Garnsey v. State

"I am disposed to concur in the conclusion of the court upon the ground that, by the treaty of cession with Russia, it was provided that the inhabitants of the ceded Territory shall be admitted to enjoy all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States."

As the statute authorized, the court, pronounced a sentence of five years' confinement at hard labor in the state penitentiary. There can be no question but what defendant was charged with an infamous crime. Ex parte Wilson, 114 U.S. 426, 5 Sup. Ct. 935, 29 L.Ed. 89; Mackin v. United States, 117 U.S. 352, 6 Sup. Ct. 777, 29 L.Ed. 909; U.S. v. De Walt, 128 U.S. 393, 9 Sup. Ct. 111, 32 L.Ed. 485.

In Ex parte Wilson, supra, Mr. Justice Gray, after reviewing the history of the proposal, and adoption of this provision of the Constitution, used this language:

"The question is whether the crime is one for which the statutes authorize the court to award an infamous punishment; not whether the punishment ultimately awarded is an infamous one. When the accused is in danger of being subjected to an infamous punishment, if convicted, he has the right to insist that he shall not be put upon his trial except on the accusation of a grand jury. Nor can we accede to the proposition which has been sometimes maintained, that no crime is infamous, within the meaning of the fifth amendment, that has not been so declared by Congress. * * * For more than a century imprisonment at hard labor in the state prison or penitentiary, or other similar institution, has been considered an infamous punishment in England and America."

The laws of Oklahoma Territory provided (chapter 68, art. 6, par. 168 [section 5304] Wilson's Rev. Ann. St. 1903) that "Every felony must be prosecuted by indictment in the district court." The Enabling Act (Act June 16, 1906, c. 335, 34 Stat. 277) provides:

"Section 21. * * * All laws in force in the territory of Oklahoma at the time of the admission of said state into the Union shall be in force throughout said state, except as modified or changed by this act or by the Constitution of the state. * * *"

Section 20, as amended March 4, 1907 (Act March 4, 1907, c. 2911, § 3, 34 Stat. 1287):

"* * * All criminal cases pending in the United States courts in the Indian Territory, not transferred to the United States circuit or district courts in the state of Oklahoma, shall be prosecuted to a final determination in the state courts of Oklahoma under the laws now in force in that territory."

Section 1 of the Schedule of the Constitution provides:

"No existing rights, actions, suits, proceedings, contracts or claims shall be affected by the change in the form of government, but all shall continue as if no change in the form of government had taken place."

These provisions of the Enabling Act and the Schedule preserve the rights of persons who are charged with the commission of offenses prior to the admission of the state, and render them liable to punishment under the law.

For this reason we are clearly of opinion that the constitutional provision providing for the prosecution of felonies by information was not intended to be retrospective or retroactive in its operation, and has reference only to prosecutions for crimes committed after statehood. However it is immaterial whether the Enabling Act permitted, or the framers of our Constitution intended to provide, a new method for the prosecution of crimes committed before statehood, because in respect to such crimes the Constitution of the United States gave to the accused an unalterable right to be accused by indictment only, and this provision of our state Constitution is ex postfacto in its application to felonies committed before Oklahoma was admitted as a state. The Constitution of the United States (section 9, pars. 3 and 10 of art. 1) prohibits the passing of expost facto laws.

The courts of several states have held that under the particular provisions of their state Constitutions the right to substitute prosecutions by information in place of prosecutions by indictment was within the limits of the legislative control over legal procedure and did not thereby disparage any substantial right or constitutional guaranty. State v. Kyle,166 Mo. 287, 65 S.W. 763, 56 L.R.A. 115; Lybarger v. State, 2 Wn. St. 552, 27 P. 449, 1029; In re Wright, 3 Wyo. 478,27 P. 565, 13 L.R.A. 748, 31 Am. St. Rep. 94, and cases there cited. Those cases are clearly distinguished from cases where the crime was committed before the admission of the state into the Union.

The distinction between legislative changes from time to time in methods of procedure and ex post facto laws is distinctly recognized in text-books and decisions.

In the case of Thompson v. State of Utah, 170 U.S. 343, 18 Sup. Ct. 620, 42 L.Ed. 1061, Mr. Justice Harlan, delivering the opinion of the court, used this language:

"It is not necessary to review the numerous cases in which the courts have determined whether particular statutes come within the constitutional prohibition of ex post facto laws. It is sufficient now to say that a statute belongs to that class which by its necessary operation and `in its relation to the offense, or its consequences, alters the situation of the accused to his disadvantage.' U.S. v. Hall, 2 Wn. C.C. 366, Fed. Cas. No. 15,285; Kring v. Missouri, 107 U.S. 221, 228, 2 Sup. Ct. 443 [27 L.Ed. 506]; In re Medley, 134 U.S. 160, 171, 10 Sup. Ct. 384 [33 L.Ed. 835]. Of course, a statute is not of that class unless it materially impairs the right of the accused to have the question of his guilt determined according to the law as it was then when the offense was committed. And, therefore, it is well settled that the accused is not entitled of right to be tried in the exact mode, in all respects, that may be prescribed for the trial of criminal cases at the time of the commission of the offense charged against him. Cooley, in his treatise on Constitutional Limitations, after referring to some of the adjudged cases relating to ex post facto laws, says: `But, so far as mere modes of procedure are concerned, a party has no more right in a criminal than in a civil action to insist that his case shall be disposed of under the law in force when the act to be investigated is charged to have taken place. Remedies must always be under the control of the Legislature, and it would create endless confusion in legal proceedings if every case was to be conducted only in accordance with the rules of practice and heard only by the courts in existence when its facts arose. The Legislature may abolish courts and create new ones, and it may prescribe altogether different modes of procedure in its discretion, though it cannot lawfully, we think, in so doing, dispense with any of those substantial protections with which the existing law surrounds the person accused of crime.' Chapter 9, *272. And this view was substantially approved by this court inKring v. Missouri, above cited. So, in Hopt v. Utah,110 U.S. 574, 590, 4 Sup. Ct. 202 [28 L.Ed. 262], it was said that no one had a vested right in mere modes of procedure, and that it was for the state, upon grounds of public policy, to regulate procedure at its pleasure. This court, in Duncan v. Missouri,152 U.S. 378, 382, 14 Sup. Ct. 570 [38 L.Ed. 485], said that statutes regulating procedure, if they leave untouched all the substantial protections with which existing law surrounds the person accused of crime, are not within the constitutional inhibition of ex postfacto laws. But it was held in Hopt v. Utah, above cited, that a statute that takes from the accused a substantial right given to him by the law in force at the time to which his guilt relates would be ex post facto in its nature and operation, and that legislation of that kind cannot be sustained simply because, in a general sense, it may be said to regulate procedure. The difficulty is not so much as to the soundness of the general rule that an accused has no vested right in particular modes of procedure as in determining whether particular statutes by their operation take from an accused any right that was regarded, at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, as vital for the protection of life and liberty, and which he enjoyed at the time of the commission of the offense charged against him. Now Thompson's crime, when committed, was punishable by the territory of Utah proceeding in all its legislation under the sanction of and in subordination to the authority of the United States. The court below substituted, as a basis of judgment and sentence to imprisonment in the penitentiary, the unanimous verdict of 8 jurors in place of a unanimous verdict of 12. It cannot, therefore, be said that the Constitution of Utah, when applied to Thompson's case, did not deprive him of a substantial right involved in his liberty, and did not materially alter the situation to his disadvantage. If, in respect to felonies committed in Utah while it was a territory, it was competent for the state to prescribe a jury of eight persons, it could just as well have prescribed a jury of four or two, and, perhaps have dispensed altogether with a jury and provided for a trial before a single judge."

That the right to be exempt from prosecution for an infamous crime, except upon presentment by a grand jury, is of the same nature as the right to a trial by a petit jury of the number fixed by the common law, has been held by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Maxwell v. Dow, 176 U.S. 582, 20 Sup. Ct. 448, 494, 44 L.Ed. 597. Mr. Justice Peckham, who delivered the opinion of the court, used this language:

"In our opinion the right to be exempt from prosecution for an infamous crime, except upon a presentment by a grand jury, is of the same nature as the right to a petit jury of the number fixed by the common law. * * * The right to be proceeded against only by indictment, and the right to a trial by 12 jurors, are of the same nature, and are subject to the same judgment, and the people in the several states have the same right to provide by their organic law for the change of both or either."

In Ex parte Bain, 121 U.S. 1, 7 Sup. Ct. 781, 30 L.Ed. 849, Mr. Justice Miller reviews the fifth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and considers the nature and value of the institution of the grand jury:

"The importance of the part played by the grand jury in England cannot be better illustrated than by the language of Justice Field, in a Charge to a Grand Jury, reported in 2 Sawy. (U.S.) 667 [Fed. Cas. No. 18,255]: `The institution of the grand jury,' he says, `is of very ancient order in the history of England — it goes back many centuries. For a long period its powers were not clearly defined; and it would seem from the accounts of commentators on the laws of that country, that it was first a body which not only accused, but which also tried, public offenders. However this may have been in its origin, it was, at the time of the settlement of this country, an informing and accusing tribunal only, without whose previous action no person charged with a felony could, except in certain special cases, be put upon his trial. And in the struggles which at times arose in England between the powers of the king and the rights of the subject, it often stood as a barrier against prosecution in his name; until, at length, it came to be regarded as an institution by which the subject was rendered secure against oppression from unfounded prosecutions of the crown. In this country, from the popular character of our institutions, there has seldom been any contest between the government and the citizen which required the existence of the grand jury as a protection against oppressive action of the government. Yet the institution was adopted in this country, and is continued from considerations similar to those which give to it its chief value in England, and is designed as a means, not only of bringing to trial persons accused of public offenses upon just grounds, but also as a means of protecting the citizen against unfounded accusation, whether it comes from government, or be prompted by partisan passion or private enmity. No person shall be required, according to the fundamental law of the country, except in the cases mentioned, to answer for any of the higher crimes unless this body, consisting of not less than 16 nor more than 23 good and lawful men, selected from the body of the district, shall declare upon careful deliberation, under the solemnity of an oath, that there is good reason for his accusation and trial.' The case of Hurtado v. People, 110 U.S. 516, 4 Sup. Ct. 111 [292, 28 L.Ed. 232], was a writ of error to the Supreme Court of that state (California) by a party who had been convicted of the crime of murder, in the state court, upon an information instead of an indictment. The writ of error from this court was founded on the proposition that the provision of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, that no state shall `deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law,' required an indictment as necessary to due process of law. This court held otherwise, and that it was within the power of the states to provide punishment of all manner of crimes without indictment by a grand jury. The nature and value of a grand jury, both in this country and in the English system of law, were much discussed in that case, with reference to Coke, Magna Charta, and to other sources of information on that subject, both in the opinion of the court and in an exhaustive review of that question by Mr. Justice Harlan in a dissenting opinion. It has been said that since there is no danger to the citizen from the oppressions of a monarch, or of any form of executive power, there is no longer need of a grand jury. But, whatever force may be given to this argument, it remains true that the grand jury is as valuable as ever in securing, in the language of Chief Justice Shaw in the case of Jones v. Robbins, 8 Gray (Mass.) 329, `individual citizens from an open and public accusation of crime, and from the trouble, expense, and anxiety of a public trial, before a probable cause is established by the presentment and indictment of such a jury; and in case of high offenses it is justly regarded as one of the securities to the innocent against hasty, malicious, and oppressive public prosecutors.' It is never to be forgotten that in the construction of the language of the Constitution here relied on, as, indeed, in all other instances where construction becomes necessary, we are to place ourselves as nearly as possible in the condition of the men who framed that instrument. Undoubtedly the framers of this article had for a long time been absorbed in considering the arbitrary encroachments of the crown on the liberty of the subject, and were imbued with the common-law estimate of the value of the grand jury as part of its system of criminal jurisprudence. They therefore must be understood to have used the language which they did in declaring that no person should be called to answer for any capital or otherwise infamous crime, except upon an indictment or presentment of a grand jury, in the full sense of its necessity and of its value. We are of the opinion that an indictment found by a grand jury was indispensable to the power of the court to try the petitioner for the crime with which he was charged. The sentence of the court was that he should be imprisoned in the penitentiary at Albany. The case of Ex parte Wilson, 114 U.S. 418, 5 Sup. Ct. 935 [29 L.Ed. 89], and the later one of Mackin v. United States,117 U.S. 348, 6 Sup. Ct. 777 [29 L.Ed. 909], established the proposition that this prosecution was for an infamous crime within the meaning of the constitutional provision. It only remains to consider whether this change in the indictment deprived the court of the power of proceeding to try the petitioner and sentence him to the imprisonment provided for in the statute. We have no difficulty in holding that the indictment on which he was tried was no indictment of a grand jury. The decisions which we have already referred to, as well as sound principle, require us to hold that after the indictment was changed it was no longer the indictment of the grand jury who presented it. Any other doctrine would place the rights of the citizen, which were intended to be protected by the constitutional provision, at the mercy or control of the court or prosecuting attorney; for, if it be once held that changes can be made by the consent or the order of the court in the body of the indictment as presented by the grand jury, and the prisoner can be called upon to answer to the indictment as thus changed, the restriction which the Constitution places upon the power of the court, in regard to the prerequisite to an indictment in reality no longer exists. It is of no avail, under such circumstances, to say that the court has jurisdiction of the person and of the crime, for, though it has possession of the person, and would have jurisdiction of the crime if it were properly presented by indictment, the jurisdiction of the offense is gone, and the court has no right to proceed any further in the progress of the case for want of an indictment. If there is nothing before the court which the prisoner, in the language of the Constitution, can be `held to answer,' he is then entitled to be discharged so far as the offense originally presented to the court by the indictment is concerned. The power of the court to proceed to try the prisoner is as much arrested as if an indictment had been dismissed or a nolle prosequi had been entered. There was nothing before the court on which it could hear evidence or pronounce sentence."

The Supreme Court of Utah, after the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Thompson v. Utah, supra, held, in the case of State v. Rock, 20 Utah, 38, 57 P. 532, that:

"As to all offenses committed against the laws of Utah prior to its admission as a state, section 4688, Rev. St. 1898, alters the situation of a party charged with an offense committed prior to statehood to his disadvantage, and is an ex post facto law. A person charged with having committed an offense prior to statehood had a constitutional right, under the laws of Congress and the territorial laws then in effect, to be prosecuted only upon indictment presented by a grand jury, and he may not be prosecuted by way of information."

Justice Miner, delivering the opinion of the court, used this language:

"To hold that a state could deprive the accused of his liberty by examination before a magistrate, and by the filing of an information by the prosecuting attorney, without the presentment of an indictment found by a grand jury, for an offense committed while Utah was a territory, and under the laws of Congress, would be to recognize in a state power to do that which Congress could not do by legislation, and the right to take from the accused a constitutional right which belonged to him when the offense was committed. * * * Under the decision ofThompson v. Utah, supra, it must follow that the prosecuting attorney had no authority to file the information against the respondent for the offense committed prior to the admission of the state into the Union. The grand jury is the proper tribunal before whom the accused should be brought."

In McCarty v. State, 1 Wn. 377, 25 P. 299, 22 Am. St. Rep. 152, it was held:

"One charged with a larceny in Washington Territory, prior to its admission as a state, is entitled under the Constitution of the United States to a presentment by a grand jury, and cannot be prosecuted by information under the authority of the Constitution of Washington and the act of January 29, 1890, in pursuance thereof, since the substitution of prosecution by information for that by indictment was not a mere change of procedure, but affected a substantial right, which could not be taken away by retroactive legislation."

See, also, State v. Kingsley, 10 Mont. 537, 26 P. 1066;State v. Ardoin, 51 La. Ann. 169, 24 So. 802, 72 Am. St. Rep. 454.

In Miller v. State, 3 Okla. Cr. 457, 106 P. 810, this court held that:

"In determining questions of federal cognizance, this court is bound to enforce the protection of the federal Constitution and to adopt and be governed by the rule of decision adjudicated in the Supreme Court of the United States."

Applying the principles of the foregoing authorities to the question presented, we believe they establish our conclusion, that the state cannot proceed by information against a person charged with the commission of a felony in the territory of Oklahoma before statehood. It may be that in a popular government the grand jury is not as important as it is when used to protect the citizen from the tyranny and oppression of kings, and that it is no longer considered one of the "greatest bulwarks of liberty." That a preliminary examination gives to the accused all the protection, and even more than he would have had from a grand jury, is a plausible argument that meets popular favor. Nevertheless, experience has shown that even in popular governments the rights and privileges of the citizen may be ruthlessly invaded, as shown by the conditions that led to the adoption of the fifth article of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States. The framers of our state Constitution provided that: "The Legislature may make the calling of a grand jury compulsory." Section 18, Bill of Rights. It may be, in the interest of good government, that the trial of offenses by indictment should be dispensed with; however, whether or not it is wise so to do is a question which is addressed to the people, and not to the courts.

The courts of this state, in exercising the jurisdiction conferred upon them by the Enabling Act and the state Constitution over crimes committed in Oklahoma Territory, cannot deprive the accused of substantial rights secured to him by the Constitution of the United States, such as depriving him of the right to be accused by indictment for an infamous crime, or the right to be tried by a common-law jury. The constitutional guaranty is a substantial right given by the law in force at the time the crime charged is alleged to have been committed, and any law which operates as a denial of this right alters the situation of the accused to his disadvantage, and is therefore ex postfacto as to such crime.

Adopting the language of Judge Denio, in Hartung v. People,22 N.Y. 95:

"No one can be criminally punished in this country except according to law prescribed for his government by the sovereign authority before the imputed offense was committed, and which existed as a law at the time."

A formal accusation is essential to every trial for crime. And, where the law requires a particular form of accusation, that form of accusation is essential. Without it the court acquires no jurisdiction to proceed. In the language of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts:

"Though it is desirable that all offenders against our penal laws should be punished, yet it is better that one should occasionally escape than that the fundamental principles of the criminal law should be violated." (Com. v. McDonough, 13 Allen, 581.)

We are of opinion that the district court of Beaver county did not, upon the case shown by the record, have jurisdiction to try, convict, and sentence defendant for a crime charged to have been committed in Oklahoma Territory.

The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.

FURMAN, PRESIDING JUDGE, and RICHARDSON, JUDGE, concur.