State v. Driver

86 P.3d 53 (2004) 192 Or. App. 395

STATE of Oregon, Respondent,
v.
Paul Lee DRIVER, Appellant.

002721; A114234.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Argued and Submitted March 25, 2003. Decided March 3, 2004.

Lawrence Matasar, Portland, argued the cause and filed the brief for appellant.

Joanna Jenkins, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent. With her on the brief were Hardy Myers, Attorney General, and Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General.

Before EDMONDS, Presiding Judge, and SCHUMAN and ORTEGA,^[*] Judges.

ORTEGA, J.

Defendant appeals his three convictions for first-degree sexual abuse. He argues that the trial court erred in excluding evidence that the victim, a nine-year-old girl, recanted a previous allegation of sexual abuse against another man. After the victim denied on cross-examination that she had made or recanted the previous allegation, defendant attempted to introduce extrinsic evidence to rebut the denial. The trial court excluded that evidence on the ground that extrinsic evidence of prior false allegations of sexual abuse is inadmissible under both the Oregon Evidence Code, OEC 608(2), and the Confrontation Clause of the Oregon Constitution, as interpreted in State v. LeClair, 83 Or.App. 121, 730 P.2d 609 (1986), rev. den., 303 Or. 74, 734 P.2d 354 (1987). We affirm that result but apply a different analysis.

At trial, defendant denied any sexual contact with the victim (M) and sought to impeach her testimony with evidence concerning a prior false allegation of abuse that she had allegedly made to her six-year-old friend R when she was herself six years old. (M was nine years old at the time of trial; defendant's abuse began some time during the two years before trial.) Defendant's counsel asked M, in front of the jury, if she had accused R's uncle, Osborn, of touching her sexually, and if she had later recanted the allegation. M denied making (or recanting) the allegation.^[1] The state did not object to that line of questioning.

Defendant then sought to offer evidence from Osborn and Osborn's sister to rebut M's denial.^[2] Although it had failed to object to the original cross-examination of M on that issue, the state objected to the introduction of the proffered extrinsic evidence, arguing that it was barred by OEC 608(2). The state further argued that a constitutionally based exception to OEC 608(2) announced in LeClair did not render the evidence admissible because the evidence did not satisfy LeClair's three-part test. See 83 Or.App. at 130, 730 P.2d 609. Defendant responded that the LeClair test was satisfied and that the evidence therefore was admissible under the Confrontation Clause of Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution. The trial court excluded the proffered testimony of Osborn and his sister after determining that it failed the LeClair test. Defendant was convicted of three counts of first-degree sexual abuse and was sentenced to three concurrent 75-month sentences.

Defendant now appeals his convictions. He argues that the trial court erred in excluding extrinsic evidence to rebut M's denial of the prior false allegation of sexual abuse. Defendant contends that such evidence is admissible under the Confrontation Clause of the Oregon Constitution, as interpreted in LeClair. The state responds that extrinsic evidence of prior bad acts is prohibited under OEC 608(2) and, to the extent such evidence is allowed under the Confrontation Clause, it was properly excluded here under the LeClair test. We agree with the state's conclusion, although not with its analysis. Whether the evidence failed the LeClair test is irrelevant; the constitutional exception announced in LeClair simply does not encompass extrinsic evidence, and the Confrontation Clause does not otherwise require admission of such evidence.

OEC 608(2)^[3] provides:

"Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the credibility of the witness, other than conviction of crime as provided in ORS 40.355 [OEC 609], may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. Further, such specific instances of conduct may not, even if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of the witness."

In LeClair, we created an exception to OEC 608(2) based on the Confrontation Clause of the Oregon Constitution, Article I, section 11:^[4]

"[R]egardless of the prohibitions of OEC 608, the Confrontation Clause of Article I, section 11, requires that the court permit a defendant to cross-examine the complaining witness in front of the jury concerning other accusations she has made if 1) she has recanted them; 2) the defendant demonstrates to the court that those accusations were false; or 3) there is some evidence that the victim has made prior accusations that were false, unless the probative value of the evidence which the defendant seeks to elicit on the cross-examination (including the probability that false accusations were in fact made) is substantially outweighed by the risk of prejudice, confusion, embarrassment or delay."

LeClair, 83 Or.App. at 130, 730 P.2d 609 (emphasis added). Thus, in a sex abuse case, if LeClair's three-part test is met, the defendant may cross-examine the alleged victim regarding prior false allegations of abuse. However, contrary to the assumptions of both parties and the trial judge here, neither LeClair nor the Confrontation Clause extends that exception to extrinsic evidence.

In LeClair, we considered the admissibility of evidence of a rape victim's alleged prior false allegations of sexual abuse. The proffered evidence included both cross-examination of the victim and extrinsic evidence of the prior allegations. 83 Or.App. at 123-26, 730 P.2d 609. However, as the above quotation from LeClair suggests, the constitutional exception announced in LeClair referred only to cross-examination evidence.

Our cases following LeClair offer somewhat conflicting views on whether that decision might also provide for admission of extrinsic evidence. In State v. Gilliland, 136 Or.App. 580, 902 P.2d 616 (1995), we held that the trial court erred when it entered a pretrial order to admit cross-examination and extrinsic evidence of an alleged prior false allegation of rape without first determining whether the evidence met one of the LeClair categories:

"If the trial court intended to admit the evidence to impeach the complaining witness' credibility, the trial court was required to make the findings set out in our holding in LeClair and should have limited defendant's evidence to an inquiry addressed to the complaining witness on cross-examination."

