State v. Ratliff

[Cite as State v. Ratliff, 2023-Ohio-1970.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 111874
v. :
TEVIN RATLIFF, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 15, 2023
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-20-652749-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, Jeffrey S. Schnatter and Poula E. Hanna,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee.
Charles Ruiz-Bueno Co., LPA, and J. Charles Ruiz-Bueno,
for appellant.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:
Defendant-appellant, Tevin Ratliff (“Ratliff”), appeals his convictions
and claims the following errors:
1. The trial court erred when it denied the defendant-appellant’s
request to instruct the jury on self-defense.
2. The trial court erred when it denied the defendant-appellant’s
request to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of involuntary
manslaughter.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Ratliff was charged with one count of aggravated murder in violation of
R.C. 2903.01(A); one count of felony murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B); and
one count of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), in connection with
the shooting death of Samuell Bell (“Sam”) on August 23, 2020. All counts included
one- and three-year firearm specifications pursuant to R.C. 2941.141(A) and
2941.145(A).
Following discovery and several pandemic-related delays, the case
proceeded to a jury trial in July 2022. Courtney Jones (“Jones”), an eyewitness to
the shooting, testified that she and Sam began dating shortly after graduating from
high school in 2012. They had a child together a few years later. In 2017, before the
child was born, Sam was convicted of a robbery offense and was sentenced to three
years in prison.
In 2019, while Sam was incarcerated, Jones decided to move to Texas
to live with her mother. She met Ratliff shortly before moving to Texas, and Ratliff
drove Jones to Texas with her luggage. Ratliff found employment in Louisiana and
continued to visit Jones once or twice a week. Ratliff “showered” Jones with gifts of
flowers and jewelry. (Tr. 449.) Jones testified that she discouraged Ratliff from
moving to Texas. She believed that Ratliff was more interested in her than she was
in him. (Tr. 451.) And, while Jones maintained a casual relationship with Ratliff,
she continued to communicate with Sam while he was in prison. According to Jones,
whenever she told Ratliff about her continued relationship with Sam, he became
“irate.” (Tr. 453.)
Sam was released from prison in May 2020. Jones wanted to try to
build on her relationship with Sam because he was the father of her child. She,
therefore, decided to move to Cleveland and, in August 2020, Ratliff once again
drove her there. (Tr. 454-455.) Although Jones had sexual relations with Ratliff in
the past, she was not intimate with him from May to August 2020. (Tr. 458.)
However, after Jones moved back to Cleveland, Sam went out with another woman
two days before the shooting. (Tr. 461-462.) Jones felt “miserable” and called
Ratliff, and they had sex on Friday August 21, 2020.
Two days later, on Sunday August 23, 2020, Sam called Jones and
invited her to a party, and Jones went with him. After the party, Jones went with
Sam to his niece’s house where he was living and they decided to have sex. However,
during the party and after they arrived at Sam’s niece’s house, Ratliff continually
called and texted Jones’s phone. Jones testified that she neither answered the phone
nor responded to the text messages. Ratliff called Jones on FaceTime just as she
and Sam were about to have sex. Sam, apparently annoyed by the incessant calling,
answered the FaceTime call. According to Jones, Sam told Ratliff: “What’s the
issue? I don’t see why you keep calling her, she doesn’t want to talk to you.” (Tr.
466.) Sam ended the call, but Ratliff immediately called again on FaceTime. Sam
answered the phone and told him: “You know she doesn’t want to be with you. So I
think you should let this go.” (Tr. 466.) Thereafter, Sam again ended the call.
Jones and Sam turned their attention to their relationship and
discussed their future as a family. Meanwhile, Ratliff continued to text Jones.
