Tye v. Beausay

[Cite as Tye v. Beausay, 2020-Ohio-3746.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
MATTHEW TYE, et al. :
:
Plaintiffs-Appellants : Appellate Case No. 28383
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2015-CV-4852
:
T. JEFFREY BEAUSAY, et al. : (Civil Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendants-Appellees :
:
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 17th day of July, 2020.
...........
TERRY W. POSEY, JR., Atty. Reg. No. 0078292 and GARY W. GOTTSCHLICH, Atty.
Reg. No. 0003760, 201 East Sixth Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402
and
NICHOLAS E. BUNCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0015008, 7587 Central Parke Boulevard, Mason,
Ohio 45040
Attorneys for Plaintiffs-Appellants
GREGORY B. FOLIANO, Atty. Reg. No. 0047239, 2075 Marble Cliff Office Park,
Columbus, Ohio 43215
and
JOHN B. WELCH, Atty. Reg. No 0055337, 580 Lincoln Park Boulevard, Suite 222,
Dayton, Ohio 45429
Attorneys for Defendants-Appellees
.............
WELBAUM, J.
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{¶ 1} Plaintiffs-Appellants, Matthew Tye and Jodi-Anne Phares as guardian for
Joshua Tye (collectively, “Appellants”), appeal from a summary judgment rendered in
favor of Defendants-Appellees, T. Jeffrey Beausay and the Donahey Law Firm
(collectively, “Appellees”). In support of their appeal in this legal malpractice action,
Appellants claim that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on the issues of
proximate cause and respondeat superior.
{¶ 2} For the reasons discussed more fully below, we conclude that the trial court
did not err in granting summary judgment on Matthew Tye’s claim, because Matthew
admitted that even if he had been properly informed, he would still have signed a release
of his claims in the underlying medical malpractice action. However, the court did err in
granting summary judgment against Phares, who represented the interests of Joshua
Tye, a physically and intellectually disabled person. While Phares stated, in response to
a speculative question, that she did not know what she would have done if properly
informed of Joshua’s claim, the record contained substantial evidence indicating that she
would not have agreed to waive his claim. Therefore, a genuine issue of material fact
existed as to whether Beausay’s actions were the proximate cause of any harm to Joshua,
and the court erred in granting summary judgment on Joshua’s claim.
{¶ 3} We further conclude that the trial court did not err in rendering summary
judgment in favor of the Donahey Law Firm based on respondeat superior. There was
no evidence that the law firm controlled the actions of the attorney who obtained releases
from Matthew and Joshua Tye without properly notifying them about their claims. The
record also contains no evidence of apparent authority. Accordingly, the trial court’s
judgment will be affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings
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I. Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 4} This is the second time this case has been before us. The first appeal
involved a summary judgment granted on whether an attorney-client relationship existed
between the Tye brothers and Beausay. See Tye v. Beausay, 2017-Ohio-7943, 98
N.E.3d 970 (2d Dist.) (“Tye I”). The facts set forth in that case were as follows:
The present litigation stems from a 2010 medical-malpractice lawsuit
filed by the Tyes’ father, Scott Tye, and their stepmother, Barbara Tye.
Scott and Barbara Tye were represented by attorney Beausay and the
Donahey Law Firm in the lawsuit, which alleged negligence by various
doctors in failing to diagnose and treat a spinal epidural abscess that
resulted in Scott Tye's paralysis. Matthew and Joshua, Scott Tye's adult
sons, without their knowledge or assent, were also named by Beausay as
plaintiffs in the medical-malpractice lawsuit where one or more claims were
asserted on their behalf. As part of a settlement process, Beausay
mediated and dismissed the lawsuit, which included the claims he asserted
on behalf of the Tye brothers, without ever contacting or advising them in
any way. Prior to distribution of the settlement proceeds, Scott Tye
informed his sons that they were required to sign releases. At the time, the
Tye brothers were young adults, and they did not live with Scott and
Barbara. The Tye brothers signed the releases at their father's request.
The releases precluded them from pursuing any present or future claims
against the medical-malpractice defendants related to their father's medical
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treatment and care. Despite the settlement, the Tye brothers never
received any of the compensation, which appears to have gone to their
father, as none of it was segregated or earmarked for them. The Tye
brothers did not discover that Beausay had involved them in the case until
after their father's death, which occurred just weeks after the final claims
were dismissed with prejudice and the last releases were signed.
Appellants alleged the death was related to the medical care their father
received.
Upon discovering that Beausay had involved them in the medical-
malpractice case without their knowledge, the Tye brothers filed the present
lawsuit against Beausay and the Donahey Law Firm. In an amended
complaint, they asserted a legal-malpractice claim as well as alternative
claims for bad faith, conversion, malicious conduct, privity, estoppel, third-
party beneficiaries, and respondeat superior. The trial court subsequently
sustained in part and overruled in part a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion filed by
Beausay and his law firm. It found that the Tye brothers' complaint
sufficiently stated a claim for legal malpractice based on the existence of an
attorney-client relationship with Beausay. Therefore, the trial court refused
to dismiss the legal-malpractice claim. It concluded, however, that the
alternative claims, regardless of how they were pled, were in substance
legal-malpractice claims and were subsumed by that claim. Consequently,
the trial court sustained the motion to dismiss with regard to the seven
alternative claims.
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Beausay and the law firm later moved for summary judgment on the
remaining legal-malpractice claim. The grounds for the motion were (1)
that no attorney-client relationship existed between the Tye brothers and
Beausay and (2) that the Tye brothers did not sustain any harm proximately
caused by anything Beausay did. The Tye brothers opposed the motion,
arguing (1) that a “malice” substitute for an attorney-client relationship
existed and (2) that, at a minimum, genuine issues of material fact existed
as to whether Beausay's actions had caused them harm.
In a December 22, 2016 ruling, the trial court sustained the summary-
judgment motion. It concluded that no attorney-client relationship existed
between the Tye brothers and Beausay. It also concluded that the “malice”
substitute for an attorney-client relationship did not apply.
Tye I, 2017-Ohio-7943, 98 N.E.3d 970, at ¶ 3-6.
{¶ 5} On appeal, we concluded that there was no express or implied attorney-client
relationship. Id. at ¶ 10. We did reverse the summary judgment decision, however,
based on a malice substitute for an attorney-client relationship. In this regard, we said
that “[e]ven if we did not conclude that filing, pursuing, mediating, settling and dismissing
a lawsuit is collectively sufficient extra-legal activity to constitute an exception to the
attorney-client relationship, viewing the evidence and all reasonable inferences in a light
most favorable to the Tye brothers, we find a genuine issue of material fact as to whether
Beausay acted with ‘malice’ (i.e., extra-legal activity) toward them * * *.” Id. at ¶ 18, citing
Omega Riggers & Erectors, Inc. v. Koverman, 2016-Ohio-2961, 65 N.E.3d 210 (2d Dist.),
{¶ 6} We also concluded that genuine issues of material fact existed concerning
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whether the Tyes had suffered harm. We noted that:
Although Beausay asserts that the Tye brothers suffered no harm as
a result of his actions, we believe there is a genuine issue that a trier of fact
reasonably might conclude otherwise. The Tye brothers' claims
presumably had some settlement value. Otherwise, there would be no
purpose to include them in the lawsuit and the medical-malpractice
defendants would not have required their signatures on the releases.
Beausay certainly had no duty to preserve the Tye brothers' claims by
bringing them into the lawsuit without their knowledge. Having elected to
do so, however, a trier of fact reasonably could find that he then consciously
disregarded their rights as unknowing plaintiffs in the lawsuit by pursuing a
negotiated release-and-settlement process that largely ignored them (other
than obtaining their signatures on unexplained releases) and provided them
nothing, thereby resulting in substantial financial harm. On the other hand,
a trier of fact also potentially might agree with Beausay and the Donahey
Law Firm and conclude that the Tye brothers would have consented to the
settlement anyway and suffered no harm. For summary-judgment
purposes, however, we must construe the facts and all reasonable
inferences in favor of the Tye brothers.
(Footnote omitted.) Id. at ¶ 21.
{¶ 7} After we reversed the judgment and remanded the case, a trial was ultimately
set for April 15, 2019. In the meantime, however, Appellees filed a motion for summary
judgment on January 25, 2019, contending that the Tyes did not suffer a compensable
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loss based on the medical malpractice. The same day, the Donahey Law Firm also filed
a motion for summary judgment based on the fact that it could not be held liable under
respondeat superior because Beausay was not an employee of the firm.
{¶ 8} On February 1, 2019, Appellees filed a third summary judgment motion,
contending that Phares could not prove that any harm was caused to Joshua Tye.
According to this motion, Joshua had been incompetent his entire life due to a
developmental delay and cerebral palsy. Motion for Summary Judgment on Joshua
Tye’s Claims, p. 3-4. Consequently, because Joshua had never been competent, the
release of claims he signed was invalid, and he had given up nothing by signing it. Id.
at p. 7-9.
{¶ 9} This was followed by yet another summary judgment motion by Appellees on
February 15, 2019. The motion was based on the contention that the Tyes could not
prove that they would have received any of the money from their father’s settlement, and
that, therefore, no proximate cause existed. Motion for Summary Judgment on
Proximate Cause, p. 4-5.
