Williams v. Dept. of Rehab. & Corr.

[Cite as Williams v. Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 2018-Ohio-1721.]
NATHANIEL WILLIAMS, ADMR., etc. Case No. 2016-00125JD
Plaintiff Magistrate Robert Van Schoyck
v. DECISION OF THE MAGISTRATE
OHIO DEPARTMENT OF
REHABILITATION AND CORRECTION
Defendant
{¶1} This action arises from the death of Na’Tuan Williams, who had been an
inmate in defendant’s custody, resulting from an altercation with fellow inmate Carl Hall
at Ross Correctional Institution (RCI) on June 27, 2011. Plaintiff, the administrator of
Williams’ estate, brings this action for wrongful death and survivorship. The issues of
liability and damages were bifurcated and the case proceeded to trial on the issue of
liability.
SUMMARY OF TESTIMONY
{¶2} Inmate Carl Hall testified by way of deposition.1 (Defendant’s Exhibit K.)
Describing the circumstances leading up to the fatal altercation, Hall explained that a
month or two earlier, corrections officers confiscated some bootleg wine, known as
hooch, from Williams. Williams blamed him for the loss of the hooch, Hall stated,
accusing him of having “snitched” to the officers. Hall testified that he and Williams and
others in their housing unit gathered in a cell one day and talked about the dispute and
after he denied Williams’ accusations, a scuffle broke out between the two. According
to Hall, Williams rammed his head into a bedpost and split it open and left lacerations
and bruises on his back and neck. Hall testified that corrections officers subsequently
asked him how he got injured but he did not tell them. Hall stated that he was taken to
1The objections in the deposition transcript at pages 21, 36, 51-54, and 57-58 are OVERRULED.
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the infirmary for treatment and was then placed in the segregation unit. Hall related that
Williams was also placed in segregation, as was inmate Antoine Davis, who witnessed
the scuffle and lived in the cell where it occurred. As Hall related, there was an
investigation in which corrections staff sought to determine the underlying facts, but he
considered the dispute to be over and he told the staff nothing. Hall also related that in
prison culture, inmates who divulge information to authorities are considered snitches
and put themselves at risk of reprisal.
{¶3} Hall stated that when he and Williams were eventually released from
segregation, they were placed in separate housing units, whereas before they only lived
two or three cells apart in the same housing unit. As Hall described, however, he still
saw Williams in the chow hall and Williams persisted in making threatening statements
and gestures. Hall recounted that Williams insisted that Hall pay him to settle the matter
and had friends deliver Hall notes a couple of times setting forth Williams’ demands,
including a note that Hall received at a church service demanding “30 coffees and
30 dollars.”
{¶4} Hall stated that there was a schedule for when inmates from the various
housing units could visit the north recreation yard and he watched the schedule so as to
avoid seeing Williams there. Hall, who explained that he had been in prison since 1992
on aggravated murder and kidnapping convictions, testified that he wanted to avoid any
trouble because he had an upcoming hearing before the Parole Board. Hall stated that
he did not expect Williams to be in the north recreation yard on June 27, 2011, but that
Williams ended up being there and approached him, making threatening gestures. Hall
testified that he told Williams he did not want any trouble and to let the matter go, at
which point Williams said “I’ll be back.” Hall stated that the nearest corrections officer
was at the north tie shack near the gate, 60 to 70 yards away. When Williams returned
shortly thereafter, Hall stated, Williams was wearing gloves and had a group of friends
around. Hall recounted that Williams took a swing at him and they began to fight.
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According to Hall, a weapon appeared and he picked it up off the ground and stabbed
Williams in what he considered a self-defensive measure. Hall testified that when
corrections officers intervened the weapon was on the ground again and he picked it up
and tried to throw it over a fence so that Williams’ friends could not pick it up and stab
him.
{¶5} Hall stated that he does not know where the weapon, a metal shank, came
from. When asked about plastic strips that were tied around his wrist at the time, Hall
denied that they were for securing the weapon and explained that he had a habit of
making the strips from garbage bags and keeping them handy to use as closures for
bags of snacks. Hall stated that he must eat frequently because he had stomach
cancer and underwent a full surgical removal of the stomach. Hall stated that he was
initially convicted of murder and sentenced to life without parole for the killing, but the
conviction was vacated and he ultimately pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and
a weapon charge.
{¶6} Inmate James Bliss testified by way of deposition.2 (Defendant’s Exhibit L.)
Bliss stated that he had been at RCI since 2004 and had known Hall for 2 or 3 years,
and that he did not know Hall to be violent. Bliss stated that he did not know much
about Williams, whom he described as younger and bigger than Hall. When asked if he
heard any inmates talk to corrections officers about problems between Hall and
Williams, Bliss replied that he had not and that inmates generally do not discuss such
things with officers. According to Bliss, Hall seemed worried on the morning of June 27,
2011. Bliss testified that when the yard was opened for recreation, he was preparing to
run on the track when the altercation began nearby on the basketball court. Bliss
related that he saw Williams come up and take a swing at Hall, who put his hands up
and backed away. As Bliss described, several inmates who knew Williams stood
2The
objections in the deposition transcript at pages 13, 32, 36, 42, 59/lines 20 & 23, 60, and 76
are OVERRULED; the objections at pages 38, 59/line 3, 63, and 65 are SUSTAINED.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -4- DECISION
around and egged him on, whereas Hall had no support, and Williams was positioned
between Hall and the north tie shack. According to Bliss, Williams started beating Hall
up, took him to the ground, and got on top of him. Bliss stated that Hall then apparently
stabbed Williams, at which point Williams restrained Hall on the ground. Williams yelled
out “he got a knife” at some point, Bliss stated, but he did not realize Williams had been
stabbed until he saw blood and he did not see the weapon until Hall threw it out of the
area. Bliss testified that there had been no corrections officers nearby, but they came
running once an alarm was called. Bliss recalled officers clearing inmates out of the
yard and a lieutenant trying to aid Williams. Regarding pat searches of inmates
entering the yard, Bliss stated that these were infrequent in his experience, but that
inmates were subject to search at any time.
