Campbell v. State Ex Rel. Brett

The following questions are raised on this record: (1) Does the contract provide for the expenditure of the public moneys of Washita county, Okla., for the construction of a courthouse, within the meaning of section 6, art. 17 (Bunn's Ed. § 333; Snyder's Ed. p. 341) of the Constitution of Oklahoma? (2) Does section 6, art. 17 (Bunn's Ed. § 333; Snyder's Ed. p. 341) of the Constitution of Oklahoma, prohibit the board of county commissioners of Washita county from expending the public moneys of said county for the building of a courthouse prior to April 1, 1909? (3) Is section 2, art. 8, c. 32, p. 256, Sess. Laws 1897 (Section 5887, Wilson's Rev. Ann. St. 1903), repugnant to section 26, art. 10 (Bunn's Ed. § 292; Snyder's Ed. p. 316), of the Constitution of Oklahoma. In view of the determination hereinafter reached it is only essential to pass upon the last question.

Section 8, art. 10, of the Constitution of West Virginia of 1872, provides:

"No county, city, school district, or municipal corporation, except in cases where such corporations have already authorized their bonds to be issued, shall hereafter be allowed to become indebted, in any manner, for any purpose, to an amount, including existing indebtedness in the aggregate, exceeding five per centum of the value of the taxable property therein to be ascertained by the last assessment for state and county taxes, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness, nor without, at the same time, providing for the collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay annually the interest on such debt, and the principal thereof, within, and not exceeding, thirty-four years; Provided, that no debt shall be contracted under this section, unless all questions connected with the same, shall have been first submitted to a vote of the people, and have received three-fifths of all the votes cast for and against the same."

In the case of Davis v. County Court, 38 W. Va. 108, 18 S.E. 373, the court said:

"The county court may expend the current revenues and accrued funds, and make contracts looking to that end, as that which the court may have the means of paying, either in the treasury or by the current fiscal levy, is not the contraction of debt within the meaning of the Constitution, but is merely the appropriation and application of the annual income of the county to the legitimate purposes for which it was accumulated and levied. But where the county authorities attempt to or do bind, without a proper vote of the people, the levies of future years in any manner, or for any purpose whatsoever, either by contract, express or implied, their action in so doing is a usurpation of power and an infringement of the Constitution, and such contract is null and void, and is not a good consideration for any future orders on the funds of any future year, and all orders issued on such considerations alone are invalid."

Section 157 of the Kentucky Constitution provides as follows:

"No county, city, town, taxing district, or other municipality, shall be authorized to become indebted, in any manner or for any purpose, to an amount exceeding in any year, the income and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of two-thirds of the voters thereof, voting at an election to be held for that purpose and any indebtedness contracted in violation of this section shall be void."

The case of Beard, etc., v. City of Hopkinsville, etc.,95 Ky. 241, 24 S.W. 874, 23 L. R. A. 402, 44 Am. St. Rep. 222, arose on the following state of facts: On June 13, 1892, the appellee, through its board of councilmen, entered into a contract with its co-appellee, John P. Martin, by the terms of which the latter agreed to construct and maintain, in and near the city, a system of waterworks and sewerage, and also an electric light plant. For the use of 20 hydrants for 5 years, and of 35 arc lights for the same period, the city agreed to pay Martin, as rent, the sum of $5,000 per year. At the expiration of the 5 years the contract for water rental was to continue 15 years longer at $4,500 per year, the city having the option to renew the contract for lights at $1,000 per annum. Judge Hazelrigg, in delivering the opinion of the court, said:

"It is to be remembered that the annual rentals are to be met out of the annual revenues, without any increase of the tax rate of 75 cents on the $100 of taxable property, and that, as the contractor Martin, furnishes the water and light, and thus earns the money he is paid therefor, the appellees, therefore, contend that the liability is thus extinguished as soon as it comes into existence. They contend that when liabilities are created and appropriations are made which are within the limits of the revenue accruing to meet them, they are not debts within the meaning of the prohibition of the Constitution. The cases relied on by them sustain their contention that revenues may be disposed of in advance of their receipt, hypothecated, as it were, as if already in the treasury, and when such an appropriation will meet and discharge the obligation, which is but a contingent one, no indebtedness is created, in the meaning of the Constitution. We suppose, however, that if the words used in the Constitution are to be given their usual and commonly accepted meaning by the contract in question, the city does incur an indebtedness in the sense these terms are used in the Constitution; and that this indebtedness is in excess of the limitation imposed is apparent. * * * We have adopted this view in accord with the spirit of the Constitution as we understand it, and as we think, also, in accord with better reason. Any other doctrine opens the door to all the mischiefs intended to be inhibited by the Constitution. A fair illustration of the doctrine contended for by the appellees is given in the case of Dively v. City of Cedar Falls, 27 Iowa, 232, relied on by them, where it is held that if A. should undertake to build a courthouse within three years, doing so much and to be paid accordingly each year, the obligation of the contract would arise when executed, but the indebtedness, under the Constitution (if there were none other), would be measured by that to be paid each year. It seems to us that such a construction of the Constitution would render the limitations in question wholly nugatory. It is needless to notice any other of the reasons urged against upholding the contract, as the views here announced are fatal to its validity."

Section 8, art. 9, of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1873, provides:

"The debt of any county, city, borough, township, school district, or other municipality or incorporated district, except as herein provided, shall never exceed seven per centum upon the assessed value of the taxable property therein, nor shall any such municipality or district incur any new debt or increase its indebtedness to an amount exceeding two per centum upon such assessed valuation of property, without the assent of the electors thereof at a public election in such manner as shall be provided by law; but any city, the debt of which now exceeds seven per centum of such assessed valuation, may be authorized by law to increase the same three per centum, in the aggregate at any one time, upon such valuation."

The case of Brown et al. v. City of Corry et al, 175 Pa. 528, 34 A. 854, rests upon the following state of facts: On March 25, 1895, without any ordinance having been enacted authorizing it, without first having obtained the assent of the electors, and without any public notice, but by authority of a resolution introduced and adopted that night, the officials of the city entered into a contract with Joseph F. Witmer, by which he agreed to construct a system of waterworks for the city, and deliver the same to the city complete, which waterworks was then to be operated and controlled by the city, but the title to which was to remain in the said Witmer, until the final fulfillment by the city of its part of the contract. The contract provided for the payment to Witmer of $6,000 annually for 20 years, and for depositing, in addition, in some trust company the annual sum of $3,000 or $4,000, as it may elect, for 20 years, the whole amount to be then given to Witmer with the accumulated interest, in case the city elects to deposit $3,000 annually; the city to be entitled to the interest in case it elects to deposit $4,000. Upon the performance by the city of its part of the contract Witmer agrees to transfer the system of waterworks to the city. By a "supplementary statement," on April 19, 1895, it was declared to have been the original intention of the parties to the agreement that the annual payment and deposits provided for by the agreement are payable, and shall be paid, and set aside annually from the current revenue of said city, and not otherwise, and, further, that if the said revenues are insufficient to meet the payments and deposits as stated, then the interest of the city in said waterworks should revert to the said J. F. Witmer, or his assigns, and the contract should be terminated. The court said:

"What then, is the nature and purpose of this contract? Is it a contract for the supplying of the city of Corry with water for public and private use for a term of years? If so, it does not create an addition to the municipal indebtedness. Or is it a contract to supply the city a 'system of waterworks,' something to be furnished all at once, and not continuously through the whole term, covered by the contract? Is the consideration for the city's engagement 'received at once, instead of being yielded in the future, or at intervals'? If it is, unless the agreement that the installments shall be paid only from the current revenues modifies the liability it creates a debt within the constitutional prohibition. It seems to me that by no reasonable construction can the contract be deemed one for supplying the city with water, but it is one for furnishing it with a plant to be delivered to it at once, to be paid for by the city in installments. The carefully worded specifications as to the material to be used, and the work to be done, the character and capacity of the machinery, and building to be supplied and erected, the provision for the operating the works by the city at its expense, the delivery of possession to the city, are all inconsistent with any other purpose than that of purchase and ownership of the waterworks by the city, even if the engagement to pay could be only a liability to pay for the supply of water. That engagement is, however, plainly an agreement to pay the several installments, as purchase money for the plant, and not for the annual supply of water. The cost of erecting such a plant is a most extraordinary, and not in any sense an ordinary, expense. Notwithstanding the ingenious argument of the counsel for the defendant, I can see a very clear distinction between a contract for a supply of water and one for the means of furnishing the supply. The one may pertain to an ordinary expense, and the other, if it involves municipal purchase and ownership of the means of furnishing the supply, can only pertain to an extraordinary expense."

