Goodwin v. State

866 P.2d 466 (1993) 125 Or. App. 359

William Lloyd GOODWIN, Respondent,
v.
STATE of Oregon, Appellant.

90-05-162 CV; CA A66807.

Court of Appeals of Oregon, In Banc.^[*]

Motion for Reconsideration October 7, 1993. Decided December 22, 1993.

Theodore R. Kulongoski, Atty. Gen., Virginia L. Linder, Sol. Gen., and Timothy A. Sylwester, Asst. Atty. Gen., for motion.

Nancy Nickel contra.

On Appellant's Motion for Reconsideration October 7, 1993.

WARREN, Judge.

The state moves for reconsideration of our opinion in this case, 116 Or.App. 279, 840 P.2d 1372 (1992), in which we affirmed the trial court's judgment granting petitioner post-conviction relief. We allow the motion, withdraw our opinion and reverse the judgment.

Petitioner was convicted in 1989 of criminal nonsupport. He did not appeal. In May, 1990, he filed this petition for post-conviction relief, alleging that the indictment that resulted in his conviction was obtained in violation of Oregon Constitution, Article VII (amended), section 5(2), because the grand jury that indicted him consisted of only six, rather than seven, grand jurors. The trial court granted relief and, on appeal, we affirmed.

After we issued our opinion, the Supreme Court decided State v. Pratt, 316 Or. 561, 853 P.2d 827 (1993). Relying on our opinion in this case, the defendant there argued on direct appeal that he was entitled to dismissal of the indictment, because the grand jury that had issued the indictment against him was made up of fewer than seven members. The Supreme Court held that it would not consider the defendant's challenge to the constitutionality of the indictment, because he did not make a timely motion at trial to set aside the indictment, and therefore the error was not preserved. It said, "Any right that defendant may have had to have the indictment set aside—and we express no opinion on that question—had to be exercised in a timely manner under [ORS 135.510(1)(a) and ORS 135.520]." 316 Or at 567. Because the defendant did not timely raise the issue below, the court declined to consider whether the indictment was unconstitutionally issued and reviewed his appeal on the merits.

Based on Pratt, the state now argues that we should reconsider our opinion in this case and reverse, because petitioner also did not timely raise the grand jury issue. We agree with the result suggested by the state but not with its reasoning. The preservation issue in Pratt arose on direct appeal of a conviction. Unlike Pratt, this case is before us on appeal from a post-conviction judgment. In Palmer v. State of Oregon, 121 Or.App. 377, 854 P.2d 955 (1993), we held that the petitioner could pursue post-conviction relief despite his failure to challenge at trial the constitutionality of the statute under which he was convicted. The petitioner there filed a petition for post-conviction relief after a direct appeal. He alleged that the statute under which he had been convicted was unconstitutionally vague. Unconstitutionality of the statute making criminal the acts for which a person is convicted is a ground for post-conviction relief under ORS 138.530(1)(d). However, the petitioner had not made that challenge at his criminal trial. We held that, under ORS 138.550(2),^[1] his failure to raise the issue at trial did not preclude him from asserting that ground as a basis for post conviction relief, because an unpreserved error could not reasonably have been raised on direct appeal.

Here, unlike in Palmer, petitioner did not take a direct appeal from the conviction. However, that fact does not affect his ability to raise the unpreserved error in this post-conviction proceeding. ORS 138.550(1) provides, in part, that

"[t]he failure of petitioner to have sought appellate review of the conviction, or to have raised matters alleged in the petition at the trial of the petitioner, shall not affect the availability of relief under ORS 138.510 to 138.680."

That statute allows a petitioner to assert a basis for post-conviction relief that was not raised in the criminal trial.^[2] Thus, under Pratt, Palmer and ORS 138.550(1), we conclude that an issue is ordinarily reviewable on direct appeal only if it was preserved at trial, but an issue that could have been raised at trial is raisable on post-conviction only if it was not preserved at trial. Accordingly, unlike in Pratt, here petitioner's failure to have made at trial a timely challenge to the indictment does not preclude him from raising the issue in his petition for post-conviction relief, and we can consider it.

The holding in Pratt regarding preservation of error on direct appeal does not directly affect this post-conviction case, but it does affect it indirectly. Although petitioner's failure to preserve the grand jury issue does not preclude him from raising it as a basis for post-conviction relief, we read Pratt as leading logically to the conclusion that, even if the issuance of an indictment by a grand jury of fewer than seven members is a constitutional violation, that violation does not make the conviction void. Post-conviction relief shall be granted when, inter alia, a petitioner was denied a substantial constitutional right that rendered the conviction void, or the court lacked jurisdiction to impose the judgment. ORS 138.530(1)(a), (b). We agree with the state that the Supreme Court's refusal in Pratt to consider the unpreserved argument regarding the constitutionality of the indictment is, by necessary implication, a holding that the constitutional error, if any, did not render the judgment void or deprive the trial court of jurisdiction. That is, we read Pratt as holding implicitly that the conviction based on the defective indictment, even assuming that the defect was one of constitutional dimensions, was at most voidable, but was not void ab initio. Were it otherwise, it can be expected that the Supreme Court would have considered the constitutional question rather than dismissing it on preservation grounds. Accordingly, even assuming that petitioner here is correct that the indictment by which he was charged violates Article VII (amended), section 5(2), that violation does not result in a void conviction, and does not constitute a basis for post-conviction relief. ORS 138.530(1)(a), (b); see State v. Pratt, supra; State v. Gortmaker, 60 Or.App. 723, 655 P.2d 575 (1982), aff'd on other grounds 295 Or. 505, 668 P.2d 354 (1983), cert. den. 465 U.S. 1066, 104 S. Ct. 1416, 79 L. Ed. 2d 742 (1984).

Reconsideration allowed; opinion withdrawn; reversed.

EDMONDS, Judge, concurring.

I concur in the majority's result, but would hold that the defendant's conviction is not "voidable" for the reasons stated in my dissent in Goodwin v. State of Oregon, 116 Or.App. 279, 284, 840 P.2d 1372 (1992).

ROSSMAN and RIGGS, JJ., join in this concurring opinion.

NOTES

[*] Landau, J., not participating.

[1] ORS 138.550(2) provides, in part:

"When the petitioner sought and obtained direct appellate review of the conviction and sentence of the petitioner, no ground for relief may be asserted by petitioner in a petition for relief under ORS 138.510 to 138.680 unless such ground was not asserted and could not reasonably have been asserted in the direct appellate review proceeding."

[2] We have held that post-conviction relief is not available based on an error that was preserved but no appeal was taken from the judgment. E.g. Schantz v. Maass, 114 Or.App. 167, 834 P.2d 508 (1992); Hunter v. Maass, 106 Or.App. 438, 808 P.2d 723, rev. den. 312 Or. 80, 816 P.2d 610 (1991). Here, however, the issue was not preserved at the criminal trial, and those cases do not apply.