{¶ 10} On February 25. 2019, Appellants filed two responses to the pending
summary judgment motions. In one memorandum, Appellants argued that the motion
for summary judgment on failure to prove consortium was simply an attempt to circumvent
the trial court’s previous decision that the Tyes were not required to prove a “case within
a case.” Memorandum in Opposition to Summary Judgment (No Compensable Injury)
at p. 7, citing Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St. 3d 421, 674 N.E.2d 1164 (1997). The other
memorandum addressed the arguments about the claim of Phares as guardian for
Joshua and proximate cause. Memorandum in Opposition to Summary Judgment
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(Proximate Cause) at p. 1. In response to the proximate cause issue, Appellants noted
that if a dispute had arisen about the proceedings in the medical malpractice case, the
settling parties could have deposited the money with the court and allowed the court to
decide what amount each party should receive. In addition, Appellants stressed that
Matthew’s and Joshua’s names were on the settlement check in the medical malpractice
litigation. Id. at p. 7-9 and Ex. C attached to the memorandum.
{¶ 11} Subsequently, on March 4, 2019, Appellees filed three separate
memoranda in support of their motions for summary judgment. On March 21, 2019,
Appellees then filed a supplemental memorandum on summary judgment concerning
proximate cause. For the first time, Appellees raised the issue of whether there was a
genuine issue of material fact that the Tyes suffered harm, because they would have
consented to the settlement anyway. Id. at p. 1. In support of this motion, Appellees
relied on the “updated” depositions of Matthew and Phares.
{¶ 12} On April 8, 2019, the trial court granted the Donahey Law Firm’s motion for
summary judgment on the issue of respondeat superior. The court concluded that
Beausay was an independent contractor and that Donahey did not have the ability to
control the manner or means of his work. See Order on Respondeat Superior, p. 3. The
same day, the trial court also granted summary judgment to Appellees on the issue of
proximate cause. See Order on Proximate Cause. This timely appeal followed.
II. Proximate Cause
{¶ 13} Appellants’ First Assignment of Error states:
The Trial Court Erred in Granting Summary Judgment on the Basis
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of Proximate Cause.
{¶ 14} Under this assignment of error, the Tyes contend that the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment on the issue of proximate cause. As support, they contend
that the testimony of Phares and Matthew about what they would have done if they had
known the true state of affairs was susceptible to more than one interpretation. They
also stress that no evidence was presented about what Joshua would have done if he
had known.
{¶ 15} In its decision on proximate cause, the trial court concluded that Matthew
Tye could not prove that Beausay’s conduct, while improper, proximately caused harm to
him. This was based on Matthew’s admission that he would have signed the release
even if its effect on his own claim had been more fully explained to him. With respect to
Joshua’s claim, the court found a lack of proximate cause due to the inability of Joshua’s
guardian, Phares, to say what she would have done if she had known about the claim.
{¶ 16} “A trial court may grant a moving party summary judgment pursuant to
Civ.R. 56 if there are no genuine issues of material fact remaining to be litigated, the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and reasonable minds can come
to only one conclusion, and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party, who is
entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in his favor.” Smith v. Five Rivers
MetroParks, 134 Ohio App. 3d 754, 760, 732 N.E.2d 422 (2d Dist.1999), citing Harless v.
Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St. 2d 64, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978). “We review
decisions granting summary judgment de novo, which means that we apply the same
standards as the trial court.” (Citations omitted.) GNFH, Inc. v. W. Am. Ins. Co., 172
Ohio App. 3d 127, 2007-Ohio-2722, 873 N.E.2d 345, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.). Consequently,
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appellate courts do not defer to trial courts during summary judgment review. Powell v.
Rion, 2012-Ohio-2665, 972 N.E.2d 159, ¶ 6 (2d Dist.), citing Brown v. Scioto Cty. Bd. of
Commrs., 87 Ohio App. 3d 704, 711, 622 N.E.2d 1153 (4th Dist.1993).
{¶ 17} “To establish a cause of action for legal malpractice based on negligent
representation, a plaintiff must show (1) that the attorney owed a duty or obligation to the
plaintiff, (2) that there was a breach of that duty or obligation and that the attorney failed
to conform to the standard required by law, and (3) that there is a causal connection
between the conduct complained of and the resulting damage or loss.” Vahila, 77 Ohio
St.3d 421, 674 N.E.2d 1164, at syllabus.
{¶ 18} In Vahila, the supreme court stated that the analysis of causation in legal
malpractice cases “ ‘should be made in accordance with the tort law relating to proximate
cause’ and ‘should focus on the facts of the particular case.’ ” Id. at 462, quoting Krahn
v. Kinney, 43 Ohio St. 3d 103, 106, 538 N.E.2d 1058 (1989). In some situations, like
“[w]hen a plaintiff is claiming he would have been better off had the underlying matter
been tried rather than settled, the standard for proving causation requires more than just
some evidence of the merits of the underlying suit.” Environmental Network Corp. v.
Goodman Weiss Miller, L.L.P., 119 Ohio St. 3d 209, 2008-Ohio-3833, 893 N.E.2d 173,
¶ 21 (distinguishing Vahila).
{¶ 19} This is not such a case, and the rule in Vahila applies. “The rule of
proximate cause ‘ “requires that the injury sustained shall be the natural and probable
consequence of the negligence alleged; that is, such consequence as under the
surrounding circumstances of the particular case might, and should have been foreseen
or anticipated by the wrongdoer as likely to follow his negligent act.” ’ ” Jeffers v. Olexo,
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43 Ohio St. 3d 140, 143, 539 N.E.2d 614 (1989), quoting Ross v. Nutt, 177 Ohio St. 113,
114, 203 N.E.2d 118 (1964). (Other citation omitted.) “Causation is established using
the ‘but for’ test. * * * A defendant's conduct is the cause of the harm if the harm would
not have occurred but for the defendant's act or failure to act.” Rieger v. Giant Eagle,
Inc., 157 Ohio St. 3d 512, 2019-Ohio-3745, 138 N.E.3d 1121, ¶ 12. “There must be
evidence of causation before the plaintiff's negligence claim may be submitted to the jury.”
Id.
{¶ 20} In the case before us, Appellees and the trial court focused on the following
comments in Tye I:
Although Beausay asserts that the Tye brothers suffered no harm as
a result of his actions, we believe there is a genuine issue that a trier of fact
reasonably might conclude otherwise. The Tye brothers’ claims
presumably had some settlement value. Otherwise, there would be no
purpose to include them in the lawsuit and the medical-malpractice
defendants would not have required their signatures on the releases.
Beausay certainly had no duty to preserve the Tye brothers’ claims by
bringing them into the lawsuit without their knowledge. Having elected to
do so, however, a trier of fact reasonably could find that he then consciously
disregarded their rights as unknowing plaintiffs in the lawsuit by pursuing a
negotiated release-and-settlement process that largely ignored them (other
than obtaining their signatures on unexplained releases) and provided them
nothing, thereby resulting in substantial financial harm. On the other hand,
a trier of fact also potentially might agree with Beausay and the Donahey
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Law Firm and conclude that the Tye brothers would have consented to the
settlement anyway and suffered no harm. For summary-judgment
purposes, however, we must construe the facts and all reasonable
inferences in favor of the Tye brothers.
Tye I, 2017-Ohio-7943, 98 N.E.3d 970, at ¶ 21.
{¶ 21} After the case was remanded, Appellees took additional depositions of
Matthew Tye and Phares, Joshua’s guardian. We will consider the facts relating to these
claims separately.
A. Matthew Tye
{¶ 22} After reviewing the deposition of Matthew Tye, we agree with the trial court
that summary judgment was warranted on his claims. During his 2019 deposition,
Matthew stated that he knew that his father had retained a Columbus, Ohio, lawyer to
pursue a medical malpractice action. Matthew Tye Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 112. Matthew
acknowledged that when he signed the release, he knew what a lawsuit was, knew what
a settlement was, and knew that he was not going to sue the doctors involved in the
medical malpractice case. Id. at p. 114-115. However, he also stated that when he
signed the release, he did not understand the full extent of what he was signing or the full
extent of his legal rights. Id. at p. 116.
{¶ 23} Later in the deposition, Matthew responded to a series of hypothetical
questions about what he would have done if he had been informed by Beausay that he
was a plaintiff in the malpractice suit and had a potential consortium claim. Matthew
initially stated that he would seek neutral counsel and follow counsel’s advice. Id. at p.
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123-126. The following exchange then occurred.
Q. Okay. All right. So say the lawyer says to you that you can
hold out and not sign the releases, but that’s going to mean Dad, your father,
is not going to get his settlement and potentially have to try this case, what
would you do then?
***
THE WITNESS: I’ll be honest with you. I would – the whole picture
is I want my dad – I wanted my dad and I still want my dad, if he was alive,
to have said money. And I would look at my said lawyer – let’s just say
Cassandra [Rice] is my said lawyer. I would say I know I’m going to give
this up. It’s for my father. Do you think maybe we should just after – if I
sign, do you think we should then just pursue something afterwards? And
then hypothetically, maybe she says yes or she says no. I would say ok,
in the end, it’s a medical malpractice for my father, so I would sign.
Because in the end, it’s about his care.
So I know yes, I’m going to give up my rights. Maybe I’ll get some
money. Nobody knows that amount. I would sign. Then I would still
have my counsel, and I would say, you know I’m going to sign, it’s my
personal choice, but what’s your opinion before I do it – and I would do it.
