive session, failed to offer any evidence that the BCC violated the OMA.3
Nonetheless, the majority opinion concludes that Hicks need not meet his ultimate burden
to prove an OMA violation. My colleagues find that although the BCC established it went
into executive session for permissible purposes, it could not "additionally" offer proof
regarding the content of its actual deliberations. See ¶ 37 above. The majority has
transformed Hardin into a new, unworkable framework, which emphasizes the burden-
shifting procedure for coming forward or producing evidence over substantive evidence.
This goes against the clear statutory purpose of the OMA.
Creation of Presumptive OMA Violation
3. As will be addressed in greater detail below, I would find that Hicks submitted some circumstantial evidence
that may suggest that the BCC engaged in improper deliberations on June 7. Any discussion in this dissent
as to the lack of evidence submitted by Hicks establishing an OMA violation is with reference to the other
eight executive sessions.
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{¶ 69} In this new blueprint, the relator no longer has the burden of proof. The
majority creates what is effectively a presumptive OMA violation that arises any time a
public body convenes an executive session. Without expressly saying so, my colleagues
place the burden upon the public body to disprove the presumptive violation. Only after the
public body rebuts the presumption – by coming forward with the content of discussions
otherwise intended by the legislature to remain confidential – does the burden shift back to
the relator.4
{¶ 70} As illustrated by this case, Hicks filed a complaint without a scintilla of
evidence with respect to what occurred during the BCC's executive sessions. Instead, he
merely suspected a violation because, on some occasions during 2017, the BCC listed
multiple statutorily-permissible reasons for entering executive session. However, all of
those reasons listed by the Board were proper statutory reasons to enter executive session.
Even so, the majority opinion presumes that the BCC did not actually consider those topics,
that it ignored its duties, and that its deliberations violated the OMA. The majority opinion
places a mandatory duty upon the BCC to produce additional evidence disproving an OMA
violation. This mandatory duty can only be satisfied by producing specific evidence of the
discussions that took place in every challenged executive session. See ¶ 32 above. This
blueprint is not supported by any provision of the OMA.
{¶ 71} The brief mention in the majority opinion, that the BCC conducted executive
sessions on some occasions where less than all of the (G)(1) exceptions were listed, is
noteworthy. This lends credence to the conclusion that the BCC was purposeful in
describing its reasons for entering executive session. Circumstantially, the evidence
4. Hicks, in the summary judgment proceedings, conflated the burden of proof with the burden of production
and argued to the trial court that the BCC had the burden of proof. I respectfully note the trial court and my
colleagues were misdirected by Hicks' confusion, thus negating that Hicks always had the burden of proof.
Hardin at ¶ 24.
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presented led to a reasonable inference that the BCC's recitation of multiple (G)(1)
purposes was intended on each occasion because the BCC anticipated it would discuss
those topics during those executive sessions. Ordinarily, public officials are considered
truthful and committed to following the law, unless proven otherwise. This notion should
not be derailed by a judicially-created presumption of irregularity that public officials must
now disprove.5
Culpability Due to an Inability to Disprove
{¶ 72} Despite Hicks having no evidence in support of his challenge to eight
executive sessions, he benefits from the majority's presumptive OMA violation. Ironically,
a relator can now establish a violation and obtain attorney fees simply by producing a copy
of the public session meeting minutes reflecting that the public body convened executive
session for proper purposes. To be clear, neither Hicks nor the BCC submitted any
evidence that would even remotely suggest an OMA violation as to the eight sessions. It is
only the BCC's inability to disprove the majority's presumptive OMA violation that has
resulted in the finding of an OMA violation.
{¶ 73} The majority is forcing the hand of every public body in this district to begin
keeping minutes or records as to the content of its executive sessions to overcome the
presumption. Notably, the majority opinion declines to specify the level of detail necessary
for a public body to disprove an OMA violation, instead merely concluding that the BCC
failed to prove compliance with the OMA. See ¶ 46 above.
{¶ 74} This new documentation requirement will create public records under R.C.
5. The majority disregards evidence circumstantially suggesting that the BCC was compliant with the OMA
when it concludes that a vehicular rear-end collision involving a county deputy is not a topic involving imminent
litigation. See ¶ 39 above. My colleagues would also require that the BCC produce evidence that a legal
representative was present during meetings to discuss pending litigation. The OMA does not require such
additional evidence and Hicks, who has the burden of proof, never produced any information that a legal
representative was not present.
