Baxter v. Baxter

[Cite as Baxter v. Baxter, 2011-Ohio-4034.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF LORAIN )
REBECCA BAXTER C.A. No. 10CA009927
Appellant
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
KEVIN J. BAXTER COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO
Appellee CASE No. 03NU061737
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: August 15, 2011
WHITMORE, Judge.
{¶1} Plaintiff-Appellant, Rebecca Cones (f/k/a Rebecca Baxter), appeals from the
judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, denying
her motion to reallocate parental rights and responsibilities. This Court affirms.
I
{¶2} Rebecca Cones (“Mother”) and Kevin Baxter (“Father”) petitioned the court for
dissolution of their marriage in early 2003. The trial court granted their dissolution, which
incorporated a separation agreement and shared parenting plan for their only child, Kevin Daly
Baxter (“Son”). The parties agreed that Mother was the primary residential parent and legal
custodian of Son. In July 2005, Mother filed a “Notice of Intent to Relocate” pursuant to the
parties’ shared parenting plan, stating that she was relocating to Austin, Texas. She
simultaneously filed a motion to modify their shared parenting plan and/or reallocate their
parenting rights in which she requested that Son be permitted to move with her, her new
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husband, and their family to Texas. Father opposed the motion, and the trial court held a
hearing, after which it denied Mother’s motion. The trial court concluded that a change in
circumstances had occurred, but that Mother had not met her burden of establishing that the
benefits that Son would gain by moving to Texas with his mother, step-father, step-sister, and
newly born half-brother would be outweighed by the harm such a move would cause him. The
court specifically noted that Son was well adjusted to his current school, home and community
and enjoyed the benefit of having the extended family of both Mother and Father living nearby.
In turn, the trial court designated Father as Son’s residential parent and legal custodian and
awarded Mother “liberal visitation.” Mother appealed, but her appeal was dismissed as her
appellate brief was not timely filed. Baxter v. Baxter (Dec. 13, 2006), 9th Dist. No.
06CA008977.
{¶3} Since that time, Father sought and received an upward deviation in child support,
which Mother contested. Mother also sought to reallocate parental rights on multiple occasions,
the most recent of which was filed in August 2009 and serves as the basis of this appeal. The
trial court bifurcated the matter, taking evidence over four days in March 2011 solely on the
issue of whether there had been a change in circumstances pursuant to R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)
before considering, if necessary, matters related to the best interests of the child. Mother’s
motion to modify child support was stayed pending a determination of the underlying matter.
Based on testimony and documents presented at the hearings and an in camera interview with
Son, the trial court concluded that there was not a change in circumstances since the time Father
was named the residential parent of Son.
{¶4} Mother timely appealed from the trial court’s decision, but this Court dismissed
her appeal because a motion for attorney fees remained pending before the trial court. Baxter v.
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Baxter (June 30, 2010), 9th Dist. No. 10CA009822. After the trial court held a hearing and
granted Father’s motion for attorney fees, Mother again appealed, placing this matter properly
before this Court for review.
II
Assignment of Error
“THE TRIAL COURT’S DECISION THAT THE UNCONTROVERTED
EVIDENCE DID NOT CONSTITUTE A CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCES IN
COMPLIANCE WITH OHIO REV. CODE § 3109.04(E)(1)(a) IS CONTRARY
TO THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE AND AN ABUSE OF
DISCRETION.”
{¶5} In her sole assignment of error, Mother argues that the trial court erred in
concluding that there had been no change in circumstances under the terms of R.C.
3109.04(E)(1)(a). We disagree.
{¶6} Custody determinations will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of
discretion. Miller v. Miller (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74. An abuse of discretion implies that
“the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore
(1983), 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219. Given the delicate nature of the proceeding, a trial court’s
determination in custody matters “should be accorded the utmost respect” because “[t]he
knowledge a trial court gains through observing the witnesses and the parties in a custody
proceeding cannot be conveyed to a reviewing court by a printed record.” Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d
at 74. In the face of a manifest weight challenge, however, this Court must determine if the
factual conclusions of the trial court are supported by competent, credible evidence. Maxwell v.