And then, hey, can we work something out. Jeff [Beausay]? It’s nice
meeting you. Can we work something out now.
Matthew Tye Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 126-127.
{¶ 24} Subsequently, this exchange occurred:
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Q. * * * One of the things you just told us is that this was your Dad’s
medical negligence case, correct?
A. That’s correct.
Q. And you would not have done anything that would interfere with
his rights of his settlement, correct?
A. I would not, no.
Q. So if it came down to giving up your rights to money to get him
a settlement, you would have agreed to settle the case without getting
anything?
A. I would agree, and I would still pursue afterwards between a
consortium of lawyers, my father, you know, all of that, we would keep
working. I mean, I still, after the case was settled, I still saw him frequently
until his passing. So we had plenty of time and we had plenty of time to
speak.
Q. So let’s kind of cover that. So you have this discussion with
your lawyer and you say hey, I’m not going to interfere with my dad’s
settlement. Can we do something after so I can get some money. And
your lawyer says look, once you sign this, that money belongs to your dad
and it will be up to your dad to give it to him – to you or not, what would you
do then?
A. Like I said, I would still sign –
Q. Okay.
A. – based on my legal counsel even saying that.
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Matthew Tye Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 128-129.
{¶ 25} Finally, this exchange took place:
Q. All right. So now let’s move forward. And I guess what I’m
getting to is the ultimate question is even knowing all the money is going to
your dad and you had a claim which was potentially worth some money,
you would still sign the release?
MS. RICE: Objection. Asked and answered.
THE WITNESS: The money was for my father, Scott Tye. It was
not for myself. Yes, I would sign.
Id. at p. 130-131.
{¶ 26} In support of the impropriety of summary judgment on both Matthew’s and
Joshua's claims, Appellants contend that whether a party would have changed course in
hindsight is a credibility issue for the jury. For this purpose, they cite In re Levaquin
Products Liab. Litigation, 726 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1036 (D.Minn.2010), and Provenzano v.
Integrated Genetics, 22 F. Supp. 2d 406, 408 (D.N.J.1998). Neither case is particularly
helpful here.
{¶ 27} In Levaquin, manufacturers were sued based on administration of an
antibiotic that was accompanied by warnings about potential tendon toxicity. The plaintiff
sued because he suffered a ruptured Achilles tendon after being prescribed the drug.
Levaquin at 1026-1027.
{¶ 28} The motion being considered by the court was the defendants’ motion for
summary judgment based on the learned intermediary doctrine. According to the court,
this doctrine “involves an examination of whether the prescribing physician was
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independently informed of the relevant risks, and whether the prescribing physician would
have taken the same course of action even if the defendants had provided additional
warnings. * * * If a defendant properly establishes the facts necessary to support the
learned intermediary defense, a patient will be unable to show that the defendant's failure
to warn the prescribing physician is a proximate cause of the patient's injury. * * * This
doctrine therefore requires the Court to conduct a careful examination of the prescribing
physician's experience, knowledge, and state of mind when making the decision to
prescribe the particular drug at issue.” Id. at 1027-1028.
{¶ 29} After considering the prescribing doctor’s testimony in detail, the court
concluded that summary judgment was not appropriate. As relevant here, the doctor
testified during his deposition that, “even if he had known in 2003 about studies indicating
that Levaquin was twice as toxic as Ciprofloxacin, such knowledge would not have
potentially affected the prescription that he gave” the plaintiff. He also testified that “even
if he had known that Levaquin was reported to be ten times as tendon toxic as non-
Fluoroquinolones, such knowledge would not have changed what he prescribed.” Id. at
1031.
{¶ 30} Although the defendants claimed this entitled them to summary judgment
regarding adequacy of the warnings, the district court disagreed, stating that “after
reviewing Dr. Butner's deposition transcript, the Court finds that Dr. Butner's testimony
regarding what he would have done if he had received a more complete warning of the
risks of tendon toxicity presents an issue of credibility that is within the province of the
trier of fact.” Id. at 1036.
{¶ 31} The other cited case, Provenzano, 22 F. Supp. 2d 406, involved a wrongful
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birth claim brought against two genetics companies, a doctor, and some John Doe
medical providers, based on their alleged negligent analysis and diagnosis of
amniocentesis samples during a pregnancy that resulted in twins. Id. at 408. According
to the complaint, “Defendants’ negligence deprived Plaintiffs of the necessary information
to make an informed decision as to whether to opt for a selective reduction – a procedure
in which one fetus of several may be terminated. Plaintiffs seek damages for emotional
distress and extraordinary medical expenses attributable to Tiffany's birth defects * * *.”
Id.
{¶ 32} The mother in Provenzano testified that she was not sure that she would
have chosen to abort one fetus and keep the other if she had known of the birth defect
(which resulted in the child’s death less than a year after birth). Id. at 410. While the
father first testified that he would not have chosen selective reduction because he wanted
both children, he later filed a certification stating that he would have chosen the reduction
and had only testified to the contrary because he had gone for 21 hours without sleep
before he was deposed. Id.
{¶ 33} In contending that summary judgment based on lack of causation should be
granted, the defendants argued that the mother’s “deposition testimony did not
conclusively establish that she would have terminated fetus B but for Defendants' failure
to inform her and her husband of the accurate test results.” Id. at 415. The court
disagreed, stating that “[w]hile wrongful life claims require a but for proximate cause test,
the Supreme Court of New Jersey has never established such a high standard for a
wrongful birth claim, as Defendants allege, nor can this Court predict that it would do so.”
Id. The court commented that while the test for wrongful life is a “subjective” standard,
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the test for “wrongful birth” is objective.
{¶ 34} The Levaquin and Provenzano cases involved medical claims, and
Provenzano, in particular, involved the medical malpractice doctrine of informed consent.
Like New Jersey, Ohio has recognized the informed consent doctrine in medical
malpractice cases. At common law, Ohio recognized a battery cause of action for failure
to provide informed consent before performing a medical procedure. Later, however,
courts recognized that this was essentially a matter of professional conduct, and
negligence displaced battery as the cause of action. White v. Leimbach, 131 Ohio St. 3d
21, 2011-Ohio-6238, 959 N.E.2d 1033, ¶ 23.
{¶ 35} The tort of lack of informed consent, as established in Ohio, contains the
following requirements:
(a) The physician fails to disclose to the patient and discuss the
material risks and dangers inherently and potentially involved with respect
to the proposed therapy, if any;
(b) the unrevealed risks and dangers which should have been
disclosed by the physician actually materialize and are the proximate cause
of the injury to the patient; and
(c) a reasonable person in the position of the patient would have
decided against the therapy had the material risks and dangers inherent
and incidental to treatment been disclosed to him or her prior to the therapy.
Nickell v. Gonzalez, 17 Ohio St. 3d 136, 477 N.E.2d 1145 (1985), syllabus.
{¶ 36} After outlining these standards, Nickell considered the trial court’s issuance
of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict and whether there was a sufficient basis for the
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jury’s verdict for the physician under the reasonable person standard. Id. at 139. The
court then commented that, “[i]n situations involving informed consent, a “patient's
hindsight (i.e., testimony as to her hypothetical response to the undisclosed information),
while relevant, is not determinative.” Id., citing Sard v. Hardy, 281 Md. 432, 440, 379
A.2d 1014 (1977).
{¶ 37} Subsequently, in White, the Supreme Court of Ohio noted that Nickell had
not fully explained the needed analysis. White, 131 Ohio St. 3d 21, 2011-Ohio-6238, 959
N.E.2d 1033, at ¶ 30. Concerning the issue of proximate cause, the court said that
“expert medical testimony is not necessary to establish what a reasonable person in the
position of a patient would have done had the material risks and dangers been disclosed
prior to therapy. The third element of Nickell, that a reasonable person in the position of
the patient would have decided against the therapy had the material risks and dangers
been disclosed, is a matter that falls within the comprehension of a layman. Thus,
consistent with our opinion in Nickell, it is for the trier of fact to determine whether a
reasonable person in the plaintiff's position would have attached significance to the
undisclosed material risks and dangers inherently and potentially involved with the
procedure and would have decided against the procedure.” Id. at ¶ 40.
{¶ 38} Thus, like Provenzano, Ohio recognizes the informed consent doctrine in
medical malpractice cases and applies an objective (or reasonable patient) standard to
assess causation. Also like Provenzano, Ohio recognizes a cause of action for wrongful
birth. However, in contrast to Provenzano (a New Jersey case), Ohio does not permit
actions for wrongful life. See Schirmer v. Mt. Auburn Obstetrics & Gynecologic Assoc.,
Inc., 108 Ohio St. 3d 494, 2006-Ohio-942, 844 N.E.2d 1160, syllabus.
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{¶ 39} In Schirmer, the Supreme Court of Ohio commented that overreliance on
the terms wrongful birth and wrongful life complicates the matter; instead, the proper
analysis would be to apply traditional standards for medical malpractice claims. In this
vein, the court noted that “[l]iability based on the alleged negligence of a medical
professional requires proof of four elements: (1) a duty running from the defendant to the
plaintiff, (2) a breach of that duty by the defendant, (3) damages suffered by the plaintiff,
and (4) a proximate causal relationship between the breach of duty and the damages."
