Litchfield v. State

First. Appellant complains that the action of the trial court in overruling the motion for a continuance was erroneous. It has always been held that a motion for a continuance upon the ground of absent witnesses is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court; and, unless an abuse of this discretion appears upon an examination of the entire record, a judgment of conviction will not be reversed upon appeal. In this case every fact that appellant desired to prove by the absent witness, George Waller, was proven by other witnesses upon the trial of his case. In the case of John Bethel v. State, ante, 126 P. 698, decided at this term of the court, Judge Armstrong, speaking for the court, said:

"When a motion for continuance is interposed upon the ground of the absence of material witnesses, and although on its face such motion may contain good grounds for a continuance, if upon the trial the record discloses the fact that the testimony of the witnesses asked for would be cumulative, this court, as a general rule, will not interfere with the order of the trial court overruling such motion."

As the testimony of George Waller for which this continuance was sought was merely cumulative, and as neither the motion for a continuance or the trial disclosed any circumstances or facts which would take the case out of the general rule that a continuance should not be granted to enable the defendant to obtain cumulative testimony, unless it appears from the entire testimony in a case that the testimony for which a continuance was sought was both material and that it would probably have resulted in a different verdict, a conviction should not be set aside because the application for a continuance was not granted. We find there was no error in the action of the trial court in overruling the motion for a continuance.

Second. We do not find in the record any evidence that the lake at which the fatal difficulty occurred was in Garvin county. It is true the evidence shows that the deceased died at Wynne wood, and it is also true that we take judicial notice of the fact that Wynnewood is in Garvin county. The place at which the mortal wound was inflicted was the place which fixed the venue, and it is immaterial as to where the deceased may have died. For a full discussion and citation of authorities on this subject, see Loyd v. State, 6 Okla. Cr. 76, 116 P. 959. While it is true that it is not necessary to prove venue beyond a reasonable doubt, yet, if there is no evidence in the record of venue, a conviction must be reversed. See Brunson v. State,4 Okla. Cr. 467, 111 P. 988.

Third. Appellant complains that incompetent, immaterial, and injurious testimony was improperly admitted against him in the trial court. There are objections in the record to the testimony of a number of witnesses for the state upon this ground. We will present a few specimens of this kind of evidence which was admitted against appellant.

W.J. Courtney testified for the state as follows:

"Q. Do you know Willie Litchfield? A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you know her general reputation for truth or immorality in the neighborhood in which she lived? (To which the defendant objects for the reason that the same is not in proper form of question, which objection is by the court overruled, to which action of the court the defendant excepts, and which exception is by the court allowed.) Q. Answer the question, Mr. Courtney; do you know? A. Well, now, I want to ask a question before I answer that question. Shall that be from what I have heard? Q. Yes, sir. The Court: Answer yes or no. A. Yes, sir. Q. From what people say do you know her general reputation in that community for truth or immorality? Answer the question? A. Yes, sir. Q. Is it good or bad? A. It is bad."

Leonard Yules testified for the state that he was acquainted with Will Collins, the deceased, and Willie Litchfield; that he lived near Wynnewood; that he saw the deceased and Willie Litchfield out in an automobile. He then testified as follows:

"Q. What time of the day or night did you see them? A. Why, it was something like 8 o'clock at night. Q. Now, explain to the jury how you happened to see them? A. Well, they was stuck down there in the automobile, and I went down and watched them pull out. Q. Well, how did you know they was stuck? A. I could tell from the racket they was making down there. Q. What kind of a racket was they making? A. Well, the automobile — you could tell by the way the noise was. Q. When you got down there, did you see Willie Litchfield? A. Yes, sir. Q. I will ask you if when the automobile backed up if anything happened to Willie's dress? A. Yes, sir. Mr. Blanton: Objected to because it is proving specific instances, and is not the proper way to attack a witness, and immaterial as to anything else. (Which objection is by the court overruled, to which action of the court the defendant excepts, and which exception is by the court allowed. Q. Answer the question. A. Yes, sir. Q. What was it? (Same objection. Overruled. Defendant excepts.) A. The tire run over it. Q. Were you on the same side of the automobile that she was? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now, what did she say? (Same objection. Overruled. Defendant excepts.) A. She said — I don't know just exactly. She said, `Damn an old skirt,' something like that."