Ratliff eventually told them that he was outside the house and told Jones and Sam
to “[c]ome outside.” (Tr. 479.) Sam reminded Jones that he had recently been
released from prison, did not want to go back to prison and, therefore, “didn’t want
any issues.” (Tr. 481.) Jones’s cell-phone records, which were admitted into
evidence at trial, show that Ratliff repeatedly called on FaceTime and texted
messages saying, “Come out.” (Tr. 481-483.) Jones testified that when she
answered one of the calls, Ratliff was “screaming and hollering into the phone.” (Tr.
484.)
Jones again ended the call and her cell-phone records show that Ratliff
continued calling repeatedly for several minutes. At 9:22:54 p.m., Ratliff sent a text
stating, “Do you want me to come through the front door or come round back?” (Tr.
486.) This text was followed by several more unanswered FaceTime calls. At
9:43:12 p.m. and again at 9:46:15 p.m., Ratliff texted: “Come out.” (Tr. 489-490.)
These messages were again followed by several more unanswered FaceTime calls.
At 9:51:10 p.m., Ratliff texted, “Send em out.” (Tr. 491.) Jones believed the message
was an attempt to get Sam outside. (Tr. 491.) When asked how Sam reacted to the
command to come outside, Jones explained that Sam was not scared of Ratliff, but
he was trying to avoid a confrontation. (Tr. 491-492.)
After the last text, Jones went out onto the front porch and observed
Ratliff in the driver’s seat of a Jeep Cherokee parked across the street. An
unidentified person was seated in the passenger’s side of the vehicle. Jones
identified Ratliff to Sam, who was still inside the house in the living room. Jones
approached her car, which was parked in the driveway. She explained:
I’m walking to my car, Tevin gets out of his car. When he gets out of
his car, whoever is in that passenger seat went to the driver seat. Tevin
walked up to me and was giving me various curses.
(Tr. 497.) Ratliff walked up to Jones and ripped a necklace off of her neck.
Meanwhile, Sam came out of the house and walked up behind Jones. Jones testified
that at that moment, Ratliff pointed a gun at them and told Jones to get out of the
way. (Tr. 498.) Jones explained:
A: * * * Tevin is pointing the gun close to me.
Q: How close is he to you?
A: He’s like close to where I can see the barrel.
Q: Within a foot, within 12 inches?
A: Correct.
Q: What is happening?
A: He keeps telling me to move out of the way. Sam is behind me. I
say, “No.”
He told me to move again, I said, “Go home.” And then a shot rang out.
And Sam and I began running.
Q: Where did the shot ring out from?
A: From his gun. It looked like a firecracker.
* * *
Q: Could you see a muzzle flash?
A: I seen a firecracker of Tevin’s gun, and I started running.
* * *
Q: What, if anything do you see happening with Sam?
A: I hear a bunch of gunshots, and I see Sam running basically, for his
life.
Q: At some point in time, did something happen to make you believe
Sam had been hit?
A: As we were running, he made a noise like an agony, like, “Ahh,” and
fell.
(Tr. 498-499.) Sam collapsed into a fence in a neighbor’s yard. He fell
onto his side, and Jones attempted to pull him up but was unsuccessful.
Jones explained:
I was telling him to get up, “We go to get up. He’s chasing us, we got to
get up.”
Shortly after that, Tevin, ─ I could hear footsteps coming around. Tevin
shot him twice in the chest.
(Tr. 501.) Jones testified that Sam did not have a gun during the incident:
Q: When Sam came outside, did you [sic] Sam with a gun?
A: No.
Q: When Sam was running, and Tevin was shooting, did you see a gun
in Sam’s hand?
A: No.
Q: When Sam was lying on the ground getting shot that final time, did
you see a gun?
A: No.
Q: Did you ever see a gun near Sam, other than the one Tevin was
pointing at him?
A: No.
Q: How close was Tevin to Sam when he shot him that last time?
A: Standing over him.
Q: Right next to him?
A: Yeah.
(Tr. 503.)