Id. at ¶ 13. As to causation, the court stated that its holding “merely recognizes that
medical negligence during prenatal care that affects the parents’ ability to decide whether
to continue the pregnancy may be actionable.” Id. at ¶ 30.
{¶ 40} In an opinion concurring with the syllabus and judgment only, Justice Moyer
further addressed the causation issue:
Causation requires a factual nexus between the breach and injury
(i.e., actual cause) and a significant degree of connectedness that justifies
imposing liability (i.e., proximate cause). * * * Mrs. Schirmer alleges that
defendants' breach of duty [to provide adequate genetic counseling] denied
her the opportunity to make an informed decision whether to terminate her
pregnancy. Thus, instead of asking whether the defendants' negligence
proximately caused the child's defects, which it clearly did not, we must ask
whether the defendants' negligent genetic testing caused the mother to
make an ill-informed decision, and, if it did, what damages may result from
the breach.
Helen Schirmer clearly would not have been deprived of her right to
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make a fully informed reproductive decision but for the negligent genetic
testing. The Schirmers sought the defendants’ services expressly to
determine whether their child would be born with a specific genetic
abnormality. Furthermore, because the breach was the sole reason that
Helen Schirmer was not able to make a fully informed decision, the
negligence was directly connected to that injury. Thus, the facts as alleged
demonstrate that the breach, the failure to correctly diagnose a preexisting
genetic defect, proximately caused the injury, the loss of the opportunity to
make an informed decision whether to terminate the pregnancy.
(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 40-42 (Moyer, C.J., concurring in judgment and syllabus
only). The parents’ subjective position was not at issue in Schirmer, as they said they
would have terminated the pregnancy if they had been informed. Id. at ¶ 6.
{¶ 41} Thus, like the cases Appellants cite, Ohio does recognize an objective
standard in informed consent cases, at least in the area of medical malpractice. While
Appellants have not specifically asked that we adopt an objective standard and have
phrased their argument in terms of credibility issues, the cases they cite involve medical
claims, whether in the context of drugs and the learned intermediary or in the context of
informed consent.1 The question does arise whether an objective standard, with even
some subjective element, as mentioned in Nickell and White, would properly apply in legal
malpractice cases that involve informed consent.
{¶ 42} We have not found Ohio authority extending an objective, “reasonable
1 Ohio also uses the learned intermediary doctrine as well, by statute and under common
law. See R.C. 2307.76(C) and Vaccariello v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 94 Ohio
St.3d 380, 385-386, 763 N.E.2d 160 (2002).
-22-
person” standard to legal malpractice cases where the contention is that the lawyer took
actions without properly informing a client. The authority outside Ohio is also virtually
non-existent.
{¶ 43} In Conklin v. Hannoch Weisman, 145 N.J. 395, 678 A.2d 1060 (1996), the
court of appeals used both a subjective and objective standard to evaluate legal
malpractice claims, but the New Jersey Supreme Court disagreed. In that case, a law
firm represented a family in the sale of its farm to developers and let the family sign
paperwork subordinating its mortgage lien for the remainder of the purchase price to that
of another lender, without properly informing the family of the consequences of doing so.
Id. at 401-402. A few years later, the buyers defaulted, and the family was unable to
recover any of the remaining purchase price due to the buyer’s bankruptcy and the
existence of the other mortgage. Id.
{¶ 44} The family then sued its attorney for legal malpractice, but was unsuccessful
after a jury trial. However, the trial court concluded that it had given the jury inconsistent
instructions on intervening causation and granted a new trial. Id. On appeal, the
appellate court agreed that a new trial was warranted, but disagreed about the scope of
the new trial. Id. at 405. Specifically, the court said that:
The Appellate Division first instructed the court on retrial to exclude
proximate cause from its charge to the jury (except as a factor in assessing
damages if the jury found defendant to be liable) and instead to employ an
objective cause-in-fact analysis similar to that used in medical malpractice
“informed consent” cases, in which a court asks the jury to decide whether
a prudent patient would have declined to undergo the medical treatment if
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adequately informed of its risks. Under that rationale, when an attorney
provides inadequate or inaccurate advice, the jury should be asked whether
a prudent client would have declined to enter into the transaction if
adequately informed of its risks.
Id. at 406.
{¶ 45} The court of appeals had also deemed a “limited” subjective standard to
apply “because, based on uncontested evidence of statements of certain plaintiffs to
defendants prior to the sale of the [family’s] land, a jury could determine without relying
solely on uncorroborated hindsight that plaintiffs would not have sold their property if
advised of the risks of subordination.” Id. at 407.
{¶ 46} On further appeal, the New Jersey Supreme Court also agreed that a new
trial was needed, due to the confusing jury instructions. However, the court disagreed
with the scope of the new trial. First, while the jury had found the defendants at fault, the
general verdict was imprecise. Id. at 411. In addition, the jury would not be allowed to
consider the issue of the family’s contributory negligence, because “when the duty of the
professional encompasses the protection of the client or patient from self-inflicted harm,
the infliction of that harm is not to be regarded as contributory negligence on the part of
the client.” Id. at 412.
{¶ 47} The final issue related to the negligence standard to be applied in cases
involving concurrent causes of harm (in Conklin, these were the buyer’s default and
bankruptcy, and the law firm’s failure to properly advise). Id. at 413. Observing that the
appellate court’s standards were drawn from the medical malpractice arena, the supreme
court noted some distinctions as a basis for refusing to adopt them. Concerning these
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distinctions, the court remarked that “in many instances the business client, unlike the
medical patient, is not sick when the client consults an attorney. The business client is
often motivated to enter into a legal transaction for many more reasons than a medical
patient and may be at no risk at all at the inception of the transaction. Moreover, while
most patients will not appreciate the risks of medical treatments absent an explanation by
a doctor, many clients may understand as well as their attorney, if not better, the risks of
a commercial business transaction.” Id.
{¶ 48} Regarding the objective prong, the court commented that:
The objective theory of informed consent, under which the jury would
be asked to consider whether a reasonably prudent client would have
entered into a business transaction if adequately informed of its attendant
risks, fails to reflect the many highly subjective, personal, financial and
strategic concerns that underlay most legal decisions and that are not
present in the majority of medical decisions. A majority of medical patients
are sick and consult a doctor for a single purpose – to get well. The
patients usually bring little or no personal knowledge to the evaluation of the
risks associated with their recovery.
Without any insight into the make-up and needs of the legal
malpractice plaintiff, expert testimony regarding what a reasonably prudent
client would have done under similar circumstances in weighing the risks
and complications of complex commercial business transactions appears
of dubious value to the trier of fact. Would a client wish not to be presented
as a prudent person? * * * Clients such as * * * Harry Helmsley might view
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such matters differently than family farmers or business people or real
estate developers. Defendants’ expert acknowledged that the measure of
the attorney's advice “depends on the expertise of the individual [client]
involved.”
Conklin, 145 N.J. at 414-415, 678 A.2d 1060.
{¶ 49} The supreme court went on to note that even though the appellate court
had included a requirement of some corroboration, which “reduces the potential for
evaluations of attorney malpractice based on hindsight,” there was no persuasive reason
to introduce a subjective standard. The court followed this up by stressing that:
That is not to say that a legal malpractice claimant's testimony concerning
whether he or she would have entered into a transaction, if adequately
informed of its risks, is irrelevant. A client's attitude about risk is a part of
that client and is a component of proximate cause. Compare Profit Sharing
Trust v. Lampf, 267 N.J. Super. 174, 193, 630 A.2d 1191 (Law Div.1993)
(holding that assumed legal malpractice was proximate cause of damages
when plaintiffs specifically testified that had they been adequately or
accurately informed of risks of commercial business transaction they would
not have entered into transaction) with Lamb v. Barbour, supra, 188
N.J.Super. [6] at 12–13, 455 A.2d 1122 [(N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.1982)]
(holding that assumed legal malpractice was not proximately connected to
claim of damages when plaintiff offered no testimony “as to any
circumstances reasonably to be hypothesized under which [plaintiff] could
have been dissuaded from completing the transaction.”).
-26-
Id. at 416.
{¶ 50} The New Jersey Supreme Court then stated that, instead of incorporating
informed consent standards from medical cases, it would continue to apply “the usual
principles of negligence” as used by most jurisdictions for legal malpractice, that is, “ ‘(1)
the existence of an attorney-client relationship creating a duty of care upon the attorney;
(2) the breach of that duty; and (3) proximate causation.’ ” Id., quoting Lovett v. Estate
of Lovett, 250 N.J. Super. 79, 87, 593 A.2d 382 (Ch.Div.1991).
{¶ 51} After extensively discussing proximate cause – and because the case
before it involved concurrent causes – the court rejected the traditional test for proximate
cause because the lender’s actions did not either set in motion or increase the risk of the
buyer’s bankruptcy. Id. at 416-420. Instead, the court used a “substantial factor” test,
in which “a court might instruct the jury to consider whether a reasonably competent
transactional lawyer would have advised the clients of the economic risks that they took
and whether the lack of the benefit of that advice was a substantial factor in causing them
harm.” Id. at 419. This would not apply to the case before us, because there are no
concurrent causes.