{¶7} Inmate Baretta Wilford testified by way of deposition.3 (Defendant’s Exhibit
M.) Wilford, who stated that he has been in prison since 1993, testified that he was
friendly with both Williams and Hall, but was closer to Williams. Wilford explained that
he ran a kind of underground store where inmates could purchase commissary items
during times when they could not visit the actual commissary, and Williams worked as
the “muscle” in this enterprise. In terms of problems between Williams and Hall, Wilford
recounted a time when Hall had some hooch for sale and Williams wanted to make a
purchase on credit, but Hall would not allow it. Wilford also described a subsequent
time when corrections officers confiscated hooch from Williams, which Williams believed
resulted from Hall tipping off the officers. Wilford testified that Williams and Hall later
got into a fight in the cell next to his, and when he was alerted to it he went and broke it
up. Williams had no visible injuries, but Hall’s head was split open, Wilford stated.
According to Wilford, he took Hall into his cell and cleaned him up, at which point a
corrections officer came by and saw Hall’s injury. Wilford testified, though, that he told
3The
objections in the deposition transcript at pages 25-28, 30, 32, 36, 38/line 6, and 41 are
OVERRULED; the objections at pages 21, 35, 38/lines 18 & 23, 39, and 42 are SUSTAINED.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -5- DECISION
the officer nothing about what happened other than to say that no weapon had been
involved.
{¶8} Wilford recalled that Hall was taken to the infirmary and then put in
segregation, and later Williams was put in segregation as well. Wilford testified that
when Williams and Hall were released from segregation, they were separated into
different housing units but there still would have been opportunities to see one another
in the chow hall or chapel. According to Wilford, he spoke to both men around that time
and tried to dissuade Williams from the idea that Hall had snitched against him, but
Williams persisted in his belief and demanded that Hall pay him 10 bags of coffee,
which “in penitentiary money, equals $30.” Wilford stated that he never knew Hall to
attack anyone or carry a weapon and he never heard Hall threaten Williams, but he
understood that Hall had some property stolen from him during this time and was tired
of being messed with. Wilford also stated that Williams was stronger than Hall and that
it was apparent Hall had some health problems. Neither man expressed any desire to
him to be separated from the other any more than they already were, according to
Wilford.
{¶9} Inmate Leonard Allen testified by way of deposition.4 (Defendant’s Exhibit
N.) As Allen related, he knew both men, meeting Hall in 2004 at Warren Correctional
Institution and meeting Williams in about 2007 at the Southern Ohio Correctional
Facility. Williams was younger and bigger than Hall, who had some health problems,
Allen stated. Allen described efforts he and inmate Damon Edwards made to defuse
the conflict between Williams and Hall after the initial altercation. Allen stated that he
advised Williams to let it go, but Williams insisted that Hall pay him. Allen stated that he
never heard Williams threaten Hall, though. According to Allen, a pair of headphones
was stolen from Hall amidst the dispute and Hall felt that Williams was involved and he
4The objections in the deposition transcript at pages 12, 21, 23, and 25-26 are OVERRULED; the
objections at pages 18-19 are SUSTAINED.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -6- DECISION
wanted the headphones back. Allen stated that in his experience when inmates were in
a serious fight and came before the Rules Infraction Board, they were routinely
separated onto opposite sides of RCI. Allen stated that neither man here expressed to
him a desire to be further separated from the other. Allen stated that he understood
Edwards to be someone who furnished shanks for others but that he has no personal
knowledge about Hall getting a weapon from anyone, and he also noted that Edwards
was on good terms with Williams.
{¶10} Inmate Damon Edwards testified by way of deposition.5 (Defendant’s
Exhibit O.) Edwards stated that he first met Hall at Warren Correctional Institution in
1996, but only remembered speaking to Williams once. Edwards recalled that he and
Allen talked to Hall about the dispute with Williams. Hall had a parole hearing coming
up and just wanted Williams to leave him alone after the initial altercation, Edwards
recalled, and Hall wanted Edwards and Allen to talk to Williams on his behalf.
According to Edwards, some property was stolen from Hall but to his knowledge Hall did
not blame Williams. Edwards stated that he never knew Hall to be violent or to carry a
weapon, and for his part Edwards strongly denied any involvement in making or
supplying weapons for others.
{¶11} Lieutenant Joey Powers testified that he has been employed by defendant
at RCI since 1993. Powers stated that he received two or three months of training at
defendant’s academy when he was hired and that he has continued to receive training
since that time, including on topics such as conducting investigations, managing
inmates, and identifying threats. Powers stated that he serves as a supervisor of
corrections officers and has the authority to initiate investigations and deploy staff as
needed to assist with investigations.
{¶12} According to Powers, on May 24, 2011, he was making rounds through
Williams and Hall’s housing unit when a corrections officer told him something was
5The objections in the deposition transcript at pages 11-12 are OVERRULED.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -7- DECISION
wrong with Hall and that Hall claimed to have injured himself. Powers stated that he
spoke to Hall, who gave a story about injuring himself that was slightly different than
what the officer related, so he decided to investigate. Powers related that Hall received
a medical examination from a nurse and was then placed in security control within the
segregation unit for his own safety. Because he could not reasonably conclude at that
time that the injury was anything other than accidental, Powers stated, he did not
prepare an incident report, but he would have made and kept notes about what Hall and
the officer told him. Powers allowed at one point in his testimony that at least under the
language of a later version of defendant’s policy on Incident Reporting and Notification,
an incident report should have been prepared, but later he stated that it was not
necessary. In any event, Powers stated, he at least prepared a Report of Security
Control (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 19-15) which was forwarded to the warden or his designee
together with the medical examination report and a suicide questionnaire. Powers
testified that it is standard at the end of one’s shift to let the supervisors coming on shift
know what transpired recently and what to be on the lookout for, and that at the end of
his shift that day, he informed a lieutenant that Hall was in security control on suspicion
that he may have been injured in an altercation.
{¶13} Powers stated that documents show that the next day, May 25, 2011,
another staff member placed inmate Antoine Davis in security control in connection with
the investigation, and on May 26, 2011, then-Lieutenant Michael Yates did the same
with Williams. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 12.) Powers testified that he met privately with Davis,
Hall, and Williams multiple times in the segregation unit and also spoke to others,
including cellmates, and aside from what Hall said about slipping and falling, they all
claimed that they saw nothing and knew nothing. Powers described a code among
inmates, especially older inmates like Hall, to not snitch on one another. Powers
recounted that when he met with Williams, Williams claimed that he did not know Hall or
Case No. 2016-00125JD -8- DECISION
mess with Hall. Powers stated that he also spoke to the corrections officers who
worked in the housing unit where Davis, Hall, and Williams lived.