Sam’s niece, Areia Bell (“Areia”), testified that Sam came to live with
her in her home on East 135th Street in Cleveland after he was released from prison
in May 2020. On August 23, 2020, Areia spent the day with her friend Shellie
Wright (“Wright”), and they returned to her house at approximately 9:00 p.m. Sam
and Jones were in the bedroom at that time, but they came out shortly thereafter.
Ariea testified that Jones decided to leave the house to pick up her and Sam’s
daughter. Jones asked Wright to move her car because it was blocking Jones’s car
in the driveway. Shortly after Jones and Wright went outside, Areia heard yelling
followed by gunshots. Thereafter, Wright burst back into the house screaming,
“He’s shooting at Sam.” (Tr. 628.)
Areia is a licensed gun owner and owns two identical Smith & Wesson
M & P Shields. (Tr. 620, 639.) Areia testified that she grabbed one of her guns and
stepped out onto the porch. Wright identified Ratliff as the person who was shooting
at Sam, and Areia “opened fire as he was running across the street.” (Tr. 629.) Areia
could see Ratliff’s gun in his hand, and she fired eight bullets in his direction. (Tr.
631.) Areia ran out of bullets and went back inside the house to reload. While she
and Wright were reloading, they heard Jones screaming in the yard next door and
went outside to investigate. Jones was giving CPR to Sam, who was lying on the
neighbor’s fence. Areia called 911, and when the police arrived, Areia told them that
Sam did not have a gun during the incident. (Tr. 654.) She also reported that she
had two guns and that she fired shots at Ratliff because he was shooting Sam. (Tr.
639.)
Wright testified at trial and confirmed that she observed Ratliff
“opening fire” at Sam when she went outside to move her car. According to Wright,
Jones and Sam took off running as soon as Ratliff started shooting. (Tr. 751-752.)
Wright observed Ratliff running toward the Jeep after the shooting, and she heard
the Jeep “peel off.” (Tr. 756.) Wright told police that Sam did not have a gun during
the incident. (Tr. 763.)
Kristen Koeth (“Koeth”), a firearms examiner with the Cuyahoga
County Forensic Science Laboratory, testified that she examined the bullets and
shell casings found at the scene of the shooting. All of the bullets found at the scene
were the same caliber. She explained, however, that microscopic marks and other
individual characteristics observed on the casings and bullets are specific to each
individual firearm. (Tr. 917-918.) After examining the bullets and shell casings,
Koeth concluded that two firearms were used in the incident. (Tr. 918, 920.) Koeth
explained that both firearms left “good marks” that could be used for comparison.
(Tr. 921.) All of the shell casings discharged from Areia’s gun were found on the
front porch and the porch step of her house. The shell casings from the other
weapon were found throughout the yard.
Dr. Elizabeth Mooney (“Dr. Mooney”), a deputy forensic pathologist
in the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office, performed the autopsy of Sam’s
body. She testified that Sam sustained 14 gunshot wounds from 13 gunshots. One
wound struck Sam’s spine at the base of the skull and would have rendered him a
quadriplegic had he survived. Some gunshots entered Sam’s body through the back
and others entered through the front and side. One gunshot appeared to have been
fired while Sam was lying on the pavement from a person standing over his body
because the bullet struck the pavement and prevented it from exiting Sam’s body.
(Tr. 675.)
Ratliff testified in his own defense at trial. He acknowledged that he
was initially angry when Jones informed him that she wanted to get back together
with Sam but stated that he “accepted everything” and thereafter maintained “an
open relationship.” (Tr. 1001.) He also confirmed that Jones slept with him on the
Friday night before the shooting because Sam was with another woman. However,
she and Ratliff argued on Saturday because Jones claimed that he owed her money
for “weed,” and he wanted her to return a necklace and bracelet he had given her.
He also demanded that she return a set of keys to his apartment. (Tr. 1006, 1009.)