{¶ 52} Another case that we have discovered is an Illinois appellate case that
involved failure to inform a client of a proposed settlement. First Natl. Bank of LaGrange
v. Lowrey, 375 Ill. App. 3d 181, 872 N.E.2d 447 (Ill.App.2007). The court did not
specifically discuss “objective” or “subjective” standards, but it did comment that “the jury
in this case found that a reasonable person would have accepted the settlement, and
[minor plaintiff’s mother’s] testimony established she would have accepted the settlement
given her goals in filing the lawsuit and the risks of going to trial. [She] specifically
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testified that her motivation was ‘[n]ot the money,’ but rather to ‘go after the doctor so he
couldn't do it to another baby,’ and that going after a guilty verdict at trial would not have
achieved this goal.” Id. at 205-06. Thus, Lowery appears to have used both objective
and subjective criteria, without specifically indicating why.2
{¶ 53} The only other remotely pertinent case that we have found is Estate of West
v. Domina Law Group, PC, LLO, No. 1:16-cv-30-HCA, 2018 WL 3454904 (S.D. Iowa
2018). In this case, an estate sued a law firm based on alleged incomplete or improper
legal advice it had given the decedent about resolving a corporate deadlock. The advice
caused the decedent to dissolve his corporation and allegedly receive substantially less
than he would have received if the lawyers had correctly informed him of his options. Id.
at *1. In considering cross-motions for summary judgment, a magistrate judge stated
that the parties and the court both agreed that the standard for deciding informed consent
was objective. Id. at *10. In a footnote, the magistrate judge further stated that “[t]he
Iowa Supreme Court uses an objective causation standard when it analyzes informed
consent in a medical context. * * * The Court finds that, in the context of an informed
consent legal malpractice case, an objective standard is appropriate as well.” Id. at *10,
fn. 11. Beyond this statement, there was no analysis.
{¶ 54} Having reviewed these authorities, or rather, the lack of authority, we cannot
find a basis for incorporating the medical malpractice standards for informed consent,
2 Because the underlying medical malpractice action involved a minor child and the trial
court would have had to approve the settlement in that case, the court of appeals
concluded that this was part of the proof in the legal malpractice action. As a result,
whether the trial court would have approved the settlement was a question for the jury.
Lowery at 200 (affirming the one million dollar jury award for the child in the legal
malpractice action).
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which would allow consideration of what a reasonable person would do, as opposed to
what Matthew Tye said he would do. There may be arguments for using an objective
standard as well as some subjective analysis, but we have not been able to find such
authority.
{¶ 55} Matthew’s candor and concern for his father was evident and refreshing.
Unfortunately, it was fatal to his claims. If, as Matthew said, he would have signed the
release even if he had been made aware of the facts and had known he was giving up all
rights, there was no causal link between Beausay’s improper actions and any harm to
Matthew that occurred.
{¶ 56} Even in a medical malpractice case where the informed consent doctrine
applied, the court of appeals concluded that a patient’s subjective statement precluded
her recovery. In Misel v. Khanna, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 86 C.A. 122, 1987 WL 13257
(June 23, 1987), a plaintiff-patient sued her doctor because he failed to inform her about
the option of using a “halo brace” as an alternative to surgery. Id. at *1. During
arbitration, the plaintiff testified that if she had known about the halo procedure, she
thought she “ ‘would have had to elect the surgery.’ ” Id. at *2. The trial court later
granted summary judgment in the doctor’s favor. Id.
{¶ 57} When the plaintiff appealed, the court of appeals affirmed. While the Ohio
Supreme Court’s decision in Nickell, 17 Ohio St. 3d 136, 477 N.E.2d 1145 (relying on
Sard, 281 Md. 432, 440, 379 A.2d 1014) had previously said that a plaintiff’s hypothetical
response was not determinative, the court of appeals concluded in Misel that a different
approach was warranted, based on the circumstances presented. Specifically, the court
explained:
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In the Sard case the Court of Appeals for Maryland did rule that a
patient's hindsight should not be determinative, however, an explanation of
the reason for such ruling is relevant to this case. The Maryland[ ] court
ruled that the test as to what a patient would have done should be an
objective test – what a reasonable person in the patient's position would
have done had he been fully informed. The Maryland court went on to
reason that the rationale commonly offered in support of the objective test
is that, if a subjective standard were applied, the testimony of the plaintiff,
as to what he would have hypothetically done, would be the controlling
consideration. Thus, proof of causation, under a subjective standard,
would ultimately turn on the credibility of the hindsight of a person seeking
recovery after he had experienced a most undesirable result. Such a test
puts the physician in jeopardy of the patient's hindsight and bitterness. In
the case at hand the patient's credibility is not an issue and could not be
questioned. She has already stated under oath that, even if she had been
informed of all of the alternatives and all of the consequences, she would
still have made the election which she made. This is a drastic statement
against interests and the credibility is beyond question.
(Emphasis added.) Misel at *3, citing Sard at 449.
{¶ 58} Here, as in Misel, there is no credibility issue. Matthew’s statement that he
did not know his rights at the time he signed the release is irrelevant in light of his
admission that he would have signed the release even if he had been informed of the
consequences.
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{¶ 59} Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor
of Appellees with respect to Matthew’s claims.
B. Joshua Tye
{¶ 60} In ruling on summary judgment, the trial court first rejected Appellees’
argument that Joshua could file a motion for relief from judgment in the medical
malpractice case because he was incompetent to sign the release. In the court’s view,
Beausay’s neglect would be imputed to Joshua and would preclude the claim for relief.
The trial court further concluded, however, that Phares could not establish proximate
cause for two reasons. First, Phares was unable to say that she would not have signed
the releases or would have sought legal counsel. Order on Proximate Cause at p. 9.
Additionally, the court found “Matthew’s testimony compelling on this point as well in that
the main focus of the family at the time the releases were signed was getting Scott Tye
the money he needed to care for himself at the time.” Id. The court was further
persuaded by the fact that Joshua is incompetent and that Phares was appointed as his
guardian in 2015. Id. at p. 9-10.
{¶ 61} As noted, we review the court’s summary judgment decision de novo.
GNFH, Inc., 172 Ohio App. 3d 127, 2007-Ohio-2722, 873 N.E.2d 345, at ¶ 16. According
to Appellants, Phares’s testimony was irrelevant because she was not Joshua’s guardian
when he signed the release. Appellants also argue that the trial court erred in imputing
Matthew’s testimony to Phares.
{¶ 62} In response, Appellees contend that summary judgment was appropriate
because Joshua had the burden of establishing that it was more likely than not that the
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release would not have been signed. Because there was no evidence of that, including
Phares’s testimony, Appellees argue that “a complete lack of evidence does not get
[Appellants] past 50%.” Appellees’ Brief, p. 22.
{¶ 63} The facts pertaining to Joshua’s claim are more complex than those
involving Matthew. Joshua is Matthew’s twin brother, and he has cerebral palsy and is
intellectually disabled. Beausay was well aware of these facts when he settled the
medical malpractice case at mediation. See July 20, 2012 Beausay letter confirming the
mediation set for July 21, 2012; Beausay Depo. p. 28.3 At the time, Joshua did not have
a guardian, but his mother, Phares, had a financial and medical power of attorney.
Phares Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 58.
{¶ 64} Phares was unaware of the settlement and only knew after the fact that
Matthew and Joshua had signed some things. Phares Depo. (Vol. 1) p. 27. When
Phares asked Matthew what had been signed, he just said, “Stuff for dad,” and did not
tell her anything else. Id. at p. 32. After Scott Tye died in October 2014, Phares found
out what her adult children had signed and that they had been parties in litigation. Id. at
p. 35-36. She then consulted a lawyer in 2015. Id. at p. 36. In 2015, Phares was also
appointed guardian for Joshua; there had been no prior determination that he was unable
to care for himself. Id. at p. 10. Both boys were emancipated when they were 19, and
Phares did not challenge the emancipation. Id. at 11.
{¶ 65} During her February 2019 deposition, Phares was asked a number of
3 The letter was identified in Beausay’s Deposition as Exhibit 3 and was attached as
Exhibit A to the November 11, 2015 reply memorandum, which Appellants filed in support
of their motion to file an amended complaint in Montgomery C.P. No. 15-CV-4852. We
ordered that the filings in that case be transferred to this case. See Decision and Entry
(July 15, 2019), 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28383, p. 1.
-32-
hypothetical questions about what she would have done had she known that Joshua was
a party to litigation and that a settlement had been reached in 2012. First, the following
exchange occurred:
Q. Well, let me ask you a couple of hypotheticals. If Scott said,
hey we need to talk to Jodi [Phares] about this and then Jeff [Beausay]
called you and said, hey look, Joshua is a plaintiff in this case, he may or
may not be able to recover for a consortium claim, I’m not sure if it has any
value or not, do you want me to pursue that, what would you have said?
***
THE WITNESS: Hypothetically, I don’t know what I would have
said. I don’t know.
Phares Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 62.
{¶ 66} This exchange then took place:
Q. So let’s assume that you get a call from Jeff [Beausay], who tells
you hey, Scott told me to call you. I have preserved Josh’s claims in this
lawsuit, and he has these claims. They may have some value; I’m not
sure. There is a settlement offer on the table. He needs to release his
claims for this money to go to Scott. What would you say?
A. Again, I have no idea what I would say. I don’t know what I
would have done. I have no idea. You’re speaking very hypothetically.