{¶14} As Powers explained, he kept Hall in security control in the segregation unit
for the seven days that he was initially limited to, and he was able to obtain a seven-day
extension, but after the two weeks were up he had not been able to get any meaningful
information. Powers testified that he did not have information to support citing anyone
for a rules infraction, but that as a precaution he had the count office place Williams and
Hall into different housing units, with Davis going back to their original unit, so that in
case there was some dispute at least they would not be living in close proximity.
Powers related that inmates can be subjected to a more formal local separation at RCI,
placing one on the north side and one on the south side of the compound, and that
while inmates can also be separated into different institutions, that requires the
warden’s approval and the facts must demonstrate just cause. Powers also stated that
inmates can request to be separated from others and can also request to be placed in
protective control if they fear for their safety, but Hall and Williams were asked about it
and both declined.
{¶15} When the fatal altercation occurred, Powers stated, he was in the captain’s
office and heard a call for assistance over the radio. Powers recalled that Corrections
Officers John Cox and Darwin Secrest were at the scene when he arrived, and although
he was one of the first responders, the altercation was over. Powers recalled helping
secure Hall, who was on the ground and compliant with orders from Secrest, who had a
canister of OC spray pointed at Hall, and he heard Cox announce he had secured the
weapon. Powers testified that Williams screamed for help and staff members tried to
render aid. Powers described trying to maintain control of the scene, having inmates
back away but not leave. Powers stated that he handcuffed Hall and saw some string
or tape around Hall’s wrist, and that he escorted Hall to the infirmary. According to
Case No. 2016-00125JD -9- DECISION
Powers, Hall told him to recover a note from his cell that Williams supposedly sent him.
Powers stated that after Hall left the infirmary, he was placed in segregation.
{¶16} Captain Michael Yates testified that he has been employed with defendant
since 1995 and that at the time of the incident he held the rank of lieutenant, mostly
working the second shift. Yates recalled being informed by Powers in May 2011 that
Hall had a head injury and that it was unknown whether Hall fell or was in an altercation.
Yates related that the investigation into Hall’s injury was conducted by Powers, not
himself, and that it is very rare for inmates to inform on one another, but that he did
learn from an inmate that Williams and Hall had an argument. Yates stated that he
therefore put Williams under security control in the segregation unit because he felt it
was relevant to Powers’ investigation and he shared the information he obtained with
Powers. Yates stated that he was familiar with Williams, whom he described as a big
kid who had not learned “how to do his time” and was always close to getting in trouble,
although he had never put Williams in segregation before. Yates’ testimony included a
description of the manner in which corrections officers would monitor the recreation
yard, and he also described how the RCI administration oversaw efforts to investigate
and locate weapons through shakedowns and otherwise. Yates explained how
investigators at RCI tracked weapons data and would alert staff at times to look out for
certain kinds of weapons.
{¶17} Robert Jeffreys stated that he is employed by defendant as a regional
director, but that at the time of the incident he served as warden of RCI. Jeffreys
testified that Hall’s head injury in May 2011 was not something he would typically have
known about and indeed he had not been aware of it. Jeffreys stated that the Report of
Security Control documenting Hall being placed in security control pending Powers’
investigation was signed as received by his designee, Deputy Warden Jeffrey Lisath,
who oversaw operations, unit management, maintenance, recreation, and security.
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 19-15.) Jeffreys described the protective control policy that was
Case No. 2016-00125JD -10- DECISION
available for inmates who were in fear for their safety, but he also stated that it was
common for inmates to deny being in fear of anyone.
{¶18} Jeffreys testified that RCI was populated by level three offenders and it was
part of the culture that many inmates wanted to possess shanks because they felt
unsafe or otherwise. Jeffreys recounted that officials at RCI tracked weapons
confiscations and that the number of weapons found was high in his opinion. (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 19-9.) Jeffreys described the practices that were employed to look for weapons,
including policies for shaking down cells and conducting random pat searches of
inmates throughout the first and second shifts, and subjecting those leaving the
maintenance shop to metal detectors. Shown a photograph of the shank used in the
fatal altercation, Jeffreys testified that he has not seen another that looks like it and he
does not recognize where the metal came from. (Defendant’s Exhibit F.) Jeffreys was
asked whether he was aware inmates had made weapons from metal taken out of
fluorescent light fixtures, and he stated that he was and that the maintenance
department had been considering a solution. Jeffreys explained that maintenance staff
could perform routine maintenance on light fixtures that were in need of repair, but that
hiring a contractor to replace all the light fixtures would have constituted a capital
improvement that had to go through a high-level process to accomplish rather than
being something he could just order as warden.
{¶19} Jeffreys authenticated a copy of the post orders for the north and south tie
shack security posts, which set forth the policies and procedures applicable to the
corrections officers working at those locations. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 19-3.) As Jeffreys
related, the post orders provide, among other things, that officers stationed there during
the first and second shifts were to perform a pat search of a minimum of six inmates
entering or exiting their area, and that in addition to serving as the access point for
inmates going to recreation, the tie areas were also where authorized inmates holding
passes would go from their housing units to other locations beyond the gate, where the
Case No. 2016-00125JD -11- DECISION
officer was responsible for checking their passes. Jeffreys also explained what a pat
search entails, as set forth in the General Post Information applicable to corrections
officers at any security post. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 19-2.) Jeffreys authenticated a copy of
the post orders for corrections officers assigned to recreation duty, which required,
among other things, conducting security checks at staggered intervals not to exceed 30
minutes and searching common areas as time permitted. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 19-4.)
These post orders also set forth the only items that inmates were permitted to bring to
recreation. According to Jeffreys, officers in or around the north recreation yard would
include the north tie shack officer, two yard officers, and a recreation officer.
{¶20} Jeffrey Lisath, now retired, testified that in 2011 he was employed with
defendant as deputy warden of operations at RCI. Lisath testified about certain
departmental policies, including the policy on protective control, described in the
General Post Information as “[a] status for the purpose of protecting those inmates who
face a significant and verified risk of harm from a specific person, other inmate, or group
of inmates.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 19-2.) Lisath testified that an inmate who feels his life is
in danger could go to staff and request protective control, or staff could initiate the
process as well, and either way the inmate would then be placed in segregation, an
investigation would be conducted, and a committee would review the case and make a
recommendation to the warden as to whether protective control is warranted.