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149.43, which would eviscerate the confidentiality that the General Assembly purposefully
created and specifically tailored for executive sessions. As intended by the General
Assembly, public bodies have legitimate reasons to discuss those specified topics in
complete confidence. Thus, the failure to keep records as to the content of executive
session topics is not an "administrative deficiency," as suggested by my colleagues in ¶ 65
above. The majority opinion also indicates that a party may seek a protective order to
maintain the confidence of executive session materials. However, a protective order in
OMA litigation would not prevent any person from simply making an independent public
records request under R.C. 149.43(B).
The OMA Permits Consideration of
Multiple Exceptions in Executive Session
{¶ 75} Despite this being a review of summary judgment proceedings, my colleagues
evaluate the testimony and make credibility determinations that even the trial court did not
make. The majority concludes that the BCC was acting to "obfuscate" and did not act in
"good faith" when it listed multiple employment topics prior to entering executive session.
See ¶ 41 and 66 above. However, even if one were to find the BCC's explanation
unacceptable, there is no evidentiary basis for concluding that the BCC acted in bad faith.
And the conclusion that the Board was attempting to conceal anything from the public is
wholly unsupported and unwarranted.
{¶ 76} There is nothing improper or inconsistent with the BCC, prior to executive
session, reasonably anticipating that in discussing personnel matters all of the reasons
under R.C. 121.22(G)(1) may be relevant. Furthermore, there is nothing in the OMA
statutory language that would indicate it is improper to list multiple (G)(1) reasons. From a
rational perspective, if the public body meets to discuss employee discipline, then dismissal
or demotion are both potential topics of discussion. If dismissal or demotion may be
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discussed, it is only reasonable that the public body would also discuss promoting,
appointing, or employing a new individual, along with other necessary related topics. Of
course, compensation would be a subject of discussion in almost all changes involving
employees.
{¶ 77} Nothing is improper or unreasonable about the BCC's explanation that it
sometimes listed multiple purposes to discuss various employment related matters ensuring
that it was covered for all potential discussions in executive session. My colleagues appear
to weigh the testimony when they characterize the BCC's explanation in this regard as
simply "meritless." See ¶ 64 above. I am compelled to point out that it is not "obfuscating,"
as the majority suggests, to tell the public that the board will meet to discuss multiple
employee matters, which could include employee promotion, demotion, discipline, and the
like, in the same setting.
{¶ 78} Furthermore, I respectfully disagree with the majority's citations to Cardington,
92 Ohio St.3d 54; Keystone, 2016-Ohio-4663; Tobacco Use, 2009-Ohio-6993; and
Kuehnle, 2005-Ohio-2373, to support the argument that listing multiple purposes in a motion
to convene executive session is improper. I agree those cases stand for the proposition
that a public body must be specific about those statutory exceptions it will discuss. But the
cases do not stand for the proposition that a public body cannot list multiple purposes for
entering executive session when it intends to discuss those topics. See Maddox v. Greene
Cty. Childrens Servs. Bd. of Dirs., 2d Dist. Greene No. 2013-CA-38, 2014-Ohio-2312 at ¶
18 (noting that other courts have encouraged listing one or more of the statutory purposes).
The BCC's Minutes Complied with the OMA
{¶ 79} The majority is wrong in its assertion that the BCC failed to follow the statutory
provision requiring that regular meeting minutes must reflect the "general subject matter" of
discussions in executive session. R.C. 121.22(C). To the contrary, that is exactly what the
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BCC did here. For each challenged meeting, the BCC's regular minutes reflected a motion
and vote to go into executive session and listed the permissible statutory topics that would
be discussed. By disclosing the statutory topics in its motion, the BCC did in fact describe
the "general subject matter" of intended discussions in executive session.
{¶ 80} The majority opinion simply reads the word "general" out of the statute and
interprets this provision to mean that the BCC was obligated to keep details of the actual
discussions. See ¶ 37-40 above. I find it illogical that the General Assembly would create
a right to discuss certain matters confidentially but mandate that a public body keep details
of those confidential discussions. There is no case law that mandates disclosure of the
specific nature of the statutorily-permitted topics actually discussed. In fact, our precedent,
Kuehnle, held that the public body is not required to disclose "the specific nature of the
matter to be discussed." 2005-Ohio-2373 at ¶ 93.