Q. I understand. And I’m just trying to figure out if there is
somewhere this is going to go, where it’s going to end up where I think it is
– but that was just babble, me just saying something for no good reason.
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A. Okay.
Q. It was.
Phares Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 63.
{¶ 67} The hypothetical questions continued, ending with the following exchange:
Q. If you had found out that Matthew and Joshua were going up to
sign these releases and they weren’t getting any money, what would you
have done?
A. I don’t know. I really – I don’t know if I would have had a
conversation with Scott, like can we talk about this. I don’t know if I would
have sought counsel, I have no idea what I would have done.
Phares Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 63-64.
{¶ 68} Joshua was not asked about these matters during his July 22, 2016
deposition, and Appellees failed to submit any information on this issue when they moved
for summary judgment on the proximate question issue. Appellants also did not file any
affidavits with respect to this issue.
{¶ 69} As a preliminary point, the trial court’s reliance on Matthew’s testimony as
proof of the “family’s” intent that Scott Tye solely benefit from the settlement was both
factually and logically unwarranted. The record was replete with evidence that Scott had
not adequately assisted in financially supporting his children in the past, that friction had
existed because of it, and that Phares, as Scott’s ex-wife, would have been more
interested in making sure that her children, particularly Joshua, were protected than she
was about Scott. See Phares Depo. (Vol. 1) p. 11, 13-14, 27-28, 49, and 50; Phares
Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 59-60.
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{¶ 70} For example, the following exchange occurred during Phares’s second
deposition:
Q. But he [Scott] never gave you a chunk of money to take care of
Joshua?
A. No. It was always in our conversations I will take care of
Joshua. I don’t want Joshua to be in a home. Those were always our –
as parents of a disabled child, those are – I think that’s your worst nightmare
is who is going to take care of Joshua when you’re no longer here to do it
and is he going to have a good quality of life. And I think Scott shared that
concern as I did. That’s the basis of any disabled person’s parent’s plight.
Phares Depo. (Vol. 2) p. 64-65.
{¶ 71} Given these facts, a logical inference would have been that Phares would
have asserted herself and would have taken action to protect Joshua had she known
about the proposed settlement. In view of Phares’s subsequent answers to what she
clearly considered speculative questions, a genuine issue of material fact existed
concerning what she may have done. The issue must be resolved by a jury.
{¶ 72} As a further point, Appellees misconstrue the burden of proof on summary
judgment. The case they cite for the proposition that Phares had the burden of proving
causation by a preponderance of evidence, or by more than 50%, was not a summary
judgment case. Instead, it was a case in which liability for medical malpractice had been
tried to the court. See Rosenshine v. Med. College Hosps., 2012-Ohio-2864, 974 N.E.2d
692, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.). The standard for summary judgment is that “if the moving party
has satisfied its initial burden, the nonmoving party then has a reciprocal burden outlined
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in Civ.R. 56(E) to set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St. 3d 280, 293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996).
{¶ 73} To the extent that Appellees satisfied their initial burden by setting forth
purely speculative answers (which is doubtful), the facts in the record indicate that
genuine issues of material fact existed regarding the claim brought by Phares on Joshua’s
behalf. Accordingly, the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment in Appellees’
favor on this point.
{¶ 74} Based on the preceding discussion, the First Assignment of Error is
sustained in part and overruled in part.
III. Respondeat Superior
{¶ 75} Appellants’ Second Assignment of Error states:
The Trial Court Erred in Granting Summary Judgment on the
Respondeat Superior Claim.
{¶ 76} Under this assignment of error, Appellants contend that the trial court erred
in applying an “independent contractor” status to Beausay in deciding whether the
Donahey Law Firm was entitled to summary judgment, because such a test is
unsupported by Prof.Cond.R. 7.5(d) and Comment 2 to that rule. In response, Appellees
argue that the Appellants cannot challenge the trial court’s decision on appeal because
Appellants failed to respond to the firm’s summary judgment motion. According to
Appellants, their arguments may still be considered as plain error, and plain error
occurred.
{¶ 77} As Appellants concede in their reply brief, we have held that “[a]ny error
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committed by the trial court in granting summary judgment is waived if the non-moving
party fails to file a brief or evidence in opposition or fails to challenge the movant's
evidence.” USA Freight, L.L.C. v. CBS Outdoor Group, Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
26425, 2015-Ohio-1474, ¶ 21, citing Rodger v. McDonald's Restaurants of Ohio, Inc., 8
Ohio App. 3d 256, 258, 456 N.E.2d 1262, fn. 7 (8th Dist.1982). In such situations, we
review only for plain error. Id. See also Hunk v. Moody, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
22015, 2008-Ohio-988, ¶ 33 (a summary judgment issue not raised in the trial court is
forfeited on appeal and is considered under plain error); Community Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 13205, 1992 WL 235706, *2 (Sept. 22, 1992); U.S.
Bank, N.A. v. Goldsmith, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-783, 2015-Ohio-3008, ¶ 7
(applying plain error where appellant failed to file a memorandum opposing summary
judgment).
{¶ 78} “In appeals of civil cases, the plain error doctrine is not favored and may be
applied only in the extremely rare case involving exceptional circumstances where error,
to which no objection was made at the trial court, seriously affects the basic fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of
the underlying judicial process itself.” Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St. 3d 116, 679
N.E.2d 1099 (1997), syllabus.
{¶ 79} In granting summary judgment to the Donahey Law Firm, the trial court
relied on the independent contractor test. The court’s decision was based on the fact
that the law firm did not retain the right to control the manner or means of Beausay’s work
and only retained control over the results of the work. Order on Respondeat Superior,
p. 4.
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{¶ 80} “ ‘Respondeat superior’ speaks only to the vicarious liability of an employer;
it does not simultaneously create an express cause of action against individual agents
and servants of the employer. ‘Respondeat superior’ means ‘[l]et the master answer,’
and [has been defined] * * * as the doctrine holding ‘a master * * * liable in certain cases
for the wrongful acts of his servant, and a principal for those of his agent.’ ” (Emphasis
sic.) Hauser v. Dayton Police Dept., 140 Ohio St. 3d 268, 2014-Ohio-3636, 17 N.E.3d
554, ¶ 11, quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1546 (3d Ed.1933). “This doctrine of liability
depends on the existence of control by a principal (or master) over an agent (or servant),
terms that have been used interchangeably.” Natl. Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA
v. Wuerth, 122 Ohio St. 3d 594, 2009-Ohio-3601, 913 N.E.2d 939, ¶ 20.
{¶ 81} In Wuerth, the Supreme Court of Ohio commented:
There is no basis for differentiating between a law firm and any other
principal to whom Ohio law would apply. In fact, the Restatement of the
Law 3d, The Law Governing Lawyers (2000) 439-440, Section 58, indicates
that a law firm has no vicarious liability unless at least one principal or
employee of the firm is liable. Entitled “Vicarious Liability,” it provides:
“(1) A law firm is subject to civil liability for injury legally caused to a
person by any wrongful act or omission of any principal or employee of the
firm who was acting in the ordinary course of the firm's business or with
actual or apparent authority.” * * *
(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 24-25.
{¶ 82} Given the above emphasized comment, there is no basis for departing from
typical principles relating to respondeat superior. In arguing that the concept of
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“independent contractor” should not be employed in cases involving law firms, Appellants
refer, as noted, to Prof.Cond.R. 7.5(d) and Comment 2 to the rule.
{¶ 83} Prof.Cond.R. 7.5(d) states that “Lawyers may state or imply that they
practice in a partnership or other organization only when that is the fact.” Comment 2 to
the rule further says that:
With regard to division (d), lawyers sharing office facilities, but who
are not in fact associated with each other in a law firm, may not denominate
themselves as, for example, “Smith and Jones,” for that title suggests that
they are practicing law together in a firm. The use of a disclaimer such as
“not a partnership” or “an association of sole practitioners” does not render
the name or designation permissible.
{¶ 84} Violating this rule can lead to disciplinary proceedings and sanctions. See
Cincinnati Bar Assn. v. Hoskins, 149 Ohio St. 3d 645, 2016-Ohio-4576, 77 N.E.3d 899,
¶ 29; Disciplinary Counsel v. Conese, 102 Ohio St. 3d 439, 2004-Ohio-3888, 812 N.E.2d
944, ¶ 4. However, this does not mean that lawyers cannot practice as independent
contractors or that different rules for lawyers should apply. Wuerth, 122 Ohio St. 3d 594,
2009-Ohio-3601, 913 N.E.2d 939, at ¶ 24. Lawyers should be judged by relationship
principles that pertain to all other employees and employers.
{¶ 85} “ ‘The chief test in determining whether one is an employee or an
independent contractor is the right to control the manner or means of performing the
work.’ ” State ex rel. Nese v. State Teachers Retirement Bd. of Ohio, 136 Ohio St. 3d
103, 2013-Ohio-1777, 991 N.E.2d 218, ¶ 33, quoting Bobik v. Indus. Comm., 146 Ohio
St. 187, 64 N.E.2d 829 (1946), paragraph one of the syllabus. On the “continuum of
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control, * * * ‘ “[t]he control of the work reserved in the employer which effects a master-
servant relationship is control of the means and manner of performance of the work, as
well as of the result; an independent contractor relationship exists where the person doing
the work is subject to the will of the employer only as to the result, but not as to the means
or manner of accomplishment.” ’ ” Id. at ¶ 34, quoting Gillum v. Indus. Comm., 141 Ohio
St. 373, 382-383, 48 N.E.2d 234 (1943). (Other citation omitted.)