{¶21} Regarding the Inmate Separations policy (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 19-7), Lisath
explained that there are two formal types of separation, local and institutional. Whereas
institutional separation means two or more inmates cannot be in the same facility, Lisath
stated, local separation means two or more inmates must be in separate housing units
or on opposite sides of a compound. Lisath recalled, and the policy provides, that local
separation may be ordered by the warden upon the recommendation of the Rules
Infraction Board, and he stated that in rare cases the recommendation may just come
from a supervisor. In the case of one of these local separation orders at RCI, Lisath
Case No. 2016-00125JD -12- DECISION
stated, inmates might still see one another at the chapel or commissary, or, depending
on the degree of separation ordered, in some cases they might still be able to go to
recreation at the same time.
{¶22} Lisath described the Inmate Security Classification policy (Plaintiff’s Exhibit
19-6), explaining the variables that go into determining an inmate’s security level, such
as time served, the nature of the offense, gang affiliation, a psychological review, and
other factors, and he explained how a security level is different than a privilege level.
Lisath was questioned about past disciplinary infractions by Hall at RCI but stated that
those shown to him at trial were relatively minor infractions that he would not have dealt
with and that he never had occasion to review Hall’s history. Lisath testified that he
received and signed the Report of Security Control that Powers prepared when putting
Hall under security control pending the investigation into Hall’s injury in May 2011.
Lisath explained that he or his designee would sign such reports and then a copy would
go to the warden’s office, together with a suicide questionnaire and any medical
examination report and conduct report. Lisath testified that when an inmate was placed
under security control pending an investigation, if no evidence was obtained the inmate
was typically released back into the general population. Looking at the Individual
Segregation Record Sheets that documented the time Hall spent under security control,
Lisath testified that he would have been aware that Williams and Hall were released into
different housing units afterward. Lisath stated, however, that he does not recall having
any other information about them nor anyone recommending a formal institutional or
local separation of them.
{¶23} Lisath testified that he does not know where the weapon used in the fatal
altercation came from and to his knowledge the source was never determined. Lisath
recounted that shanks come in many shapes and sizes and this was not a commonly-
seen type. Lisath was asked about shanks being made from metal taken out of light
fixtures and he testified that he was aware of some being found and that he recalls
Case No. 2016-00125JD -13- DECISION
some discussions with the maintenance department to consider replacing light fixtures,
but he stated that any specific plan like that had to be approved by the warden and he
cannot recall if it got to that stage. Lisath stated that as far as he could recall, those
discussions were part of meetings he had with RCI officials where they more broadly
discussed weapons and strategies to reduce the number of them. Lisath testified about
how corrections officers were responsible for doing shakedowns and looking for
weapons every day and how RCI kept data to track weapon confiscations. (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 19-9.)
{¶24} David Baker, now retired, testified that he was employed by defendant as
the Investigator at RCI for 20 years, including at the time of the incident, following a 25-
year career with the Ohio State Highway Patrol, from which he retired as a lieutenant
and gained extensive experience and training in evidence gathering and investigative
techniques. Baker testified that he investigated cases at RCI as assigned by the
warden and also served as a liaison to the Ohio State Highway Patrol. Baker stated
that his investigations mostly pertained to felony-level matters, while relatively minor
infractions were handled by correctional or unit staff. Baker recalled seeing Hall earlier
in 2011 about a relatively minor altercation that left a cut on his head. Baker stated that
pictures were taken and the matter was referred to the Ohio State Highway Patrol,
which deemed the injuries minor and elected not to pursue it, and it was left up to unit
staff to address.
{¶25} Baker testified that he arrived at the scene of the fatal altercation at
approximately 8:27 a.m., at which time Hall was in handcuffs and the scene was
secured, and he started making notes and taking pictures. Baker stated that he
believes the weapon was made from part of a window frame but that this was just an
educated guess. Baker stated that he monitored weapons confiscations and kept data
that was reported to management regularly, and from time to time weapons were
Case No. 2016-00125JD -14- DECISION
addressed at weekly executive meetings, but that it could not always be determined
where weapons came from.
{¶26} Baker testified that he went to photograph and speak with Hall in the
segregation unit with investigators from the Ohio State Highway Patrol, and although he
did not see plastic on Hall’s wrist he saw plastic on the floor which was gathered as
evidence. Baker stated that Hall would not give a statement. But, Baker stated,
because Powers informed him that Hall had indicated earlier that there was a note in a
particular place in his cell, he and the Ohio State Highway Patrol investigators went to
Hall’s cell and a trooper recovered the note. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 16, which appears to
state: “Look here we can put this shit behind us all I want is 30 bucks 13 coffee’s. You
done fuck my Bid up and I lost to much out of this I need to get back on my feet OR we
can get it Back popin It’s on you I don’t have shit to lose. I ain’t got nothing else to talk
about.”)
{¶27} Corrections Officer Darwin Secrest testified that he has been employed
with defendant at RCI for over 23 years and that in 2011 he worked as a relief officer on
the first shift wherever he was needed. Secrest testified that he was familiar with
Williams and Hall but knew of no problems between them. From what Secrest
remembered, Hall’s demeanor was about average for inmates at RCI, but Williams
stood out as one who was very forceful and liked to “push his weight around.”
{¶28} Secrest testified that on the morning of the fatal altercation, his role was
that of a recreation officer. In addition to him, there were two yard officers patrolling
somewhere outside the fenced-in recreation area and Corrections Officer Cox was
posted at the north tie shack, from which one could see most of the yard, Secrest
stated, and there was a rotating camera in the yard as well. Secrest related that he was
opening up the gymnasium for inmates to use just after recreation had begun when he
heard Cox call over the radio that there was a fight, so he immediately ran to the scene
which was about 45 yards away. According to Secrest, he was the first staff member to
Case No. 2016-00125JD -15- DECISION
get there and after he issued verbal commands to both inmates to stop fighting, he saw
Hall remove tape from his wrist and throw the weapon, which seemed to have been
secured to Hall’s wrist with the tape. Secrest stated that both inmates were covered in
blood and it was a chaotic scene but he could tell that Williams was badly injured. Hall
laid down and put his hands up in compliance with Secrest’s orders, he stated, and he
was prepared to deploy a chemical agent upon Hall if he moved, and then other
responders arrived and secured Hall. Secrest testified that after calling for medical
attention, he stayed with Williams and rendered first aid until Lieutenant Hall took over.