Maxwell, 9th Dist. No. 07CA0047, 2008-Ohio-1324, at ¶6.
{¶7} Pursuant to R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), a trial court cannot modify an existing
allocation of parenting rights and responsibilities “unless it finds, based on facts that have arisen
4
since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree, that a
change has occurred in the circumstances of the child[ or] the child’s residential parent *** and
that the modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the child.” The Ohio Supreme
Court has held that the requisite change of circumstances “must be a change of substance, not a
slight or inconsequential change.” Davis v. Flickinger (1997), 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418. The
statute is intentionally designed to require a significant change in order “to spare children from a
constant tug of war between their parents who would file a motion for change of custody each
time the parent out of custody thought he or she could provide the child a ‘better’ environment.”
Id., quoting Wyss v. Wyss (1982), 3 Ohio App.3d 412, 416. Thus, it “attempt[s] to provide some
stability to the custodial status of the children, even though the parent out of custody may be able
to prove that he or she can provide a better environment.” Davis, 77 Ohio St.3d at 418, quoting
Wyss, 3 Ohio App.3d at 416.
{¶8} Mother argues that the trial court’s decision is against the manifest weight of the
evidence because the evidence demonstrated that, since the parties divorced: (1) the previously
tenuous relationship between Father and Son is now much stronger; (2) Father has not
maintained the same school district for Son, which was a “primary factor” in the trial court’s
decision to name him residential parent of Son; (3) Son now has a four-year-old half-brother
with whom he has built a loving sibling relationship; (4) Son is now four years older and has
expressed a desire to live with Mother in Texas; and (5) Son has developed problems sleeping
which caused Father to give him both unauthorized prescription and over-the-counter sleeping
medications.
{¶9} Both Mother and Father presented several witnesses in support of their respective
positions as to whether a change in circumstances had occurred since the trial court last
5
addressed this issue in 2006. Mother is correct in her assertion that the uncontroverted evidence
at the 2010 hearing demonstrated that the bond between Father and Son is stronger since Father
had become Son’s residential parent in 2006. This “change” as Mother would characterize it,
however, is the intended result of the trial court’s decision in 2006 to award custody to father.
That is, the trial court noted in its 2006 journal entry that if Son moved to Texas with Mother and
her new family, it could “potentially destroy[ Son’s] relationship with *** [F]ather.” The court
further noted that the relationship between Mother and Son would be “less at risk” if there were a
geographic distance between the two, and the record reveals that is, in fact, the case, as Mother
testified she and Son talk almost daily and remain close to one another, despite her move. Thus,
the trial court granted custody to Father, in part, to aid in maintaining and further developing the
relationship between Father and Son. It stands to reason, then, that the desired result from the
trial court’s initial determination in a custody challenge cannot later serve as the basis for a
change in circumstances. See, e.g., In re Schwendeman, 4th Dist. No. 06CA33, 2007-Ohio-815,
at ¶28 (rejecting appellant’s claim that there was a change in circumstances where the trial court
had anticipated, as a result of its previous order, that there would be a “negative impact” of a
temporary nature when the child moved from grandparent’s care into father’s care).
{¶10} Mother’s claim that Father has breached his agreement to keep Son in the same
school district is similarly unfounded. The record reveals that, at the time the 2006 custody
determination was made, Father had committed to keeping Son in the same district to finish out
the school year, which he did. Son returned to the same school system the next year, despite
Father incurring an out-of-district tuition expense of approximately $8,400. The next year,
however, out-of-district tuition was expected to increase another five to ten percent. Father
consulted Mother on the topic and asked if she would assist in making the tuition payment for
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fifth grade, but she declined. Though Mother felt at the time that “[Son] would adjust very well
to a new school and new friends,” she wanted that adjustment to occur to a new school in Texas,
not in Ohio. Unable to afford the out-of-district tuition on his own, Father enrolled Son in the
local parochial school for fifth grade. Concerned about the financial future of the school and
Son’s options for high school should he remain there, Father open-enrolled Son in the nearby
public school for sixth grade, where siblings of both Father and Mother had children attending.