{¶ 86} Courts look at a case’s individual facts to decide who has the right to control
the work. “ ‘The factors to be considered include, but are certainly not limited to, such
indicia as who controls the details and quality of the work; who controls the hours worked;
who selects the materials, tools and personnel used; who selects the routes travelled; the
length of employment; the type of business; the method of payment; and any pertinent
agreements or contracts.’ ” Nese at ¶ 35, quoting Bostic v. Connor, 37 Ohio St. 3d 144,
146, 524 N.E.2d 881 (1988).
{¶ 87} In the case before us, the law firm’s motion for summary judgment was
supported by Beausay’s affidavit, which was attached as Exhibit A. In the affidavit,
Beausay stated that he had been practicing law since 1987, had joined the Donahey Firm
as an independent contractor in 2001, and had separated from the firm in 2018.
Beausay Aff., ¶ 1 and 3. Beausay further stated that he was never a W-2 employee, that
he worked independently from other attorneys in the firm, and that he paid for his own
health insurance, malpractice insurance, office supplies, and furniture. Id. at ¶ 4 and 5.
Beausay also said that he never received a salary but was compensated on a contingency
basis from settlements and verdicts obtained. Id. at ¶ 7.
{¶ 88} No evidence was offered to rebut these statements, and the trial court did
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not err in finding no genuine issue of material fact concerning whether the Donahey Law
Firm controlled the means and manner of Beausay’s work.
{¶ 89} In Wuerth, the Supreme Court of Ohio indicated that law firms may also be
liable for injury caused by a principal or employee who is acting “with actual or apparent
authority.” Wuerth, 122 Ohio St. 3d 594, 2009-Ohio-3601, 913 N.E.2d 939, at ¶ 25. This
is the context in which Beausay’s use of the Donahey Law Firms’ letterhead could be of
potential relevance. Specifically, Appellants rely on a letter that was attached to their
reply memorandum in support of their request to file an amended complaint. This letter,
which was dated June 20, 2012, concerned the July 21, 2012 mediation scheduled in the
underlying medical malpractice case. The letterhead bore the name of the Donahey Law
Firm. It also listed the firm’s Columbus phone number and listed Beausay’s email
address as “tjbeausay@donahey.law.com.” Plaintiffs’ November 11, 2015 Reply
Memorandum in Support of Their Motion to File First Amended Complaint, Ex. 1, p. 1
(Montgomery C.P. No. 15-CV-4852).
{¶ 90} No further information was submitted about the circumstances of the
letterhead’s use. Beausay also stated in his deposition that, in addition to his nephew,
Jacob Beausay, other lawyers at his firm who participated in the case included his partner,
Mark Defossez, who appeared at the mediation with him. Beausay Depo. p. 35-36.
According to Beausay, he and Defossez often joined each other at mediations. Id. at p.
36. In addition, Beausay’s wife, Melanie, who was a paralegal at the law firm, worked
on the case. Id.4
4No information was presented concerning whether Beausay’s wife was paid by the
Donahey Law Firm or by Beausay.
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{¶ 91} “The relationship of principal and agent, and the resultant liability of the
principal for the acts of the agent, may be created by the express grant of authority by the
principal. Absent express agency, the relation may be one of implied or apparent
agency.” Master Consol. Corp. v. BancOhio Natl. Bank, 61 Ohio St. 3d 570, 574, 575
N.E.2d 817 (1991).
{¶ 92} “[I]n order for a principal to be bound by the acts of his agent under the
theory of apparent agency, evidence must affirmatively show: ‘ “ * * * (1) [t]hat the principal
held the agent out to the public as possessing sufficient authority to embrace the particular
act in question, or knowingly permitted him to act as having such authority, and (2) that
the person dealing with the agent knew of the facts and acting in good faith had reason
to believe and did believe that the agent possessed the necessary authority. The
apparent power of an agent is to be determined by the act[s] of the principal and not by
the acts of the agent; a principal is responsible for the acts of an agent within his apparent
authority only where the principal himself by his acts or conduct has clothed the agent
with the appearance of the authority and not where the agent's own conduct has created
the apparent authority. * * * ” ’ ” Id. at 576-577, quoting Logsdon v. ABCO Constr. Co.,
103 Ohio App. 233, 241-242, 141 N.E.2d 216 (2d Dist.1956). (Other citations omitted.)
Accord Groob v. KeyBank, 108 Ohio St. 3d 348, 2006-Ohio-1189, 843 N.E.2d 1170, ¶ 56.
{¶ 93} Apparent authority “ ‘can be expressly created by the principal's written or
spoken words, or by his conduct which, reasonably interpreted, causes a third person to
believe that he consents to the agency relationship.’ ” Natl. City Bank v. Rhoades, 150
Ohio App. 3d 75, 2002-Ohio-6083, 779 N.E.2d 799, ¶ 18, quoting Lovely v. Cty. Fed.
Credit Union, No. CV-91-148 (Feb. 25, 1992 Me. Super). “The burden of proving [that
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apparent authority] exists rests upon the party asserting the agency.” Irving Leasing
Corp. v. M & H Tire Co., 16 Ohio App. 3d 191, 475 N.E.2d 127 (2d Dist.1984).
{¶ 94} The evidence concerning apparent authority here was virtually non-existent.
Beausay was not questioned about the letterhead or the email address, and there was
simply no evidence about any actions of the law firm. Compare McFarland v. Niekamp,
Weisensell, Mutersbaugh & Mastrantonio, LLP, 9th Dist. Summit No. 28462, 2017-Ohio-
8394, ¶ 22-27 (listing many ways in which a law firm appeared to have given an attorney
apparent authority. As just one example, the law firm in that case had a website
advertising its legal services, and listed the names and pictures of the attorneys the firm
employed.)
{¶ 95} Notably, the “letterhead” on Ex. 1, unlike most firm letterheads, did not list
any other firm members; only Beausay’s name appeared. The most logical conclusion
is that this was something Beausay, himself, prepared. There was certainly no evidence
that the Donahey Law Firm prepared the letterhead or provided it to Beausay.
{¶ 96} As an additional point, there was no way Appellants could have believed
that Beausay had authority as the law firm’s agent. Appellants never met Beausay and
had no dealings with him.
{¶ 97} For the reasons discussed, we agree with the trial court that no genuine
issue of material fact existed concerning Donahey Law Firm’s liability as an employer for
Beausay’s wrongful actions. There was no error, let alone plain error. Accordingly, the
Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
IV. Conclusion
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{¶ 98} Appellants’ First Assignment of Error having been overruled in part and
sustained in part, and their Second Assignment of Error having been overruled, the
judgment of the trial court is reversed in part and affirmed in part. This cause is
remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
.............
HALL, J., concurs:
{¶ 99} As a result of the majority opinion, the only remaining claim is that of Joshua
Tye, presented for him by his guardian Phares, against attorney Beausay individually and
not against the Donahey Law Firm.
{¶ 100} The dissent concludes that there was a genuine issue of material fact
whether the Donahey Law Firm’s representation of Scott Tye, Joshua’s father, continued
through mediation and settlement and, therefore, whether the law firm might be held
responsible for Beausay’s actions on the basis of respondeat superior in that Beausay
could be found to have been acting by actual or apparent authority of the law firm.
{¶ 101} I write separately to emphasize there is no question as to the facts that
matter in regard to Joshua, and there is no question that the Firm cannot be held liable
with regard to the legal theory on which we previously held Beausay could be held liable,
or on the basis that Beausay was acting with apparent authority of the firm.
{¶ 102} In our previous opinion, Tye I, 2017-Ohio-7943, 98 N.E.3d 970, we
concluded there was no express or implied attorney-client relationship between Joshua
Tye and Beausay. Id. at ¶ 10. They had no contact with each other, although Beausay
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named Joshua as a plaintiff in litigation concerning Joshua’s father’s medical treatment.
Without an attorney-client relationship, potential liability of Beausay existed, we said,
because “filing, pursuing, mediating, settling and dismissing a lawsuit is collectively
sufficient extra-legal activity to constitute an exception to the attorney-client relationship.”
Id. at ¶ 18. Viewing the evidence and all reasonable inferences in a light most favorable
to the Tye brothers, we found a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Beausay
acted with “malice” (i.e., extra-legal activity) so as to substitute for an attorney-client
relationship. Id. We did not deal with the respondeat superior claim against the law firm
in that decision.
{¶ 103} The Donahey Law Firm’s potential liability is more complicated than
whether Beausay was an employee or whether he acted with apparent authority.
Ordinarily an employer is liable for the acts of its employees. “[F]or an employer to be
liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior, the tort of the employee must be
committed within the scope of employment.” Byrd v. Faber, 57 Ohio St. 3d 56, 58, 565
N.E.2d 584 (1991). In the very narrow manner in which malice may substitute for the
missing attorney-client relationship for Beausay’s liability, that notion should likewise
apply to the firm. Even though there was no evidence Beausay was an employee, even
if there had been, there was no evidence whatsoever that the law firm also acted with the
“malice” (i.e., extra-legal activity) that exposed Beausay to potential liability. There was
no evidence that the “extra-legal activity” was within the scope of Beausay’s employment,
no evidence that the law firm ratified the “extra-legal activity,” and no evidence to conclude
the activity was actually authorized by the firm. There was every reason to infer the
“malice” was not within the scope, not ratified, and not authorized. Therefore, there were
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no facts or reasoning to support liability of the law firm on the basis of a traditional
respondeat superior principles or an actual agency relationship. Thus, the grant of
summary judgment to the law firm is properly affirmed.