The court further said:

"It is a conceivable case that the payments provided for may be made for 10 years, when a council elected upon an issue, which may easily arise, as to whether the policy adopted by the city for procuring waterworks shall be continued shall refuse to make payment of the installment due the eleventh year, and make no appropriation therefor notwithstanding the revenues for the year are amply sufficient for the purpose. In such a contingency the contractor would have a clear right to enforce the payment of the eleventh installment, if the contract were a valid one. How, then, can it be said that the amount agreed to be paid is not a debt? Moreover, it is a debt secured by the payments that will have already been made, and equitable interest existing thereby in the city will become forfeited upon default in paying the installment then due. It is a debt for the purchase money, and in principle analogous to the debt for purchase money paid for land for which a mortgage has been given with no accompanying personal obligation, which is universally termed 'a mortgage debt.' In the case I have supposed of the payment of the installments for a series of years the interest acquired by the city is hypothecated to secure the payment of the remainder of the debt, and in principle cannot be distinguished from the case of Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Gill,31 Md. 375, cited by the counsel for the plaintiff, in which the city of Baltimore attempted to borrow money by hypothecating certain shares of stock owned by it, with the provision that the stock should be liable for the debt. In the opinion in that case the court said: 'It has been argued that no debt has been created by the ordinance because by the second section it is provided that the parties loaning the money shall look for its repayment exclusively to the stock pledged, and that in no event is the city liable or responsible for the return or repayment of any part thereof, even though the stock pledged should prove insufficient. This provision was doubtless adopted for the purpose of avoiding the restrictions imposed by the Constitution. We think it altogether insufficient for that purpose.' A debt is money due upon a contract, without reference to the question of the remedy for its collection. It is not essential to the creation of a debt that the borrower should be liable to be sued therefor. The plain interest of this section is to restrain the municipal government of Baltimore from borrowing money except for the purposes and in the manner prescribed either upon the general credit of the city, or by a pledge of its revenues or assets, thereby creating a debt and imposing additional burdens upon the citizens, which may directly or indirectly involve increased taxation. In Newell v. People, 7 N.Y. 9, it was also held that the borrowing of money, to be paid for certain revenues, and not otherwise, was the creation of a debt, and as such a violation of the constitutional provision prohibiting the incurring of an indebtedness beyond certain prescribed limits."

Our ancestors, on account of the unlawful assumption and abuse of the taxing power, were moved to resist English kings, and as a result our great charters of liberty were acceded to. By the attempted exercise of the right of taxation without the consent or approval of those who were to be taxed, the fires of the Revolution were kindled, lighting the way to the establishment in the New World of a republic that demonstrated the practicability of popular government. In the history of the framing, revising, and amending of the Constitution of the several states we have an elucidation of the efforts of the people to protect themselves against the governmental taxing agency. In England it was against the crown; in the American states against the improvident assumption of their representatives. Taxes levied and derived from the people are in every instance an appropriation by the people to the government, to be expended in furnishing protection, security by the government within its proper functions, and facilities for the public welfare. This principle is a characteristic of the wake of Anglo-Saxon liberty, and has resulted as a restraint upon the government in preventing extravagant expenditures, as well as unjust and tyrannical action against the rights of private property. Property is never secure from the lawless grasp of the government, unless the means of existence of the government depend upon the voluntary grants of those who own the property. Hence we find the limitations, checks, and restraints in our Constitutions.