Son has remained in that same school for sixth and seventh grade. The trial court’s order stated
only that Son was “adjusted to his current residence, his current school, and his current
community” and made no mention of any requirement that Father keep Son in the same district
for the duration of his schooling. Moreover, the record reveals that Mother was kept abreast of
the necessity for changes in Son’s schooling and failed to raise any concern with Father on the
matter until filing the underlying motion, at which point Son had been in the same school system
for two consecutive years and is expected to remain there.
{¶11} Next we consider Mother’s assertion that a material change in circumstances has
occurred because Son has now developed a strong sibling relationship with his four-year-old
step-brother and has reached an age of maturity at which he could articulate to the court that he
wishes to live with Mother in Texas. Neither of these factors, however, constitute “facts that
have arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at th[at] time.” See R.C.
3109.04(E)(1)(a). The trial court’s 2006 entry acknowledges both that Mother had a
“commitment to her new life [and] new baby,” thus anticipating that Son would soon have a
half-sibling with whom, ideally, he would ultimately build a sibling bond. Notwithstanding the
trial court’s knowledge of this fact, Mother did not demonstrate how this additional relationship
constituted a “substantial” change of circumstances, as the Supreme Court has interpreted the
7
statute to require. Davis, 77 Ohio St.3d at 418. Similarly, the trial court’s 2006 entry also noted
that, according to the guardian ad litem’s report issued at the time, Son had expressed a desire to
reside with Mother in Texas. That Son continues to have that same desire at this point does not
constitute a change in circumstances. Moreover, this Court has previously rejected the argument
that a change in age coupled with a desire to live with a different parent, absent any other factors
bearing on the circumstances of the child or the child’s residential parent, constitutes a per se
change in circumstances. Pryor v. Hooks, 9th Dist. No. 25294, 2010-Ohio-6130, at ¶10.
Compare Pellettiere v. Pellettiere, 2d Dist. No. 23141, 2009-Ohio-5407, at ¶20-22 (affirming the
trial court’s decision that there was change in circumstances based on child’s maturing age, as
well as other factors such as: child’s strong desire to live with mother; evidence of intensifying
feelings of detachment from father; articulate and reasoned positions in support of child’s desire
to live with mother; and express statements on why she no longer wanted to live with father). In
addition, consideration of a child’s desire to live with one parent over another typically goes to a
determination of what is in the child’s best interest, not whether there was a change in
circumstances. See R.C. 3109.04(B)(1); R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(a). See, also, Doerfler v. Doerfler,
9th Dist. No. 06CA0021, 2006-Ohio-6960, at ¶34-36 (considering children’s wishes to remain
with mother under the best interest prong of R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)).
{¶12} To the extent that Mother alleges that Father has provided Son with unauthorized
prescription and over-the-counter sleeping aides, the record reveals that there was conflicting
evidence presented on this issue. We note, however, that the trial court was in the best position
to weigh the credibility of the witnesses on this issue, particularly having conducted an in camera
interview with Son, in addition to hearing Father and Mother’s testimony on the topic. Holcomb
v. Holcomb (Sept. 26, 2001), 9th Dist. No. 01CA007795, at *3 (acknowledging the presumption
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that the trial court’s findings are correct where credibility is at issue, given that the court is “able
to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use those
observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony”). Having done so, the trial
court concluded that there was insufficient evidence presented in support of Mother’s claim and
further, that there was “no evidence” as to the effect the use of prescription or non-prescription
sleeping aid medication might have had on Son. Moreover, Mother admitted to being aware of
the incident for more than two years and never raised it as a concern to Father. Thus, we agree
with the trial court’s conclusion that Mother failed to demonstrate that her assertion, even if true,
equates to a substantial change in circumstances.
{¶13} Because there was competent, credible evidence to support the trial court’s
finding that there was not a change in circumstances since the prior decree naming Father the
residential parent of Son, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mother’s motion
to reallocate parental rights in this case. Accordingly, Mother’s sole assignment of error is
overruled.
III
{¶14} Mother’s sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Lorain
County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
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We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(E). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
BETH WHITMORE
FOR THE COURT
BELFANCE, P. J.
DICKINSON, J.
CONCUR
APPEARANCES:
ROGER L. KLEINMAN, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
JOEL D. FRITZ, Attorney at Law, for Appellee.