{¶ 104} The dissent’s suggestion that perhaps Beausay acted with apparent
authority of the law firm regarding Joshua Tye likewise has no factual support. Whether
Scott Tye and his wife consulted the law firm was wholly irrelevant in regard to the claim
of Joshua, who never consulted Beausay or the firm; Joshua never communicated
whatsoever with either of them. There was no evidence the firm ever communicated
with or to Joshua.
{¶ 105} The general rule is that an employer is vicariously liable for the torts of its
employees or agents, but not for the negligence of an independent contractor. An
exception to this rule was carved out as an agency-by-estoppel theory regarding medical
negligence in Albain v. Flower Hosp., 50 Ohio St. 3d 251, 553 N.E.2d 1038 (1990). In
Albain, it was held that if a hospital makes representations that reasonably lead a patient
to believe a physician is acting as an agent for a hospital and a patient is thereby
reasonably induced to rely on those representations, then the principal, the hospital, can
be held vicariously liable for the physician’s negligence even though the physician was
an independent contractor. Albain was later modified by Clark v. Southview Hosp. &
Family Health Ctr., 68 Ohio St. 3d 435, 628 N.E.2d 46 (1994), which held:
A hospital may be liable under the doctrine of agency by estoppel for
the negligence of independent medical practitioners practicing in the
hospital when: (1) it holds itself out to the public as a provider of medical
services; and (2) in the absence of notice or knowledge to the contrary, the
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patient looks to the hospital, as opposed to the individual practitioner, to
provide competent medical care.
Id. at syllabus.
{¶ 106} There is no definitive holding that applies agency by estoppel to impose
liability upon a law firm for the acts of an independent-contractor lawyer, but there was
much discussion about law-firm liability and agency by estoppel in Wuerth, 122 Ohio St.
3d 594, 2009-Ohio-3601, 913 N.E.2d 939. In that case, which involved a legal-malpractice
question certified from the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, the Ohio Supreme Court’s
holding was that a law firm could not be held vicariously liable for activity of its partner,
Wuerth, when Wuerth could no longer be held liable because the statute of limitation had
expired as to him. However, the discussion of vicarious liability was emphatic enough to
lead to the conclusion that the agency-by-estoppel analysis that applies to hospitals and
doctors likewise applies to law firms and their lawyers.
{¶ 107} The problem here is that there was absolutely no evidence that the
Donahey Law Firm represented anything to Joshua or had any contact with him at all.
Just as importantly, there was no evidence whatsoever that Joshua relied on, looked to,
or was even aware that the lawyer representing his father had any connection with a law
firm. Because there was no representation to Joshua to support a belief of “apparent
authority” and no evidence Joshua relied on any kind of representation, there was no
possible issue as to “apparent authority” (agency by estoppel) that could survive summary
judgment.
{¶ 108} I concur in the reversal of summary judgment with regard to Joshua Tye’s
claim against attorney Beausay, and I concur in the affirmance of the remainder of the
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trial court’s judgment that is on appeal.
FROELICH, J., concurs in part and dissents in part:
{¶ 109} I concur in the affirmance of the summary judgment against Matthew Tye
and the reversal of the summary judgment against Phares as to their claims against
Beausay. I dissent from the affirmance of the summary judgment in favor of the Donahey
Law Firm based on respondeat superior as to Phares’s claims against the law firm.
{¶ 110} Appellants’ failure to respond to the firm’s motion for summary judgment
or the applicability of plain error is not controlling. Rather, since we use a de novo
standard of review, the question is whether the Civ.R. 56 evidence presented a genuine
issue of material fact regarding potential respondeat superior liability of the law firm. I
would find that it does.
{¶ 111} In seeking summary judgment in this case, the Donahey Law Firm
presented a seven-sentence affidavit by Beausay in which he indicated that he was an
independent contractor. See Donahey Motion for Summary Judgment (Jan. 25, 2019).
Beausay stated that he was hired as an independent contractor, worked on a contingency
basis and did not receive a salary, received a Form 1099 rather than a W-2, worked
independently from other attorneys, and performed most of his work at home. In
addition, he indicated that he paid his own “professional liability insurance, health
insurance, office furniture, office supplies, etc.”
{¶ 112} However, in our previous opinion, we noted that “Scott and Barbara Tye
were represented by Attorney Beausay and the Donahey Law Firm in the lawsuit” 5 and
5
This statement refers to the medical malpractice suit, Tye v. Upper Valley Med. Ctr.,
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that Matthew and Joshua Tye “were also named by Beausay as plaintiffs.” (Emphasis
added.) Tye I, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27416, 2017-Ohio-7943, at ¶ 3. We concluded
that, at least, there was “a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Beausay acted
with ‘malice’ * * *.” Id. at ¶ 18.
{¶ 113} Beausay’s prior affidavit, sworn on March 28, 2016, stated that Beausay
“was a defense attorney representing mostly insurance companies until June 2001, at
which time [he] joined [his] current law firm mostly representing plaintiffs.” Beausay
further stated that “Scott and Barbara Tye consulted The Donahey Law Firm regarding a
potential medical negligence matter,” and they subsequently signed a fee agreement.
(Emphasis added.) Beausay referred to the Tyes’ consultation as being with “our firm.”
{¶ 114} The original medical malpractice suit, the eventual settlement of which is
the subject of the case now before us, was filed on November 29, 2010. The complaint
was signed by Beausay above a signature block that read:
T. Jeffrey Beausay (39436)
Jacob J. Beausay (85213)
The Donahey Law Firm
495 South High Street, Suite 300
Columbus, Ohio 43215
614.224.8166/614.849.0475 (fax)
tjbeausay@donaheylaw.com
Trial Attorneys for Plaintiffs
(Bold sic.) Subsequent filings in that case by Beausay had nearly identical signature
blocks.6 Reciprocally, the filings of the defendants certified service to Beausay at the
Montgomery C.P. No. 2010-CV-9282.
6
In some filings, the name of the firm, rather than Beausay’s email address, was in bold.
In others, none of the signature block was bolded. In addition, beginning 2012, the
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law firm’s address. Likewise, when the court listed an address on its orders and
judgments, it served its orders and judgments to Beausay at the Donahey Law Firm.
{¶ 115} Prior to the mediation at which the case was settled, Beausay sent
correspondence, dated July 20, 2012, to the mediator on firm letterhead. (See Beausay
Depo., Ex. 3). The letter had “The Donahey Law Firm” in a large font at the header (left
justified) with Beausay’s contact information at the firm in smaller font below that (right
justified); the firm’s name, address, phone numbers, and fax number were listed in the
footer. The Confidential Release of Claims signed by Matthew Tye and Joshua Tye was
faxed to “The Donahey Law Firm” in October 2014 at the fax number identified in the
above signature block and the letterhead. (See Motion for Summary Judgment {Oct. 11,
2016), Ex. A4.)
{¶ 116} Beausay’s affidavit in support of the law firm’s motion for summary
judgment in this case, viewed alone, may support a conclusion that he was an
independent contractor with no actual authority with respect to the firm. However, his
prior affidavit suggested that he met with Scott and Barbara Tye as a representative of
the Donahey Law Firm and that he had the ability to enter into an engagement agreement
for the law firm and to represent the Tyes on behalf of the firm. Accordingly, I would
conclude that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to Beausay’s status with the firm
and, consequently, as to Beausay’s actual authority to act on behalf of the firm.
{¶ 117} Even assuming that no genuine issue of material fact existed regarding
actual authority, liability could attach through apparent authority, and nothing in Beausay’s
seven-sentence affidavit addresses apparent authority. By all outward appearances,
signature block excluded Jacob Beausay as co-counsel.
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Beausay’s actions in the original malpractice case were taken on behalf of the firm.
Beausay’s signature block on all of his court filings, his use of firm letterhead, and his
sworn statements regarding how he came to represent Scott and Barbara Tye all suggest
an agency relationship.
{¶ 118} Attorneys can practice law in various “settings,” including, for example, as
solo practitioners, partnerships, limited liability partnerships, non-equity partnerships,
corporations, limited liability corporations, professional corporations, of counsel, equity
partnerships, space-sharing, associates, employees, special counsel, independent
contractors, virtual law firms, and more. Whether a lay person can be expected to
appreciate such distinctions is, at least, a question of fact, particularly when an
arrangement permits an attorney to present himself or herself as acting on behalf of a law
firm.
{¶ 119} In summary, as we held in Tye I, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27416, 2017-
Ohio-7943, Beausay and the Donahey Law Firm represented Scott Tye and his wife, id.
at ¶ 3, and there is, at least, a genuine issue of material fact whether that representation
(actual or apparent) continued through the mediation and settlement.
Copies sent to:
Terry W. Posey, Jr.
Gary W. Gottschlich
Nicholas E. Bunch
Gregory B. Foliano
John B. Welch
Hon. Dennis J. Adkins