Ratliff testified that he ultimately came to Areia’s house on the night
of August 23, 2020, to recover the necklace, bracelet, and keys that Jones promised
to return to him. Ratliff acknowledged the cell-phone records showing that he
repeatedly called and texted Jones on the night of the shooting. He confirmed that
most of his calls went unanswered but testified that he received a FaceTime call from
Jones’s phone shortly before he arrived at the house. According to Ratliff, Sam was
on the phone asking Ratliff why he was calling Jones. Ratliff testified that during
the brief FaceTime call, Sam “turned the camera around and showed [him] his
manhood wrapped in protection.” (Tr. 1008.) He then turned the camera on Jones,
who was “bent over the bed” before ending the call.
When Ratliff arrived at the house, Jones, Wright, and Sam came out
onto the porch. Ratliff testified that Jones approached Ratliff’s car and he asked for
his things. While he and Jones were conversing, Sam approached with a gun in his
hand. (Tr. 1015.) According to Ratliff, Sam brandished the gun, chambered a round,
and “peacocked it,” because he wanted Ratliff to see it. (Tr. 1016.)
Jones removed the necklace from her neck and the bracelet from her
wrist and threw them on the grass with his keys. As Ratliff moved to pick them up,
he noticed Sam making a hand gesture as if he were shooting a gun. Ratliff believed
that because he did not respond to the threat, Sam pulled out the real gun, pointed
it at him, and said, “What’s up, little ni—a?” (Tr. 1020.) Ratliff was scared, dropped
the necklace, and backed up to his car. Ratliff tried to open the door, but the doors
were locked. His cousin, who was seated in the driver’s seat, unlocked the doors,
and Ratliff walked around and opened the passenger-side door. (Tr. 1023.)
According to Ratiff, Jones started to cry and Sam approached Ratliff’s
car with his gun in his pocket. Ratliff “waved him off” in an attempt to avoid a
conflict, and Jones told Sam to go back in the house. Ratliff testified that as he was
backing up to the car, he turned his head to see how much distance there was to the
car, and he heard the first gunshot. (Tr. 1027.) Ratliff responded by firing two shots.
Ratliff testified that as he ran to his right, he heard two more shots and fell to the
ground because he had been hit. He testified that he felt he was “losing the fight.”
From the ground he observed Jones and Sam running toward him so he got up and
started shooting Sam. (Tr. 1031, 1104.) Ratliff explained that he finally escaped
when Sam stopped shooting. (Tr. 1031.)
On cross-examination, Ratliff acknowledged several messages he sent
that stated, “Come out,” and “Send em out,” but asserted the messages were directed
at Jones, not Sam. He also conceded that he sent a text message asking, “You want
me to come through the front door or the back?” but asserted that he was not
threatening to go into the house. (Tr. 1063) Ratliff further stated that Sam was
standing at the corner of the house the last time Ratliff shot him, and he did not see
how Sam got to the neighbor’s fence where he was later found. However, he did not
dispute Dr. Mooney’s testimony that the gunshot to Sam’s spinal cord would have
rendered him a quadriplegic. (Tr. 1111-1112.)
Ratliff requested a jury instruction on self-defense. After hearing
arguments from both sides, the court denied the request. Ratliff also requested a
charge on the lesser-included offense of involuntary manslaughter, which was also
denied. The jury acquitted Ratliff of the aggravated murder charge but found him
guilty of murder and felonious assault and the accompanying firearm specifications.
The murder and felonious assault charges merged for sentencing purposes and the
state elected to sentence on the murder conviction. The trial court sentenced Ratliff
to a mandatory 15-years to life on the murder conviction to be served consecutive to
three-years on the attendant gun specifications for an aggregate life sentence with
parole eligibility after 18 years. This appeal followed.
II. Law and Analysis
A. Self-Defense
In the first assignment or error, Ratliff argues the trial court erred in
refusing to provide a jury instruction on self-defense.
We review a trial court’s refusal to give a particular jury instruction for
an abuse of discretion. State v. Daniel, 2016-Ohio-5231, 57 N.E.3d 1203, ¶ 30 (8th
Dist.), citing State v. Leonard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98626, 2013-Ohio-1446, ¶ 33.