Section 23, art. 10 (Bunn's Ed. § 289; Snyder's Ed. p. 314), of our Constitution, is a limitation upon the power of the state to contract debts to meet casual deficits, or failures in revenue, or expenses not provided for. Section 24 removes any limitation against the power to contract debts when the peace, safety, and public welfare is in danger, to wit, for the purpose of repelling invasion, suppressing insurrection, or to defend the state in war; but the specific restriction is additionally imposed that funds arising from the contracting of such debts shall be applied to the purpose for which they were raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever. Section 25 is an additional limitation, providing that, except the debts specified in section 23 and 24, no debts shall be contracted by or on behalf of the state unless the same shall be authorized by law for some work or object to be distinctly specified therein, and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax to pay, and sufficient to pay, the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt within 25 years from the time of the contracting of the same, and shall not become effective until approved by a majority vote of the people. Section 26, the construction of which is essential for the determination of this case, provides that:

"No county, city, town, township, school district, or other political corporation, or subdivision of the state, shall be allowed to become indebted, in any manner, for any purpose, to an amount exceeding in any year the income and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of three-fifths of the voters thereof, voting at an election to be held for that purpose, nor in cases requiring such assent, shall any indebtedness be allowed to be incurred to an amount including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding five per centum of the valuation of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained from the last assessment for state and county purposes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness: Provided, that any county, city, town, township, school district, or other political corporation or subdivision of the state, incurring any indebtedness requiring the assent of the voters as aforesaid, shall, before or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such indebtedness as it falls due, and also to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof within twenty-five years from the time of contracting the same."

The settled purpose has been to place restrictions and limitations upon the taxing power, by a restriction upon the outlay of the money after it has been collected from the people. Under these provisions the government is dependent from year to year upon the periodical vote of supplies. In some instances this vote will come from the representatives or agents, who are newly chosen by the people, and who will be expected to reflect their views regarding the public expenditures. Whenever a debt is to cover a period of years, it is never to be valid, except when approved by a vote of the electors of the particular subdivision of the state directly involved. Authority must be shown for every levy of taxes, not only in the state at large, but also in the political subdivisions thereof. In the state, authority is derived from the sovereign people; in the political subdivisions, from the state; and the same must be levied in the manner prescribed in delegating the authority. No one idea stands out more clearly than that barriers should be erected against the creation of municipal indebtedness. In times of popular clamor and excitement the internal improvement craze often well-nigh wrecks the most flourishing counties and towns, even in staid and conservative commonwealths. Excuses for withholding the application of these restraints, wisely devised, however, should not be made to delay expenditures unless we find a substantial reason therefor in the organic law of our commonwealth. The cases of Bryan v. Menefee, 21 Okla. 1,95 P. 476, and In re Menefee, 22 Okla. 365, 97 P. 1014, recently decided by this court, harmonize with these views.

It was the evident intention of the constitutional convention that no county, city, town, township, school district, or other political corporation or subdivision of the state shall be allowed to become indebted, in any manner, for any purpose, to an amount exceeding in any year the income and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of three-fifths of the voters of such political subdivision, voting at said election to be held for that purpose, nor in cases requiring such assent shall any indebtedness be allowed to be incurred to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate, exceeding 5 per centum of the valuation of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained from the last assessment for state and county purposes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness, and that no indebtedness can be incurred beyond that year, though an assessment is attempted to be levied for such future years to cover such indebtedness, and where such attempt is made, it is repugnant to the provisions of this Constitution.

We accordingly conclude that section 2, art. 8, c. 32, p. 256, Sess. Laws 1897, is repugnant to the provisions of section 26, art. 10 of the Constitution, and also the spirit of the entire Constitution relating to public indebtedness, and not in force in this state so far as it relates to courthouses and jails. Schedule to Const. § 2 (Bunn's Ed. § 451; Snyder's Ed. p. 381).

The judgment of the lower court should be affirmed.

All the Justices concur.