{¶29} Shown a photograph of the weapon, Secrest testified that he has seen
many different shanks over the years but did not recognize this model and could not say
what it was made from. (Defendant’s Exhibit F.) Secrest recounted that supervisors
periodically brief the staff to look for certain types of weapons and that he reviews a
monthly weapons report for RCI. Secrest also stated that officers routinely checked the
recreation yard every morning to look for metal or other foreign objects.
{¶30} Corrections Officer John Cox, now deceased, testified by way of
deposition.6 (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 29). Cox, who stated that he had been employed by
defendant since 1991 and worked at RCI since 1993, also stated that he received 40
hours of training annually on a variety of topics. Cox explained that his normal post was
working the first shift at the north tie shack. Cox related that there was a small structure
there where he worked alone and he characterized this as a place where inmates would
leave their housing units in the north part of RCI and cross through a gate to go to other
places such as the chapel, infirmary, barbershop, commissary, library, school, or
captain’s office. Cox explained that part of his job was to control the gate and stop
inmates who were headed to those places to make sure that they had passes allowing
them to visit.
6The objections in the deposition transcript at pages 9, 32, 57, and 89 are OVERRULED; the
objection at page 67 is SUSTAINED.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -16- DECISION
{¶31} Cox also explained that the gate was where inmates living in the north part
of RCI accessed the north recreation yard, which did not require a pass but was based
on a schedule divided up by housing units. The way Cox described, when the
recreation yard opened up he would call the corrections officers in the housing units to
let them know when to release their inmates and he would stand at the gate and
monitor the inmates passing through to control their movement so that there were not
too many at once, he made sure their identification badges were displayed, and he
looked for contraband and other items not allowed in the yard. Cox testified that up to
400 inmates might go to recreation within a 10-minute period, and on top of monitoring
them as they passed by occasionally he would randomly pat search an inmate. Cox
stated that after all inmates entered the recreation yard, he would close the gate and
only allow through those with passes. According to Cox, he could see most of the north
recreation yard from the north tie shack and sometimes he would also walk around and
monitor the area outside the shack. Cox related that in addition to camera surveillance,
there was a recreation officer posted in the north recreation yard and two yard officers
posted nearby.
{¶32} Cox stated that he knew nothing about Williams but was familiar with Hall,
whom he described as arrogant, although he never issued Hall a conduct report for any
infraction. On the morning of the fatal altercation, Cox stated, after the inmates came
for recreation and he shut the gate, he was standing at the gate checking passes when
he looked over and saw an inmate, who turned out to be Williams, on his hands and
knees, and the yard became quiet. As Cox recalled, the yard officers were not in the
immediate area and Corrections Officer Secrest was in the gymnasium. Cox explained
that at first he thought Williams might have been having a medical emergency. But Cox
stated that as he began walking that way and got a little closer, he saw Hall underneath
Williams so he quickened his pace and radioed for assistance. Cox testified that he
Case No. 2016-00125JD -17- DECISION
was “kind of hopping” toward them rather than running because he underwent a knee
replacement a few months earlier and only recently returned to work.
{¶33} According to Cox, Williams shouted that there was a shank, but it appeared
Williams had Hall pinned down and he did not see either man do anything to the other.
Cox stated that Secrest arrived first and gave oral commands with his OC canister
drawn. Williams rolled off Hall, who was bloody, Cox stated, and at first it appeared Hall
might have been stabbed. Hall got up and threw the weapon into the grass and then
got on the ground and was compliant, Cox recalled. Cox testified that with Secrest in
control of Williams and Hall, he went to secure the weapon because inmates were all
around and he did not want any of them to get it. Cox stated that after Lieutenant Hall
and others arrived, inmate Hall was escorted out and the yard was cleared so an
ambulance could reach Williams. Regarding the source of the weapon, Cox stated with
little explanation that he was “assuming” it came from a light fixture but that “[i]t is just a
guess.”
{¶34} Plaintiff’s expert, Roy Timothy (Tim) Gravette, testified by way of
deposition.7 (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 28.) Gravette testified that he began working for the
Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1990 as a corrections officer and rose through the ranks to
eventually serve as associate warden of three different institutions before retiring in
2010, and beyond his high school education he described receiving training at the
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center and elsewhere during his career. Gravette
explained that even though he worked for the federal government rather than
defendant, in general all correctional systems follow the same standards set by the
American Correctional Association.
7The objections in the deposition transcript at pages 17-18, 19/line 21, 23-24, 28-40, 42-43,
44/line 8, 46, 49-50, 52-55, 57-66, 67/lines 8 & 12, 69/line 24, 70-74, 76-79, 82/line 9, 83-84, 86-88,
91/line 24, 95-96, 99-105, and 107-108 are OVERRULED; the objections at pages 19/line 10, 20-22, 25-
27, 44/line 20, 45, 67/line 24, 68, 69/line 12, 82/line 17, 85, 89-90, and 91/line 4 are SUSTAINED.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -18- DECISION
{¶35} In Gravette’s opinion, the injury to Hall discovered on May 24, 2011, was
not investigated properly in that there should have been more done to determine its
cause after Hall gave inconsistent explanations. Gravette admitted, though, that
inmates normally do not tell the truth about how they got hurt. Gravette stated that, at a
minimum, interviews should have been conducted of Davis, Hall, and Williams, as well
as their cellmates and associates, and corrections officers who worked in the housing
unit. Gravette cited the fact that inmate Kimball Kenaga shared information with
investigators after the fatal altercation as proof that inmates were willing to talk, yet he
did not explain how this shows that inmates were willing to talk earlier about Hall’s head
injury. Gravette admitted that sometimes inmates just will not talk and that there are
several reasons why that may happen, including avoiding exposing their own illicit
behavior, a desire to avoid retribution, a preference for self-help, a reluctance or
unwritten code among inmates to not cooperate or talk to authorities, or simple
defiance.