An abuse of discretion occurs when a court exercises its judgment in an unwarranted
way regarding a matter over which it has discretionary authority. Johnson v.
Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 35. Such an
abuse “‘implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or
unconscionable.’” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140(1983), quoting State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980).
A requested jury instruction should be given if it contains a correct
statement of the law, is appropriate to the facts, and reasonable minds might reach
the conclusion sought by the instruction.” Murphy v. Carrollton Mfg. Co., 61 Ohio
St.3d 585, 591, 575 N.E.2d 828 (1991); State v. Nelson, 36 Ohio St.2d 79, 303 N.E.2d
865 (1973), paragraph one of the syllabus. However, the trial court should not
instruct the jury where there is no evidence to support a particular issue. State v.
Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95748, 2011-Ohio-5385, ¶ 32, citing Riley v.
Cincinnati, 46 Ohio St.2d 287, 348 N.E.2d 135 (1976).
R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) governs self-defense and states, in relevant part:
A person is allowed to act in self-defense * * * . If, at the trial of a person
who is accused of an offense that involved the person’s use of force
against another, there is evidence presented that tends to support that
the accused person used the force in self-defense * * *, the prosecution
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person did not
use the force in self-defense[.]
Thus, the defendant bears the initial burden of production, which is the burden of
producing evidence “that tends to support” that the defendant used the force in self-
defense. State v. Davidson-Dixon, 2021-Ohio-1485, 170 N.E.3d 557, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.).
If the defendant meets his or her initial burden of producing evidence tending to
support a claim of self-defense, the burden then shifts to the state to establish its
burden of persuasion to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not
use force in self-defense. Id.A person may use deadly force in self-defense where he or she (1) was
not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray; (2) had a bona fide belief
that he or she was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that his or
her only means of escape from such danger was in the use of such force; and (3) did
not violate any duty to retreat or avoid the danger. State v. Messenger, Slip Opinion
No. 2022-Ohio-4562, ¶ 14, citing State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759 N.E.2d
1240 (2002). To satisfy this burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant did not use force in self-defense, the state must disprove at least one of
the elements of self-defense. Davidson-Dixon at ¶ 18.
In deciding whether a self-defense instruction should be given, the
trial court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the defendant without
regard to credibility. Id. at ¶ 20. If there is conflicting evidence on the issue of self-
defense, the instruction must be given to the jury. Id. However, “‘if the evidence
generates only a mere speculation or possible doubt, the evidence is insufficient to
raise the affirmative defense, and submission of the issue to the jury will be
unwarranted.’” Id., quoting State v. Melchior, 56 Ohio St.2d 15, 381 N.E.2d 195(1978).
Undisputed evidence shows that Ratliff was at fault in creating the
situation giving rise to the affray. He repeatedly called and texted Jones’s phone but
she mostly ignored him, implicitly sending the message that she did not want to talk
to him. In the brief exchanges during which Jones and Sam communicated with
Ratliff, they told him to stay away. Sam told Ratliff, “She does not want to talk to
you” and “I think you should let this go.” (Tr. 466.) Ratliff disregarded these
messages and came to the house with a loaded weapon where he spent almost an
hour imploring Jones and Sam to come out of the house.
Ratliff also violated a duty to retreat after he created the affray.
Pursuant to R.C. 2901.09(B), a defendant does not have a duty to retreat as long as
the defendant is in a place in which he or she lawfully has a right to be. In this case,
however, Ratliff was a trespasser. A trespasser is defined, in relevant part, as
“[s]omeone who commits a trespass; one who intentionally and without consent or
privilege enters another’s property.” Black's Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019). As
previously stated, Sam and Jones repeatedly told him not to come to the house and
once he arrived at the house, they told him to leave. Ratliff admitted that when Sam
made threatening hand gestures at him, he was standing next to the open,
passenger-side door of his car while Sam was still on the porch. (Tr. 1023.) Indeed,
Ratliff admitted the car was running and his cousin was ready to drive away. (Tr.
