DocketNumber： Crim. No. 9041
Citation Numbers： 282 F. Supp. 886
Judges： Kinneary
Filed Date： 3/27/1968
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/26/2022
OPINION AND ORDER
Defendant is charged by indictment with being a transferee of and acquiring a quantity of marihuana without having paid the tax imposed by law, in violation of Title 26, United States Code, Section 4744(a) (1).
Following his plea of not guilty upon arraignment, defendant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment. In its consideration of this motion, the Court has had the assistance of the supporting and contra memoranda.
Title 26, United States Code, Section 4741(a) provides:
(a) Rate. — There shall be imposed upon all transfers of marihuana which are required by section 4742 to be carried out in pursuance of written order forms taxes at the following rates:
(1) Transfers to special taxpayers. —Upon each transfer to any person*887 who has paid the special tax and registered under sections 4751 to 4753, inclusive $1 per ounce of marihuana or fraction thereof.
(2) Transfers to others. — Upon each transfer to any person who has not paid the special tax and registered under sections 4751 to 4753, inclusive, $100 per ounce of marihuana or fraction thereof. * * *
Section 4742, which forms the basis for determining taxable transfers, provides:
(a) General requirement. — It shall be unlawful for any person, whether or not required to pay a special tax and register under sections 4751 to 4753, inclusive, to transfer marihuana, except in pursuance of a written order of the person to whom such marihuana is transferred, on a form to be issued in blank for that purpose by the Secretary or his delegate.
(b) Exceptions. — Subject to such regulations as the Secretary or his delegate may prescibe, nothing contained in this section shall apply—
(1) Professional practice. — To a transfer of marihuana to a patient by a physician, dentist, veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner registered under section 4753, in the course of his professional practice only: Provided, That such physician, dentist, veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner shall keep a record of all such marihuana transferred, showing the amount transferred and the name and address of the patient to whom such marihuana is transferred, and such record shall be kept for a period of 2 years from the date of the transfer of such marihuana, and subject to inspection as provided in section 4773.
(2) Prescriptions. — To a transfer of marihuana, made in good faith by a dealer to a consumer under and in pursuance of a written prescription issued by a physician, dentist, veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner registered under section 4753: Provided, That such prescription ■ shall be dated as of the day on which signed and shall be signed by the physician, dentist, veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner who issues the same:
Provided further, That such dealer shall preserve such prescription for a period of 2 years from the day on which such prescription is filled, so as to be readily accessible for inspection by the officers, employees, and officials mentioned in section 4773.
(3) Exportation. — To the sale, exportation, shipment, or delivery of marihuana by any person within the United States, any Territory, the District of Columbia, or any of the insular possessions of the United States, to any person in any foreign country regulating the entry of marihuana, if such sale, shipment, or delivery of marihuana is made in accordance with such regulations for importation into such foreign country as are prescribed by such foreign country, such regulations to be promulgated from time to time by the Secretary of State of the United States.
(4) Government and state officials. —To a transfer of marihuana to any officer or employee of the United States Government or of any State, Territorial, District, county, or municipal or insular government lawfully engaged in making purchases thereof for the Department of Defense, the Public Health Service, and for Government, State, Territorial, District, county, or municipal or insular hospitals or prisons.
(5) Certain seeds. — To a transfer of any seeds of the plant Cannabis sativa L. to any person registered under section 4753. * * *
Failure to pay the tax imposed is a violation of Title 26, United States Code, Section 4744(a) (1):
(a) Persons in general. — It shall be unlawful for any person who is a*888 transferee required to pay the transfer tax imposed by section 4741(a)—
(1) to acquire or otherwise obtain any marihuana without having paid such tax * * *.
The basis of defendant’s motion is the allegation that the foregoing statutory scheme is, at least as to him, violative of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in that it requires a person to incriminate himself.