J.B. Jackson testified in behalf of the state that he was acquainted with Willie Litchfield. He was then asked the following question:

"Q. I will ask you, Mr. Jackson, if you are acquainted with her general reputation in the community in which she lives for truth or immorality? Mr. Carr: Objected to as not the proper form, and not rebuttal. (Objection overruled. Exception by defendant.) Mr. Blanton: We would like for the record to show that we insist the proper question is truth and veracity. Q. Are you acquainted with her general reputation in that community for truth or immorality? The Court: Now, this is one of the sort of questions you must answer by saying yes or no. Now, answer it. Q. That is what people generally say — is the general reputation, Mr. Jackson? A. Yes; I presume so. Q. Is it good or bad? A. Not so good."

Dr. E.E. Norvell testified on behalf of the state that he knew deceased, Will Collins, and had been acquainted with Willie Litchfield for about five years. He was then asked the following questions:

"Q. Dr. Norvell, I will ask you if you are acquainted with her general reputation in the community in which she lives for truth or immorality? A. Yes, sir. Q. Is that reputation good or bad? A. Bad. * * * Q. Did you ever hear anybody say anything about her before this trouble, before this 19th of July? A. Yes, sir; I have heard my wife speak about her. My wife asked me if I knew anything about what kind of girl she was, and that she had heard so and so at the club. Q. What did she say she had heard at the club? A. She said she heard she was riding around in automobiles with married men. Q. What married men? A. Well, Will Collins for one."

No authorities were cited in the brief for the state, neither was any attempt made in oral argument to support the ruling of the court in admitting this evidence. As we understand the law, the rule is that specific acts cannot be proven for the purpose of impeaching the reputation of a witness for truthfulness. If this were permitted, it would result in a confusion of issues before a jury, and in indefinitely prolonging a trial, because each specific act would be made a separate issue, and there would be no limit which could be placed upon the introduction of such issues into a trial. This question has been passed upon by this court favorably to the contention of appellant in the case ofSlater v. United States, 1 Okla. Cr. 275, 98 P. 110, and has been uniformly followed since and has been expressly reaffirmed in the case of Wallace Porter v. State, ante, 126 P. 699, decided at the present term. That a witness can be impeached by proving his general reputation for morality is a novel proposition to this court. It is true that it is permitted in the courts of Arkansas, but this is on account of a special statute to that effect in that state. As the laws of Arkansas were in force in Indian Territory prior to statehood, we are satisfied that the trial court followed the Arkansas rule which is required by the statute above referred to; but this statute has no force in the courts of Oklahoma. It is a matter of general knowledge and of which this court takes judicial notice that men of the highest reputation for truth are often very lax in their ideas and habits with reference to virtue and morality. This is to be deplored, but it is nevertheless true. We must deal with humanity as it is, and not as we think it should be. It would, therefore, be exceedingly unjust to establish a rule which would allow many of the most truthful men of the state to have their veracity called in question by proof of their reputation for morality. If this is true as to men, why should not the same rule apply to women? We are not willing to establish a double standard in Oklahoma in favor of men and against womanhood. This court will extend to the prodigal daughter every right and every protection which is afforded the prodigal son. It is a false and vicious standard of morals which opens every door and bids welcome to the prodigal son, but closes every door except that of the grave to the prodigal daughter. We believe that, if any differences are made between men and women, they should be in favor of womanhood. In ninety-nine out of every hundred cases where a girl goes wrong it is owing to the temptation and villainy of some man, and that, too, in the sacred name of love. The record in this case is a fair illustration of this, for the testimony shows that it was by professions of love, promises of marriage, automobile rides, and gifts that the deceased accomplished his purpose with Willie Litchfield, and destroyed her reputation for morality. It would be a parody on law and a libel on justice to condemn her for his protection on account of what he had induced her to do and the bad reputation she had thereby gained. We believe that it would be unauthorized by law and contrary to reason and human experience to hold that the evidence objected to was competent. The objections to all of this testimony should have been sustained by the trial court. It was not only illegal, but it was also highly injurious to appellant.

Fourth. Upon the trial of this cause the court, among other things, instructed the jury as follows:

"You are instructed that there was evidence introduced as to the general reputation of the said Willie Litchfield, but you are instructed that all the evidence offered by the state as to her general reputation for truth and immorality is admitted solely for the purpose of impeaching her and affecting her credibility as a witness, but it is not introduced for the purpose of showing the defendant Litchfield's guilt of the crime charged against him, unless you find that he knew of her reputation and of the immoral acts upon her part."

To this instruction the defendant then and there excepted. That the state had the right to impeach the credibility of the witness Willie Litchfield by evidence that her general reputation in the community in which she resided for truthfulness was bad cannot be disputed, but this could not be done by proof of her general reputation for immorality. The error in admitting this class of evidence was intensified by the instruction given, because in it the jury were expressly told that, if they found that the general reputation of Willie Litchfield in the community in which she resided for immorality was bad and that appellant knew it, they might consider this for the purpose of showing the guilt of appellant of the crime charged against him. Leaving out the question of immorality altogether, the jury should never consider the bad reputation of a witness offered by a defendant for truthfulness as evidence of his guilt. In this case the appellant did not claim that he killed the deceased on account of the previous seduction of his daughter. Neither did he offer evidence of the character of his daughter as a circumstance of mitigation. If this had been done, an entirely different question would be presented, which it would be useless for us to discuss now. Therefore from any standpoint her previous character or conduct was immaterial. One of the defenses was that the deceased was attempting to rape the daughter of appellant; and that, even if appellant was in a frame of mind to make him legally responsible, the killing occurred to prevent the commission of this crime. So the instruction given and excepted to was not applicable to the testimony in the case, and was bad from every standpoint. Even if it were conceded that Willie Litchfield was a girl of bad reputation for morality, this would be no justification to deceased to get her into a drunken condition that he might have sexual intercourse with her. This would constitute rape upon his part; and, if the defendant fired the fatal shot to prevent the commission of this crime, no matter what her reputation may have been, he would be justifiable under our statute. No matter how bad the previous reputation of Willie Litchfield may have been, they were both still human beings, and she was his daughter. If a daughter is too weak to protect herself, upon what ground of reason, justice, humanity, or law can it be contended that the strong arm of her father may not be interposed in her defense?

As was said by Chief Justice Lumpkin in Biggs v. State,29 Ga. 723, 76 Am. Dec. 630:

"What is the annihilation of houses or chattels by fire and fagot, compared with the destruction of female innocence — robbing woman of that priceless jewel which leaves her a blasted ruin, with the mournful motto inscribed on its portals, `Thy glory is departed?' Our sacked habitations may be rebuilt; but who shall repair this moral desolation? How many has it sent suddenly with unbearable sorrow, to their graves? In what has society a deeper concern than in the protection of female purity and the marriage relation? The wife cannot surrender herself to another. It is treason against the conjugal rights. Dirty dollars will not compensate for a breach of the nuptial vow. And, if the wife is too weak to save herself, is it not the privilege of the jury to say whether the strong arm of her husband may not interpose to shield and defend her from pollution?"

This statement of the right of the husband to act in defense of his wife applies with equal force to the right of the father to act in defense of his daughter. The father who could witness the debauchery of his daughter and not rush to her assistance would be a base counterfeit upon true manhood's coin. Humanity, reason, justice, and the statutes of Oklahoma all give to him the right and make it his duty to act in her defense immediately and with the most effective means at his command. He is not required to take out pencil and paper and figure as to whether he could prevent the commission of the crime by a resort to some other means than the instant killing of her assailant. All that the law requires is that he should act in good faith and upon reasonable appearances of imminent danger to her, and the law will hold him guiltless, even though it may afterwards turn out that he might have saved her by pursuing some other course. The right of a father to defend his daughter is founded upon the law of nature, and is not and cannot be superseded by any law of society. This is an inalienable right recognized in and protected by the Declaration of Independence. This right is limited to defense against present danger, and does not include vengeance for a past injury. The law does not make men, but it is made by men and for men. It would be a gross perversion of power and duty for this court to so construe the law as to judge men by an angelic standard. It is our duty to make due allowance for the weakness of human nature upon one hand and to respond to its highest hopes and noblest inspirations upon the other. In this manner only can we aid in securing the administration of justice in its purity in Oklahoma.

Fifth. Section 2290, Comp. Laws 1909, is as follows:

"Homicide is also justifiable when committed by any person in either of the following cases: (1) When resisting any attempt to murder such person, or to commit any felony upon him or her, or upon or in any dwelling house in which such person is; or (2) when committed in the lawful defense of such person, or of his or her husband, wife, parent, child, master, mistress, or servant, when there is a reasonable ground to apprehend a design to commit a felony, or to do some great personal injury, and imminent danger of such design being accomplished; or, (3) When necessarily committed in attempting, by lawful ways and means, to apprehend any person for any felony committed; or in lawfully suppressing any riot; or in lawfully keeping and preserving the peace."

Under this statute, a father would be justified in killing the man who would attempt to kill his daughter. How, then, can it be said that the statute does not also give him the right to kill to prevent the rape of his daughter? Which is worse, to kill the body and let the soul live, or to kill the soul and let the body live? One is physical pain and death, the other is moral desolation and spiritual assassination. For a discussion of the enormity of the crime of rape and seduction, see Hast v.Territory, 5 Okla. Cr. 181, 114 P. 261.

This statute does not go as far as the old law of the Jews went. The statute justifies a homicide when committed by a private person to prevent the commission of a felony. The old law of the Jews justified a homicide when committed by a private person as a punishment for a felony already committed. Under our statute, the state alone punishes for crimes already committed, while under the old law of the Jews the next of kin to the person injured had the right to inflict the punishment. The case of Shechem, the Hivite, illustrates this rule. Shechem defiled Dinah, the daughter of Jacob. When Jacob learned what had been done, he held his peace until his sons, who were then absent, returned home, and, when informed by their father of what had taken place, Simeon and Levi, the brothers of Dinah, slew Shechem, his family and all of his household, and spoiled all that was in his city and house. When Jacob complained that the Canaanites and Perizzites were many and that they would rise up and destroy Jacob and his household, Simeon and Levi replied, "Should he deal with our sister as with an harlot?" For a full account of this entire transaction, see the thirty-fourth chapter of the Book of Genesis. While it is true that Levi after this was called the "man of blood," yet it was ordained by God that all of the priests who were permitted to enter the holy of holies, the sanctum sanctorum of the temple, and there wait upon the altar of the Lord came from the tribe of Levi. What is known as the "higher law" in cases of this kind grew out of the old law of the Jews, but the conditions to which the ancient laws of the Jews were applicable have long since passed away, and neither these laws nor what is known as the "higher law" are applicable to or would be justified by the conditions which exist among us to-day, because we have orderly proceedings in courts of justice for the punishment by the state of all crimes committed. There is, therefore, neither legal excuse nor justification for any person attempting to take the law into his own hands, and inflict punishment for and thereby avenge the commission of any crime, it matters not how serious it may be. While every person has the lawful right to defend against what appears to him, judging from his standpoint, to be imminent danger to himself or to any member of his family of the commission of a felony upon or to do some great bodily injury to such person, even to the extent of taking the life of the aggressor, yet, if the commission of such felony or great bodily injury is complete, no man has the right under our law to kill or in any manner injure the person who did such wrong. In other words, the rights given by our statutes and which may be exercised by private persons are always defensive and are never aggressive. They may be exercised for prevention alone and never can justify that which is done for vengeance only.

In every case of this sort these distinctions should be clearly drawn in the instructions to the jury. In this case the jury should have been informed that if the appellant acted in good faith and upon reasonable ground, viewed from his standpoint, to apprehend that there was imminent danger that a felony was about to be committed upon his daughter by the deceased, and appellant fired the fatal shot to prevent the commission of such offense, then the appellant would be justified in doing so, and the jury should acquit him if they so found or entertained a reasonable doubt on this subject. This instruction should not have been hampered or limited in any manner, except that the converse of the proposition should have been submitted to the jury, namely, that if they found from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant, viewing the circumstances of the case from his standpoint, did not have reasonable ground to apprehend that there was imminent danger of such offense being committed upon his daughter when he fired the fatal shot, and did not then in good faith so believe, then and in that event they should find him guilty of murder or manslaughter as defined in other portions of the instructions, and of that offense of which they had no reasonable doubt. This was the pivotal point in the case, and the instructions should have been so clear as not to need explanation and as to be readily within the comprehension of men who are not educated in the law, such as jurors ordinarily are.

Sixth. In this case an instruction was requested by appellant upon the subject of insanity. The instruction as requested by appellant was properly refused by the court because it was not a correct statement of the law. But, the matter having been called to the attention of the court, it should have given the jury a proper instruction on this subject, if, in the opinion of the court, it was applicable to the testimony in the case. See Morrisv. Territory, 1 Okla. Cr. 617, 99 P. 760, 101 P. 111. As to what would be a correct instruction upon the subject of insanity, it matters not what may have been its cause, see Adair v. State, 6 Okla. Cr. 284, 118 P. 416. In this opinion Judge Doyle carefully considered our statutes on this subject, and we think that the conclusions reached and stated are absolutely fortified by the authorities, and are supported with unanswerable logic. This opinion does not grow out of an immature impulse, but it is the result of the lifetime investigations and reflections of all of the members of this court. It may therefore be accepted as a precedent to be followed in the future in the matter of preparing instructions upon the subject of insanity. So the only question is as to whether or not the testimony in the record is such as to present this issue. While the testimony upon this question is by no means strong, yet we cannot say that it might not be the basis in the minds of the jurors of a reasonable doubt as to the sanity of appellant, and we can well see how upon a second trial counsel for appellant may strengthen their case in this respect. Insanity is one of the most mysterious diseases to which human beings are subject. It has its origin from a thousand different causes. Sometimes it results from intense religious excitement. At other times it grows out of sickness or a personal injury. It may be hereditary, and often cannot be explained. The records in such cases show that grief, sorrow, or shame resulting from the disruption of domestic relations or loss of virtue by a female relative constitute a most prolific source of insanity. We cannot imagine a more grievous affliction that can befall a father than to witness an attempt to debauch his daughter. What could be more highly calculated to cause the trees and stones to call to him, "Shame! shame! shame!" and to light the fires of hell in his heart, and make them blaze in his veins and cause his reason to reel and stagger on its throne? To every true father his daughter is the core of his heart, the pride, the joy, and the inspiration of his life. He would willingly die a thousand deaths to save her from shame. Her dishonor poisons all of the sources of his happiness, and renders life a burden, a nightmare, a curse, and a disgrace. Nothing is more sacred than the virtue of our girls. It is above everything else on earth. Human life cannot be compared in value to it. Destroy this, and a greater injury will be inflicted upon society than would result from the combined effects of war, pestilence, and famine. The records shows that unbearable grief and shame caused by the destruction of the virtue of a female member of a family has driven many a father, husband, and brother into insanity and the grave. This is not a branch of the "higher law." Voluntary intoxication is neither a defense nor a mitigation for the commission of crime, but an act by one who is suffering from delirium tremens which is a result of intoxication is not punishable by law. Why? Because delirium tremens is involuntary, and is recognized by all authorities as a species of insanity. If a man kills another as a matter of revenge or anger on account of some insult or injury done to a female relative, such killing will not be justifiable or excusable, but will be either murder or manslaughter, according to the circumstances under which it was committed. But, if a man kills another while insane, the killing is excusable, although the insanity may have been the result of grief, shame, or shock caused by an insult or injury to a female relative of the party doing the killing. In other words, it matters not what the cause of the insanity may be. If such insanity exists, it is a complete defense to the commission of crime. The issue of insanity when applicable to the evidence should be submitted to the jury, and they alone should be the judges as to the good faith of this defense. Every defense is liable to be abused, but this is no reason why any legal defense should not be submitted to a jury.

For the errors hereinbefore pointed out, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the cause remanded for proceedings in harmony with this opinion.

ARMSTRONG and DOYLE, JJ., concur.