Claims Can Be Proven Without a Presumption of Irregularity
{¶ 81} What occurred in this case contradicts the majority's suggestion that a relator
could never prove an OMA violation in the absence of requiring the public body to first prove
the content of discussions occurring in executive session. Assumedly, an action alleging
an OMA violation must be supported by "good ground[s]." Civ. R. 11. Therefore, a relator
would ordinarily have some evidentiary support for a violation before filing a complaint.
However, in the case where a relator merely suspects a violation, the relator may
investigate, perform interviews, obtain affidavits, issue subpoenas, and conduct ordinary
discovery efforts to substantiate a violation.
{¶ 82} Hicks undertook extensive written discovery, including interrogatories and
requests for production of documents, including e-mails. He deposed all relevant
witnesses. He uncovered a handwritten note taken by one of the commissioners, possibly
during executive session, that could circumstantially indicate that a matter other than those
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pertaining to employees was discussed. This handwritten note appears to pertain to the
June 7 executive session and is sufficient to prevent summary judgment in the BCC's favor.
Thus, while the result of a trial is unknown, it is objectively possible for a trier of fact to find
that an OMA violation occurred without the need for a presumptive violation.
New Precedent in OMA Cases
{¶ 83} Ultimately, the precedent set today presents a stark contrast with other
appellate districts that appropriately recognized that the ultimate burden of proof is on the
relator. Ames, 2019-Ohio-3730 at ¶ 81 (finding no violation of the OMA because the relator
could not identify the portions of the record substantiating an OMA violation); State ex rel.
Huth v. Bolivar, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2018 AP 03 0013, 2018-Ohio-3460, ¶ 27 (abiding
by the proposition that the party seeking to prove an OMA violation has the ultimate burden
of proof); Brenneman Bros. v. Allen Cty. Commrs., 3rd Dist. No. 1-14-15, 2015-Ohio-148, ¶
18-19 (finding that the relators had the burden to prove that the board acted illegally and
finding that the relators offered no evidence that the board acted inappropriately in entering
executive session).
{¶ 84} In ignoring that it was Hicks' burden to prove an OMA violation, the trial court
and majority opinion treat Hardin as a formulaic, burden-shifting mechanism to be followed
step by step regardless of the consideration of what substantive evidence was submitted.
The majority reinvents Hardin to require the BCC to prove what occurred during executive
session, yet this always remained Hicks' "ultimate burden." Hardin, 2012-Ohio-2569 at ¶
24.
{¶ 85} This court should have applied Hardin as written, finding that Hicks met his
initial, minimal burden by offering evidence that the BCC met in executive session.
Following that, it should have found that the BCC, through its regular meeting minutes,
offered evidence that the meetings challenged by Hicks fell within topics permitted by R.C.
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121.22(G), i.e., those exceptions listed in (G)(1), or in some cases, (G)(3). Then, consistent
with Hardin, the majority should have required Hicks to ultimately come forward with
evidence to prove that the topics claimed by the BCC were invalid and that improper
deliberations violated the OMA. Hardin at ¶ 25.
{¶ 86} The court should have found that Hicks, as to the eight executive sessions,
failed to submit any evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of fact as to whether the
BCC violated the OMA. With regard to the June 7, 2017 session, Hicks submitted
Commissioner Humphrey's handwritten note, which could arguably indicate that the BCC
may have discussed county hotels during that executive session. This evidence, when
viewed in a light most favorable to Hicks, would be sufficient to create a triable issue of fact
as to whether or not the BCC engaged in improper deliberations on that occasion. The
weight to be given this potential evidence is a matter for the trier of fact and prevents either
party from receiving a favorable summary judgment ruling.
{¶ 87} As to the other sessions, there was no evidence presented by Hicks or anyone
else that the exceptions claimed by the BCC were not applicable or valid. While there is no
evidence in the record to support that each topic was discussed, it is more significant that
there is no evidence that each topic was not discussed. Neither was there evidence of any
improper deliberations; Hicks, as well as the majority, cite to none.
{¶ 88} In sum, I believe that the majority opinion constructs a presumptive OMA
violation that is supported neither by the language of the statute, nor Hardin, nor the case
law discussing this subject. The bottom line is that Hicks had the ultimate burden of proof
in these summary judgment proceedings. He failed to offer any evidence that could be
used to argue an OMA violation in the eight executive sessions. On the other hand, the
BCC offered evidence that it convened executive session for statutorily permitted purposes.
Accordingly, I would reverse summary judgment in Hicks' favor, grant summary judgment
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in the BCC's favor as to the eight executive sessions, and remand for trial on the June 7
executive session matter and the private quorum claim, not a part of this appeal.
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