1023-1024.) However, instead of leaving and avoiding the conflict, he remained on
the property and adopted a fighting stance. (Tr. 1027.)
Moreover, Ratliff used more force than necessary to defend himself.
“Implicit in th[e] second element of self-defense, i.e. that the defendant’s use of
deadly force was in ‘good faith,’ is the requirement that the degree of force used was
‘warranted’ under the circumstances and ‘proportionate’ to the perceived threat.”
State v. Hendrickson, 4th Dist. Athens No. 08CA12, 2009-Ohio-4416, ¶ 31.
Accordingly, this court has held that the force used to defend must be at once
objectively reasonable and necessary under the facts and circumstances of the case.
State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110673, 2022-Ohio-2577, ¶ 15, citing State
v. Zafar, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-255, 2020-Ohio-3341, ¶ 52-53, quoting
Martin v. Cent. Ohio Transit Auth., 70 Ohio App.3d 83, 93, 590 N.E.2d 411 (10th
Dist.1990)(“The force used to defend must be objectively necessary and reasonable
under the facts and circumstances of the case and in view of the danger
apprehended.”).
Forensic evidence established that Ratliff shot Sam repeatedly while
he was running away. Sam sustained gunshot wounds that entered through his
back, indicating he was running away from Ratliff when he was shot. Indeed, when
asked what Sam was doing while Ratliff was shooting, Ratliff replied, “Getting shot
I guess.” (Tr. 1105.) Forensic evidence also showed that Sam was shot 13 times
including once in the spinal cord. As previously stated, the spinal cord injury
rendered Sam a quadriplegic. Ratliff offered no evidence to refute this forensic
evidence.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Ratliff, the evidence
does not support a self-defense claim. To the contrary, the evidence demonstrates
that Ratliff caused the affray, violated a duty to retreat, and used excessive force to
defend himself. Therefore, the trial court reasonably concluded that the record did
not support a self-defense claim and properly refused to provide a self-defense
instruction.
The first assignment of error is overruled.
B. Lesser-Included Offense
In the second assignment of error, Ratliff argues the trial court abused
its discretion by refusing to provide a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense
of involuntary manslaughter.
Trial courts have broad discretion to determine whether sufficient
evidence has been established to warrant a jury instruction on a lesser-included
offense. State v. Henderson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89377, 2008-Ohio-1631, ¶ 10.
We, therefore, will not disturb the trial court’s decision denying a request for a
lesser-included-offense instruction absent an abuse of discretion. And, as
previously stated, a trial court should not provide an instruction unless there is
evidence to support the particular issue. Murphy, 61 Ohio St.3d at 591, 575 N.E.2d
828 (1991); Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95748, 2011-Ohio-5385, at ¶ 32.
The question of whether a particular offense should be submitted to
the factfinder as a lesser-included offense involves a two-tiered analysis. State v.
Evans, 122 Ohio St.3d 381, 2009-Ohio-2974, 911 N.E.2d 889, ¶ 13. “The first tier,
also called the ‘statutory-elements step,’ is a purely legal question, wherein we
determine whether one offense is generally a lesser included offense of the charged
offense.” State v. Deanda, 136 Ohio St.3d 18, 2013-Ohio-1722, 989 N.E.2d 986, ¶ 6,
citing State v. Kidder, 32 Ohio St.3d 279, 281, 513 N.E.2d 311 (1987).
The second tier requires the court to review the evidence and
determine whether “‘a jury could reasonably find the defendant not guilty of the
charged offense, but could convict the defendant of the lesser included offense.’”
Evans at ¶ 13, quoting Shaker Hts. v. Mosely, 113 Ohio St.3d 329, 2007-Ohio-2072,
865 N.E.2d 859, ¶ 11. “Only in the second tier of the analysis do the facts of a
particular case become relevant.” Deanda at ¶ 6.