What has evidently prompted this motion is a group of decisions recently entered by the United States Supreme Court. Marchetti v. United States, 390 U.S. 39, 88 S.Ct. 697, 19 L.Ed.2d 889 (Jan. 29, 1968); Grosso v. United States, 390 U.S. 62, 88 S.Ct. 709, 19 L.Ed.2d 906 (Jan. 29, 1968); Haynes v. United States, 390 U.S. 85, 88 S.Ct. 722, 19 L.Ed.2d 923 (Jan. 29, 1968). In those cases it was determined that criminal prosecutions under the statutes imposing the annual occupational tax on gamblers,
A reading of the statutory tax scheme presently in question discloses that it, like those previously declared “unconstitutional,” raises more than merely imaginary hazards of self-incrimination. The hazards here are likewise real, appreciable and substantial, and the statutory requirements, with the many exclusions, are primarily., directed at those who are inherently suspect of criminal activities.
As in the recent Supreme Court trilogy, this Court must also consider the relevance of the “required records” doctrine of Shapiro v. United States, 335 U.S. 1, 68 S.Ct. 1375, 92 L.Ed. 1787 (1948). The same elements which served to distinguish the situations of those cases from that of Shapiro are present in the instant matter. Stated otherwise, defendant was “required simply to provide information, unrelated to any records which he may have maintained,” there were no “public aspects” to the information sought, and the requirements here are directed to a “selective group inherently suspect of criminal activities.” Marchetti; Albertson v. SACB, 382 U.S. 70, 79, 86 S.Ct. 194, 199, 15 L.Ed.2d 165 (1965); Shapiro. Similarly distinguishable is United States v. Sullivan, 274 U.S. 259, 47 S.Ct. 607, 71 L.Ed. 1037 (1927).
Finally, as in Marchetti, Grosso, and Haynes, this Court does not feel it within its province to engraft immunity restrictions
Wherefore, the Court determines that the defendant has properly asserted the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination as a total defense to prosecution in this case. However, the Court also feels compelled to add that nothing determined herein serves as a holding that the marihuana tax provisions are unconstitutional or that the states may not continue to enforce their statutes prohibiting the sale, possession, etc., of marihuana. As to the application of the federal tax provisions, their enforcement through penalties may continue against
The motion to dismiss the indictment is granted.
. Title 26, United States Code, Section 4411; Marchetti.
. Title 26, United States Code, Section 4412; Marchetti.
. Title 26, United States Code, Section 4401; Grosso.
. Title 26, United States Code, Section 5851; Haynes.
. That section provides that:
In the principal internal revenue office in each internal revenue district there shall be kept, for public inspection, an alphabetical list of the names of. all persons who have paid special taxes under subtitle D or E with respect to a trade or business carried on within such district. Such list shall be prepared and kept pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate, and shall contain the time, place, and business for which such special taxes have been paid, and upon application of any prosecuting officer of any State, county, or municipality there shall be furnished to him a certified copy thereof, as of a public record, for which a fee of $1 for each 100 words or fraction thereof in the copy or copies so requested may be charged, fice in each internal revenue office in
. In Ohio, criminal penalties are provided for persons who are subject to the taxing provisions herein questioned. Ohio Rev. Code, §§ 3719.01-3719.36, 3719.99 (1953). Similar statutes prevail in other jurisdictions. See, e.g., Ala.Code, Tit. 22, §§ 256-258 (1958); Alaska Stat. §§ 17.10.-010-17.10.240 (1962); Ariz.Rev.Stat. §§ 36-1001 to 36-1024 (1956); Ark.Stat. §§ 82-1001 to 82-1024 (1947) ; Cal.Health and Safety Code, §§ 11001-11853 (1964); Colo.Rev.Stat. §§ 48-6-1 to 48-6-22 (1953); Conn.Gen.Stat. §§ 19-244 to 19-268 (1958); Del.Code Ann., Tit. 16, §§ 4701-4722 (1967); Pla.Stat.Ann. §§ 398.-01-398.23 (1963); Ga.Code Ann. §§ 42-801 to 42-822, 42-9917 to 42-9919 (1957); Hawaii Rev.Laws §§ 52-10 to 52-39 (1955); Idaho Code §§ 37-2301 to 37-2323 (1957); Ill., S.H.A., c. 38, §§
. See, United States v. Sanchez, 340 U.S. 42, 71 S.Ct. 108, 95 L.Ed. 47 (1950), as to the obviousness of the Congressional intent to aid in the regulation of the illicit traffic in marihuana.
. See Murphy v. Waterfront Comm’n., 378 U.S. 52, 84 S.Ct. 1594, 12 L.Ed.2d 678 (1964), as an example of immunity restrictions imposed within the province of the judiciary.