{¶36} According to Gravette, Powers should have made notes during his
investigation into Hall’s injury and passed on a conclusion to supervisory staff. Gravette
opined that Powers did not perform a proper investigation, or at least he had not seen
documentation to demonstrate that. In Gravette’s view, when it is suspected that an
inmate has been in an altercation, something should always be done, even if it is just
having a conversation with those believed to be involved. As Gravette acknowledged, a
conversation like that would not always be documented, and, more broadly, he admitted
that despite his various criticisms in this case he cannot identify any written policy that
was violated. Gravette admitted that defendant had policies in place whereby Williams
could have requested protection, and also that Williams himself could have avoided the
fatal altercation. Nevertheless, Gravette opined, a proper investigation should have led
officials to “err on the side of caution” and order a more effective local or institutional
separation, although he gave little explanation as to what officials knew or should have
Case No. 2016-00125JD -19- DECISION
known to support such a decision. Gravette also suggested that Hall could have been
kept in segregation, but he did not explain how long Hall should have remained there
and he admitted that every institution he worked in faced a high demand for that sort of
special housing.
{¶37} Regarding shanks, Gravette testified that they cannot be eliminated entirely
and that despite best efforts of prison staff, sometimes they are used. Gravette
explained that inmates are creative in making and hiding shanks. Gravette stated that
in his experience, weapons would be found about once or twice a week in the
institutions where he worked.
LAW
{¶38} “To establish negligence, a plaintiff must show the existence of a duty, a
breach of that duty, and injury resulting proximately therefrom.” Taylor v. Ohio Dept. of
Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-1156, 2012-Ohio-4792, ¶ 15. “In the
context of a custodial relationship between the state and its prisoners, the state owes a
common-law duty of reasonable care and protection from unreasonable risks.” Jenkins
v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-787, 2013-Ohio-5106, ¶
8. “The state’s duty of reasonable care does not render it an insurer of inmate safety.”
Allen v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-619, 2015-Ohio-
383, ¶ 17, citing Williams v. S. Ohio Corr. Facility, 67 Ohio App. 3d 517, 526 (10th
Dist.1990). Inmates must also use reasonable care to ensure their own safety.
Feathers v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-588, 2017-Ohio-
8179, ¶ 18. “‘Reasonable care is that degree of caution and foresight an ordinarily
prudent person would employ in similar circumstances.’” Literal v. Dept. of Rehab. &
Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-242, 2016-Ohio-8536, ¶ 15, quoting McElfresh v.
Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-177, 2004-Ohio-5545, ¶ 16.
{¶39} “The law is well-settled in Ohio that ODRC is not liable for the intentional
attack of one inmate by another, unless ODRC has adequate notice of an impending
Case No. 2016-00125JD -20- DECISION
assault.” Watson v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-606,
2012-Ohio-1017, ¶ 9, citing Mitchell v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 107 Ohio App. 3d
231, 235 (10th Dist.1995), citing Baker v. State, Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 28 Ohio
App.3d 99 (10th Dist.1986). “Notice may be actual or constructive, the distinction being
the manner in which the notice is obtained rather than the amount of information
obtained.” Lucero v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-288,
2011-Ohio-6388, ¶ 18. “Whenever the trier of fact is entitled to find from competent
evidence that information was personally communicated to or received by the party, the
notice is actual. Constructive notice is that notice which the law regards as sufficient to
give notice and is regarded as a substitute for actual notice.” Hughes v. Ohio Dept. of
Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-1052, 2010-Ohio-4736, ¶ 14.
ANALYSIS
{¶40} Upon review of the evidence presented at trial, the magistrate finds as
follows. On May 24, 2011, Williams and Hall had an altercation in a cell in the housing
unit where they lived. The altercation occurred after Williams got caught with hooch and
then held Hall responsible, accusing him of having tipped off the corrections officers.
During the altercation, Williams rammed Hall’s head into a bedpost, splitting open Hall’s
scalp. Williams had no visible injuries. When a corrections officer later saw the wound,
Hall explained that he had injured himself accidentally. The officer notified Lieutenant
Powers and when Powers came to see Hall he got a slightly different explanation, and
after sending Hall to the infirmary for medical attention, Powers decided to investigate
and place Hall under security control in the segregation unit for his own safety,
suspecting that Hall had been injured in an altercation. Powers prepared a Report of
Security Control that was sent to the deputy warden and he notified the supervisor of
the next shift.
{¶41} Over the next two days, inmates Davis and Williams were also placed
under security control in the segregation unit on suspicion of having some connection
Case No. 2016-00125JD -21- DECISION
with Hall’s injury. Powers met separately with Davis, Hall, and Williams multiple times
and he also talked to other inmates, including Williams and Hall’s cellmates, as well as
corrections officers who worked in their housing unit. Williams told Powers he had no
involvement with Hall and indeed no one said what really happened. Neither Williams
nor Hall expressed to Powers or any other employee a fear of the other, nor a desire to
be separated from one another or to be placed in protective control.
{¶42} Although some inmates knew about Williams and Hall’s altercation and
underlying dispute, no one shared that knowledge with staff other than Lieutenant Yates
being told that the two had argued. Powers suspected Hall had been injured by another
inmate and he held Hall in security control for as long as permissible, but due to inmates
refusing to talk he could not obtain enough information to charge anyone with a rules
infraction for injuring Hall. Formal separations of inmates normally come from the Rules
Infraction Board, which was not involved here because no one was charged, nor was a
request made by Williams or Hall for protective control, nor did officials have facts that
would substantiate such a request, which requires a “verified” risk of harm. Still, as a
precaution, Powers placed the three detained inmates in separate housing units, with
Williams being placed in housing unit 2-B on May 31, 2011, Davis being returned to
housing unit 1-A on May 31, 2011, and Hall being placed in housing unit 3-B on June 8,
2011.
{¶43} After being separated, Williams and Hall still saw one another in the chow
hall, where Williams repeatedly made threatening statements and gestures, insisting
that Hall compensate him to settle the dispute. Hall was also approached by other
inmates whom he understood to be passing along messages from Williams, including a
note directing him to either pay up or be met with more violence. Hall may have had
some headphones stolen and suspected Williams was responsible, but there is no
evidence that he threatened Williams over it, much less that prison authorities knew of
any such threat.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -22- DECISION
{¶44} There was a posted, rotating schedule for when the different housing units
were released for recreation such that Williams and Hall’s housing units could
sometimes be at recreation at the same time, and apparently the first time that they
were both in the north recreation yard together following their initial altercation was on
June 27, 2011. At about 8:15 a.m. on that date, very soon after the north recreation
yard opened, Williams approached Hall near the basketball courts and made
threatening gestures. Williams threw a punch and attacked Hall, who initially backed
away, but Williams threw more punches and the two became involved in a struggle and
quickly ended up on the ground. Amidst the struggle, Hall stabbed Williams three times,
once in the neck, once in the torso, and once in the cheek, with a thin sharpened piece
of metal about 9.5 inches long.
{¶45} Roughly one minute after the altercation began, Corrections Officer Cox
observed from his post at the north tie shack what appeared to be an inmate down on
all fours, possibly having a medical emergency. Cox proceeded toward the inmate, saw
Hall beneath Williams, realized there was a struggle, and immediately radioed for
assistance. Corrections Officer Secrest ran from the adjacent gymnasium and arrived
at the scene just ahead of Cox. The inmates separated pursuant to Secrest’s
directives, less than 90 seconds after the altercation began. Hall threw the weapon out
of the area and got on the ground. As Cox went to recover the weapon, Secrest
summoned medical assistance and attempted to stanch the wound on Williams’ neck or
otherwise render aid as shown in the video footage. Less than 30 seconds after
Secrest and Cox got to the scene, Lieutenant Hall arrived, followed by several more
responders. Staff cleared the yard and medical responders came to treat Williams and
transport him to an outside hospital.
{¶46} Even though Cox could not run to the scene, his response in radioing for
assistance was immediate and resulted in Secrest, close by in the gymnasium, getting
to the scene very quickly, and the evidence tends to show that even if Cox had been
Case No. 2016-00125JD -23- DECISION
able to run, it would not have made a difference. From the testimony of Cox and inmate
Bliss, together with the video, it appears that by the time Cox saw Williams and started
heading toward him, the stabbing had already occurred and Williams was holding Hall
down.
{¶47} The greater weight of the evidence establishes that defendant did not have
sufficient notice, actual or constructive, to be liable for the fatal injuries that Williams
sustained. There is no credible evidence that Hall ever threatened to harm Williams,
much less that Williams or anyone else told prison staff that one or the other was in
danger. Williams was the one perpetuating the dispute, and to notify staff of a problem
would effectively have been to reveal his own misconduct in attempting to extort
payment from Hall under a threat of violence. When investigating the injury Hall
sustained on May 24, 2011, Powers specifically asked Williams about any involvement
he had with Hall, but Williams lied and denied having anything to do with Hall.
{¶48} In arguing that defendant had notice sufficient to render it liable for
Williams’ death, plaintiff compares the facts of this case with those in Frash v. Ohio
Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-932, 2016-Ohio-360, where it was
determined that defendant had constructive notice that an inmate named Groves, a
paranoid schizophrenic with an extensive history of stabbing other inmates, would
attack another inmate, even though defendant lacked information about whom exactly
Groves would attack. Frash is factually distinguishable, however. Among other things,
Hall did not have mental health issues like Groves, and while there is evidence that over
the course of 19 years in prison Hall had been in an altercation in which he struck
another inmate in the head with an object in 2004 and was involved in relatively minor
fights with inmates in 2008 and 2009 (Plaintiff’s Exhibits 5, 19-12, 19-13), Groves had a
far more violent and troubling record dating back to 1984 of attacking other inmates with
cutting or stabbing weapons, with one incident resulting in an attempted murder
conviction. Plaintiff points out that Hall was serving time for murder and had been at the
Case No. 2016-00125JD -24- DECISION
maximum security Southern Ohio Correctional Facility from 2005 until transferring to
RCI in 2007, but RCI is a level three prison, just one step below the Southern Ohio
Correctional Facility, and is populated by many violent offenders. Williams himself had
been in prison for more than eight years and spent more time at the Southern Ohio
Correctional Facility than Hall, from 2005 until 2011, transferring to RCI only months
before the fatal altercation. (Plaintiff’s Exhibits 10, 11.) Plaintiff, portraying Hall as the
more violent or dangerous inmate, asserts that Williams lived in a housing unit “one
level below the ‘honor dorm’” when he died, but they lived in the same unit until Powers
separated them and neither lived in the honor dorm. Moreover, Williams was younger
and much larger than Hall and muscled others around through his work with Wilford and
the underground store.
{¶49} Plaintiff attaches significance to testimony by Wilford that he had an
agreement with corrections officers to settle disputes “in house” if no weapon was
involved, but clearly the officer who discovered Hall’s injury on May 24, 2011, did not
leave it up to the inmates and instead reported it to a supervisor, and Powers and
others got involved and pulled inmates out of the housing unit to investigate. Plaintiff is
critical of Powers’ actions, arguing that he did not conduct an investigation or at least
not a proper one, that he should have prepared an incident report, and that he should
have separated Williams and Hall to a greater degree so that they could not see each
other. But Powers’ testimony credibly established that he conducted a reasonable
investigation, even if he did not keep his notes afterward, but despite his efforts no one
shared any meaningful information. Regardless of whether Powers prepared an
incident report, he still documented Hall’s injury in a Report of Security Control which
was copied to the deputy warden, and it is difficult to see how an incident report on top
of that, containing the same basic information, would have made any material
difference, i.e., resulting in defendant learning additional information that would have
required it to take further action to protect Williams. Plaintiff argues that Powers should
Case No. 2016-00125JD -25- DECISION
have searched Williams and Hall’s property to look for notes between them, but only
later, after they got out of segregation, did Williams send Hall one or more threatening
notes, and there is no evidence that Hall ever sent Williams a note.
{¶50} In Baker, 28 Ohio App. 3d at 100, defendant still lacked adequate notice of
an inmate’s assault where the inmate, in contrast to Williams’ silence or denials in this
case, had at least made vague statements to guards that he needed to be moved off
the range but did not request protective control or express fear of an impending assault.
Here, Williams did not request protective control, he did not express fear of an
impending assault, and neither he nor anyone else provided the kind of information that
Powers sought in his investigation. Instead, Williams falsely claimed to have nothing to
do with Hall. The decision by Powers when releasing Williams, Hall, and Davis from
segregation, placing them in separate housing units, was reasonable based upon the
available information. Even if Powers suspected that Williams was somehow involved
in injuring Hall, it was not adequate notice of an impending attack against Williams. It is
challenging to think that Powers would have a duty, based on a mere suspicion of
Williams’ past misconduct in injuring Hall, to take further action to essentially protect
Williams from his own future misconduct in going on to extort Hall under a threat of
violence and ultimately attacking Hall. In Mitchell, 107 Ohio App. 3d at 234, an inmate,
Mitchell, with a history of extorting other inmates with sexual violence made a threat to
rape another inmate, Ross, and repeatedly pressured Ross for sex over a period of two
or three weeks. Mitchell sued defendant for injuries he suffered when Ross assaulted
him with a steel pipe while he slept. Id. Mitchell essentially claimed, unsuccessfully,
that defendant should have known an assault was impending given his own predatory
behavior. Id. at 235. Here, plaintiff claims that defendant should have foreseen not only
that another inmate would injure Williams following future threats and pressure by
Williams, but that it would occur in an attack that he himself launched.
Case No. 2016-00125JD -26- DECISION
{¶51} On another matter, plaintiff is critical of the way that inmates were
monitored as they entered the yard for recreation, arguing in part that there should have
been more pat searches of inmates. It was a formal, written departmental policy,
however, that the corrections officer posted at the north tie shack needed to perform six
pat searches during his or her shift. Inmates would come and go through the north tie
shack all day long, and the searches did not need to all be performed specifically when
inmates entered the yard for recreation. Plaintiff also argues that corrections officers
lacked training in how to monitor inmates, pointing to the fact that Cox stated that
spotting suspicious behavior was a skill that corrections officers acquired on the job.
Skills like these that Cox developed over many years of experience, however, do not
mean that he was not properly trained. The testimony of Cox and others established
that defendant did train its staff and it was not shown that Cox did anything improper in
the way that he monitored the inmates entering the yard. Plaintiff makes some general
criticisms about the level of surveillance in the yard, and points out that there had
previously been a reduction in staff at RCI, but mere statements like these do not
establish negligence and plaintiff failed to show that defendant fell below the standard of
care. See Lucero, 2011-Ohio-6388, at ¶ 22. Plaintiff appears to suggest that the long-
sleeved shirt worn by Hall, under which he could have concealed the weapon and the
plastic tied around his wrist, should have drawn Cox’s suspicion, but recreation
occurred early in the morning and indeed the video shows that Williams also wore a
long-sleeved shirt. Plaintiff offered some evidence and arguments to the effect that
inmates should have been subjected to metal detectors every time they went to
recreation, but judgment on the pleadings was granted for defendant on any such claim
in the entry of October 12, 2016. (The entry also granted judgment for defendant
regarding any claim arising from the prison not being put on lockdown after an unrelated
gang fight on June 26, 2011.)
Case No. 2016-00125JD -27- DECISION
{¶52} Additionally, plaintiff’s expert asserted that the weapon used in the
altercation was made from a light fixture component, and plaintiff contends that
defendant knew weapons were being made from such components and negligently
failed to remediate the light fixtures. But, the evidence failed to establish what the
weapon was made from, and to attribute the weapon to a light fixture component is
purely speculative. Warden Jeffreys, who acknowledged that some weapons found at
RCI had been made from a light fixture component, could not remember seeing another
weapon that looked like this one, and Investigator Baker speculated that it came from
an entirely difference source. Plaintiff raises criticisms about prison officials not
searching the yard more often for buried weapons or otherwise not effectively ferreting
out weapons, but defendant had procedures in place to perform shakedowns and look
for weapons, it was not established that there were any deviations from defendant’s
policies on searching for weapons in the yard or elsewhere, and there is no credible
evidence that the shank used in the altercation had been buried or hidden in the yard.
While plaintiff argued that prison officials should have performed intensive “operational
clear-outs” more often to look for weapons, these were shown to be large-scale
operations that involve large numbers of staff from multiple prisons, requiring significant
time, effort, and coordination, and decisions about the frequency with which they were
performed are subject to discretionary immunity. See Hughes, 2010-Ohio-4736, ¶ 16,
quoting Reynolds v. State, 14 Ohio St. 3d 68, 70 (1984) (“The discretionary immune
doctrine “provides that ‘the state cannot be sued for its legislative or judicial functions or
the exercise of an executive or planning function involving the making of a basic policy
decision which is characterized by the exercise of a high degree of official judgment or
discretion.’”).
{¶53} Finally, although the magistrate sympathizes with the loss suffered by
Williams’ family, even if plaintiff had proven some negligence on the part of defendant,
Williams’ contributory fault would be greater in degree than any fault attributable to
Case No. 2016-00125JD -28- DECISION
defendant, thus barring plaintiff from recovering damages. See R.C. 2315.33. Having
already battered Hall once before and then making repeated, extortionary threats of
further violence, it was Williams who followed through and launched an attack upon Hall
on June 27, 2011. Plainly, Williams prompted and could have reasonably avoided the
altercation. By failing to do so, he did not exercise reasonable care for his own safety.
In Williams, 67 Ohio App. 3d at 526, an inmate, Williams, had an ongoing dispute with
another inmate, Lorraine. Williams approached Lorraine’s cell and attempted to strike
Lorraine, and in the altercation Williams was allegedly poked in the eye and injured. It
was held that Williams was contributorily negligent by choosing to put himself within
reach of Lorraine and attempting to strike Lorraine. Here, inmate Williams was
contributorily negligent in pressuring, threatening, and attacking Hall.
CONCLUSION
{¶54} Based on the foregoing, the magistrate finds that plaintiff failed to prove his
claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Accordingly, judgment is recommended in
favor of defendant.
{¶55} A party may file written objections to the magistrate’s decision within 14
days of the filing of the decision, whether or not the court has adopted the decision
during that 14-day period as permitted by Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(e)(i). If any party timely files
objections, any other party may also file objections not later than ten days after the first
objections are filed. A party shall not assign as error on appeal the court’s adoption of
any factual finding or legal conclusion, whether or not specifically designated as a
finding of fact or conclusion of law under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii), unless the party timely
and specifically objects to that factual finding or legal conclusion within 14 days of the
filing of the decision, as required by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b).
Case No. 2016-00125JD -29- DECISION
ROBERT VAN SCHOYCK
Magistrate
Filed April 27, 2018
Sent to S.C. Reporter 5/4/18