With respect to the first tier, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that
involuntary manslaughter is a lesser included offense of murder. State v. Kidder,
32 Ohio St.3d 279, 282, 513 N.E.2d 311 (1987), citing State v. Jenkins, 15 Ohio St.3d
164, 218, 357, 473 N.E. 2d 274 (1984); R.C. 2903.02, R.C. 2903.04. See also State
v. Thomas, 40 Ohio St.3d 213, 215, 533 N.E.2d 286 (1988) (holding that involuntary
manslaughter is a lesser included offense of murder).
With respect to the second tier, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that
a trial court “must give an instruction on a lesser included offense if under any
reasonable view of the evidence it is possible for the trier of fact to find the defendant
not guilty of the greater offense and guilty of the lesser offense.” State v. Wine, 140
Ohio St.3d 409, 2014-Ohio-3948, 18 N.E.3d 1207, ¶ 34. We must, therefore, look to
the evidence in this case and determine whether the “‘jury could reasonably find the
defendant not guilty of the charged offense, but could convict the defendant of the
lesser included offense.’” Evans at ¶ 13, quoting Mosely at ¶ 11.
Ratliff was convicted of felony murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B),
which states that “[n]o person shall cause the death of another as a proximate result
of the offender’s committing or attempting to commit an offense of violence that is
a felony of the first or second degree and that is not a violation of section 2903.03 or
2903.04 of the Revised Code.”
R.C. 2903.04, referenced in R.C. 2903.02(B), governs involuntary
manslaughter and provides, “No person shall cause the death of another or * * * as
a proximate result of the offender’s committing or attempting to commit a felony.”
The language of the statute defining involuntary manslaughter is almost identical to
the language defining felony murder under R.C. 2903.02(B), except that R.C.
2903.04 “expands the definition to include any felony offense instead of limiting the
predicate crime to a first- or second-degree felony.” State v. Franks, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 103682, 2016-Ohio-5241, ¶ 20.
Felonious assault was the predicate offense of violence referenced in
the felony murder charge alleged in Count 2 of the indictment. Count 3 of the
indictment set forth a charge of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1).
Because felonious assault is a second-degree felony and an offense of violence, it can
serve as the underlying offense to a felony murder conviction. State v. Blanton, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 29451, 2023-Ohio-89, ¶ 31, citing R.C. 2903.11(D) and
2901.01(A)(9)(a). In Blanton, the Second District explained that
“if ‘felonious assault is the underlying offense that causes the death of
[a person], [then] felony murder is the proper charge,’ and in such a
case, a trial court does not err by refusing to charge a jury on
involuntary manslaughter.”
Id. at ¶31, quoting State v. Lynch, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27620, 2018-Ohio-
1424, ¶ 26, quoting State v. Brundage, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-030632, 2004-
Ohio-6436, ¶ 12. Accord State v. Turner, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2017-CA-78, 2019-Ohio-
144, ¶ 41.
Indeed, as previously stated, a lesser-included-offense instruction is
only warranted if the evidence presented at trial would reasonably support both an
acquittal on the crime charged and a conviction on the lesser-included offense.
Wine, 140 Ohio St.3d 409, 2014-Ohio-3948, 18 N.E.3d 1207, at ¶ 34. The evidence
in this case does not support an acquittal on the felony murder charge.
To prove felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), the state
had to prove that Ratliff knowingly caused serious physical harm to Sam.
Undisputed evidence established that Ratliff caused serious physical harm (death)
to Sam by shooting him multiple times with a firearm. Indeed, the jury found Ratliff
guilty of felonious assault, the predicate offense to felony murder. It was, therefore,
impossible for the jury to find Ratliff not guilty of felony murder but guilty of
involuntary manslaughter based on the evidence presented in this case.
Accordingly, the second assignment of error is overruled.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case
remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
LISA B. FORBES, P.J., and
MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR