Leonard v. Ekwall

[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] The question for consideration is whether the affidavit of prejudice law applies to the judge of the department of probate. The 1919 Jurisdictional Act provided that in counties of 100,000 population or more an additional circuit judge should be elected to sit in a department to be designated by the rule of the Circuit Court by an appropriate number and that this department should be known as "department of probate" but that the judge of such a department shall in addition to the duties in the act prescribed also perform the general duties of a Circuit Court judge. Section 3 reads thus:

"That in all judicial districts within the state of Oregon comprising one county only, of over 100,000 population, the county court of such counties, and the office of county judge therein, are hereby abolished, and the present incumbents of such office are hereby created circuit judges of such judicial districts, and are hereby appointed to sit as circuit judges in the department provided for in the preceding section of this act, to be known as judges ofthe department of probate, * *"

Section 5 of the act provides that there shall be automatically assigned to the department of probate all probate proceedings.

Section 6 of the act provides:

"Whenever the department of probate shall become congested with business, or whenever the judge of said court is absent or unable to sit, or is disqualified to hear any cause, the business of such department may be assigned to any other department of said circuit court, in the manner provided by the rules of said court."

Section 7 provides that:

"In any proceeding or cause over which by existing laws, the county court has jurisdiction, all of which are by the provisions of this act transferred to and heard by the circuit courts of the counties affected by this act, the procedure and practice shall be governed by the existing laws applicable to such proceeding without any change, except that appeals may be taken direct to the supreme court from the judgments of the circuit court in all such matters, * *"

and one other exception not material here.

Section 8 of the act provides that the records and files of the probate department shall be kept separate and distinct from the other records of the court as far as practical.

The Affidavit of Prejudice Act of 1919 (Section 45 — 3, Or. L.), passed at the same session as the Jurisdiction Act, provides that where a motion supported by an affidavit of prejudice is filed in any county of the state where there is a presiding judge who hears motions and demurrers and assigns cases to the other departments of the Circuit Court for trial, the affidavit and motion for change of judges to hear the motions and demurrers, or to try the case, may be made at any time either before or after "the assignment of the case for trial and either before a hearing upon a motion or demurrer or the commencement of trial of said cause."

And Section 45 — 1, Or. L., after providing that no circuit judge shall try any suit, action or proceeding when it shall be established that such judge is prejudiced against any party or attorney, or the interest of any party or attorney appearing in such cause, reads thus:

"In such case the presiding judge shall forthwith transfer the suit or action to another department of the same court, or call in a judge from some other court, or apply to the chief justice of (the) supreme court to send a judge to try the case; or, if the convenience of witnesses or the ends of justice will not be interfered with by such courts, and the action or suit is of such a character that a change of venue thereof may be ordered, he may send the case for trial to the most convenient court."

The original Affidavit of Prejudice Act does not in terms apply to probate matters. It also refers particularly to "the suit or action" indicating at first blush that it was intended that a suit or action, or some similar proceeding, to be tried was to be regulated by the act.

Section 45 — 2, Or. L., as amended by Chapter 143 of General Laws of 1925, page 218, provides that any party or attorney appearing in any "action, suit or proceeding in a circuit court" may establish such prejudice.

The Jurisdictional Act of 1919, Section 4 (Section 3135, Or. L.), plainly provides that all matters, causes and proceedings pending in such County Courts, which are abolished by the act, shall be and they are by the act automatically transferred and continued, thereafter to be heard and determined in said Circuit Court, which unquestionably refers to the department of probate.

Chapter 282, General Laws of 1927, provides that in all judicial districts within the state comprising one county only, of less than 100,000 population and more than 35,000 population, all judicial jurisdiction, power and authority of the county judges and County Courts, as distinguished from such power and jurisdiction as is exercised in the transaction of county business, shall thereafter be vested and exercised by the Circuit Court of the judicial district comprising such county, and all matters, causes and proceedings pending in such County Courts shall be and are by the act transferred and continued, to be thereafter heard and determined in said Circuit Court.

Section 2 of the act provides that in such matters so transferred to be heard by the Circuit Court "the procedure and practice shall be governed by the existing laws applicable to such proceedings without any change, except that appeals may be taken direct to the supreme court, * *"

The jurisdiction of the probate courts is now exercised by the Circuit Court for Clackamas County.

Chapter 282, General Laws of 1927, contains several provisions similar to those in the Jurisdictional Act of 1919 which affects Multnomah County.

As the statute (Section 3136, Or. L.) automatically assigns all probate matters to the department of probate of the Circuit Court for Multnomah County, no duty rests upon the presiding judge in the first instance to assign probate matters to "the other departments of the circuit court for Multnomah County for trial." There is only one "Department of Probate" in the Multnomah district.

Section 45 — 3, Or. L., directing the time in which the affidavit and motion for a change of judges in a county where there is a presiding judge who assigns cases to the other departments of the Circuit Court, which applies to Multnomah County, provides that such motion may be made at any time either before or after the assignment of the case for trial. Under the statute such motion cannot be made before the assignment of a probate matter, for the reason there is no assignment of a probate proceeding to another department by the presiding judge, as that act is accomplished by virtue of the statute. Such motion cannot be made after such assignment for the same reason. Such section plainly indicates that in a judicial district comprising only one county having over 100,000 population, where there is a presiding judge who assigns cases, the Affidavit of Prejudice Act of 1919 was not intended by the legislature to and does not apply to a judge in the disposition or probate or guardianship proceedings.

Take for example the guardianship matters mentioned, and it is similar to all probate proceedings, if a guardian of the estate of Nahum Amos King should be appointed, the matter might necessarily be pending in the probate court for several years, and if transferred to another department, should there be retained until final disposal. All proceedings relating to the administration of estates of decedents, minors and other legally incompetent persons, and probate matters generally under the law, so far as practicable, from their inception to their completion, should be had, carried on, supervised and determined in the department of probate provided for in the act, to which department the statute automatically assigns all such proceedings.

The practice and procedure suggested by the motion and affidavit in the present instance, if adopted, would inevitably lead to a scattering of the probate proceedings and records through the eight different departments of the Circuit Court for Multnomah County, and cause great confusion to the detriment of the public and hindrance of the orderly transaction of probate business, which, it is believed, the lawmakers never intended, and it would be possible to have such proceedings transferred to another county.

It would divide up the responsibility for that oversight and care that should be maintained over those proceedings by the probate court. No circuit judge of any of those departments, except the probate department, could be expected to exercise that vigilance and supervision of the probate proceedings usually necessary to effectuate the making of reports regularly and the prompt and efficient administration of estates of decedents and other like matters. Such proceedings are entirely different from the adjudication of actions at law and suits in equity and other similar causes in the trial of which the regular circuit judge is constantly required to give his time and attention. No member of the bar, so far as known, since this law has been in force, for more than eight years, has ever attempted to apply the Affidavit of Prejudice Act to a judge exercising probate jurisdiction.

The cardinal rule for the construction of a statute is to ascertain from the language thereof the intent of the lawmakers as to what purpose was to be served, or what object was designed to be attained.

If the legislature had intended that the Affidavit of Prejudice Act should be applied in probate procedure it would have undoubtedly used some plain language referring to such a practice to indicate such intent.

By Chapter 378, General Laws of Oregon 1913, page 769, the legislature enacted a law abolishing the office of county judge for the county of Multnomah and providing that the present incumbent of that office be created a circuit judge of the fourth judicial district and exercise all the powers and jurisdiction of a circuit judge until his successor is elected and qualified. Section 4 of that act provided:

"Upon the taking effect of this act all judicial jurisdiction, power and authority of the county judge and of the county court of said Multnomah county, as distinguished from such power and jurisdiction as is exercised in the transaction of county business, shall then, and thereafter, be vested in and exercised by the circuit court of said Fourth Judicial District, and all said matters, causes and proceedings pending in said county court shall be considered as transferred, continued, heard and disposed of in the said circuit court."

The act further provided, in effect, that as far as practicable all probate matters should be referred to and considered in department No. 6 of the Circuit Court. The act did not in terms refer to every judicial district comprising only one county of over 100,000 population, or to such districts of less than 100,000 population and more than 35,000. Neither did the act contain the provision embraced in the 1919 law to the effect that in the exercise of the jurisdiction formerly vested in County Courts "the procedure and practice shall be governed by the existing laws applicable to such proceedings without any change, except that appeals may be taken direct to the Supreme Court."

In the case of In re McCormick's Estate, 72 Or. 608 (143 P. 915, 144 P. 425), the validity of the act of the legislature of 1913 which attempted to transfer all probate business and jurisdiction of the County Court in Multnomah County to the Circuit Court was challenged. Mr. Justice EAKIN, as shown at page 611 of the Report, said:

"This is in violation of Article IV, sec. 23, subdivision 3 of the Constitution in that it is local and special in attempting to regulate the practice of the courts of justice in Multnomah county, without any change in the practice in the county court as it relates to probate work * *"

See, also, State v. Holman, 73 Or. 18 (144 P. 429);Gantenbein v. West, 74 Or. 334 (144 P. 1171).

Section 7 of the Jurisdictional Act of 1919 contains a plain mandate that in any proceeding over which, by existing laws, the County Court theretofore has jurisdiction and all of which were by the act transferred to the Circuit Court in the counties affected by the act, "the procedure and practice shall be governed by the existing laws applicable to such proceeding without any change," with the exception mentioned. This provision was made in order to obviate the repugnancy to Article IV, Section 23, subdivision 3 of the Constitution contained in the act of 1913, which had been declared unconstitutional. That part of the organic act requires that the practice in probate courts shall be uniform throughout the state.

6 Words Phrases, page 5486, under "Practice," provides thus:

"`Practice' is defined by Burrill as `the course of procedure in the courts, which, in a general sense, includes pleadings.' Rapalje and Lawrence define practice as `the law which regulates the formal steps in an action or other proceeding; which therefore deals with writs, summons, pleadings, affidavits, notices, motions, petitions, orders, trials, judgments, appeals, costs, and executions.'"People v. Central Pac. R. Co., 83 Cal. 393 (23 P. 303,307).

To apply the motion and affidavit of prejudice to probate procedure in the counties would change and regulate the practice in a court of justice in a portion only of the state. See In reMcCormack, supra, opinion on rehearing, by Mr. Justice BURNETT, where the question of the application of Article IV, Section 23, subdivision 3, is thoroughly discussed in minute detail. To construe the jurisdictional acts mentioned so as to apply the practice prevailing in the Circuit Courts in the exercise of jurisdiction in probate proceedings would render the two acts out of harmony with the constitutional provisions above referred to and be in direct conflict with the opinions mentioned. The language of the acts does not evince an intent on the part of the legislature to obtain such a result. That intent was to obviate the objectionable features of the 1913 act and validate it. The statute should be given a reasonable construction consistent with its validity if the language thereof warrants such interpretation.

When a constitutional provision prevents a statute from applying in certain cases, even where it was apparently intended to apply, the courts will not declare the statute unconstitutional, but will hold that the law was not intended to apply to such cases, on the ground that the courts are bound to presume that the legislature did not intend to violate the Constitution: Northrup v. Hoyt, 31 Or. 524, 529 (49 P. 754).

Section 939, Or. L., provides when a probate judge is disqualified. If a probate judge is a party or directly interested in any proceeding commenced in the court over which he presides, as provided in this section, ample provision is made in said section and by Section 6 of the Jurisdictional Act of 1919 and by Section 4 of the Jurisdictional Act of 1927 for the transaction of the business embraced in such proceeding by another judge. The interested parties in such probate proceedings have the right of appeal.

Let us now notice the effect the proposed practice would have if applied in probate proceedings in the Clackamas district. Judge CAMPBELL, an able, learned and conscientious jurist and circuit judge, in performing the duties of a probate judge would be subject to disqualification by motion and affidavit of prejudice. If for any reason he was incapacitated, or absent from the county, the county judge would be authorized to perform the functions of the circuit judge relating to probate business, but would be immune from the operation of the affidavit of prejudice. The affidavit of prejudice statute would function one day and be dormant the next, swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. As applied to this district, it would be much like a two-tined fork with one tine missing. Really "consistency thou art a jewel."

The circuit judge of department No. 7 of the Circuit Court for Multnomah County, when exercising the jurisdiction and performing the general duties of a judge of the Circuit Court is subject to the provisions of the affidavit of the prejudice law. When such judge is sitting as a probate judge and exercising the jurisdiction and authority, in probate and other proceedings, formerly exercised by the county judge, except county business, the affidavit of prejudice law does not apply.

It follows that the peremptory writ of mandamus must be denied and this proceeding dismissed.

WRIT DENIED.

COSHOW, J., dissents.