Gilliland, 136 Or.App. at 586, 902 P.2d 616 (emphasis added).^[5]

However, in State v. Hendricks, 101 Or.App. 469, 791 P.2d 139, rev. den., 310 Or. 133, 794 P.2d 795 (1990), we suggested that LeClair might also allow admission of extrinsic evidence in some circumstances. We held that the trial court properly excluded evidence of a prior false allegation because the defendant had failed to make the proper offer of proof under LeClair. Hendricks, 101 Or.App. at 472, 791 P.2d 139. The defendant's offer of proof had been based on extrinsic evidence, not cross-examination. Id. at 471, 791 P.2d 139. We said:

"Defendant's offer of proof did not include cross-examination of the victim. Even if his confrontation argument relates to the denial of an opportunity to cross-examine the victim, we are unable to review a contention that the court should have allowed defendant to cross-examine her. Moreover, there is no basis under the Confrontation Clause or State v. LeClair for admission of the [extrinsic evidence], independent of an effort by defendant to cross-examine the victim."

Id. at 472, 791 P.2d 139 (citation omitted; first emphasis in original; second emphasis added).

To the extent that Hendricks can be read to suggest that extrinsic evidence might be allowed under LeClair if the proper offer of proof is made, we disavow it. LeClair does not address extrinsic evidence; the exception to OEC 608(2) delineated in LeClair was limited to cross-examination of the victim-witness.^[6] That is because the Confrontation Clause, the source of our LeClair holding, does not provide a right to present extrinsic evidence of a prior false allegation of abuse.

That limitation is evident both in Oregon case law addressing Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution and in corresponding federal case law analyzing the reach of a defendant's confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment. In State v. Herrera, 286 Or. 349, 594 P.2d 823 (1979), the Oregon Supreme Court discussed defendants' confrontation rights solely in terms of cross-examination:

"The right of confrontation protects two vital interests of the defendant. First, it guarantees that the defendant has an opportunity to cross-examine the witness against him in order to test his sincerity, memory, ability to perceive and relate, and the factual basis of his statements. This purpose of confrontation helps to assure the accuracy of the result of the truth-determining process by giving the accused an opportunity to test the recollection and sift the conscience of a witness. * * *

"The second interest of the defendant which the right to confrontation protects is enabling the defendant to demonstrate to the jury the witness' demeanor when confronted by the defendant so that the credibility of the witness is displayed in the courtroom. This second purpose is no less important than the first."

286 Or. at 353-54, 594 P.2d 823 (citation omitted).

Interpretation of the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause by the United States Supreme Court is similarly limited to cross-examination rights.^[7] For example, in Davis v. Alaska, the Court held:

"`The main and essential purpose of confrontation is to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-examination. The opponent demands confrontation, not for the idle purpose of gazing upon the witness, or of being gazed upon by him, but for the purpose of cross-examination, which cannot be had except by the direct and personal putting of questions and obtaining immediate answers.'"

415 U.S. 308, 315-16, 94 S. Ct. 1105, 39 L. Ed. 2d 347 (1974) (quoting J. Wigmore, 5 Evidence § 1395, 123 (3d ed. 1940)) (emphasis in Davis). Not only are confrontation rights limited to cross-examination, but those cross-examination rights are subject to further paring if the trial judge has "concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness' safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant." Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986). Trial judges have less discretion to limit cross-examination where the evidence suggests that the victim has a bias against the defendant or a motive to accuse falsely. See Boggs v. Collins, 226 F.3d 728, 737-40 (6th Cir.2000), cert den, 532 U.S. 913, 121 S. Ct. 1245, 149 L. Ed. 2d 152 (2001); U.S. v. Bartlett, 856 F.2d 1071 (8th Cir.1988); Hughes v. Raines, 641 F.2d 790 (9th Cir.1981). But even when bias or motive is at issue, the most the Confrontation Clause grants a defendant is a right to cross-examine the allegedly biased witness.

The question before us concerns only extrinsic evidence; defendant has already availed himself of cross-examination (although the state did not require defendant to make an offer of proof under LeClair). Defendant's confrontation right encompassed only that cross-examination, subject to the limitations of LeClair; it did not extend to presentation of extrinsic evidence of the accusations that M denied making during cross-examination. Accordingly, the trial court's application of the LeClair analysis (concluding that the evidence was inadmissible because its probative value was substantially outweighed by the risk of prejudice, confusion, embarrassment, and delay) was unnecessary; LeClair was itself limited to cross-examination, and the Confrontation Clause does not otherwise require admission of extrinsic evidence of prior false allegations of sexual abuse.^[8]

Defendant additionally argues that the evidence is admissible under a pre-Oregon Evidence Code case, State v. Nab, 245 Or. 454, 421 P.2d 388 (1966). Nab does not address extrinsic evidence and otherwise is inapplicable.

In Nab, the defendant was prevented from cross-examining the victim concerning the victim's alleged prior false allegations of sex abuse. 245 Or. at 457, 421 P.2d 388. The Oregon Supreme Court reversed, holding generally (not based on the Confrontation Clause^[9]) that "a wide latitude of cross-examination is allowed in this class of cases [i.e., those involving sex crimes]," id. at 459, 421 P.2d 388, because the charge is "easily made [and] difficult to disprove," id., and "hinges upon whether the jury believes the woman or the man," id. at 460, 421 P.2d 388 (quoting State v. McKiel, 122 Or. 504, 507-08, 259 P. 917 (1927)). However, Nab's holding allowing admission of cross-examination evidence does not extend to extrinsic evidence. Although the Nab court cited cases from other jurisdictions that allowed admission of "cross-examination, independent evidence, or both" relating to prior false allegations in sex abuse cases, id. at 458, 421 P.2d 388, the admissibility of cross-examination evidence was the only issue before the court in Nab. The court's pronouncements on the admissibility of extrinsic evidence are dicta.

Moreover, Nab has been implicitly overruled by later Supreme Court cases that refused to apply evidentiary rules differently to cases involving sex crimes than to cases involving other crimes. In State v. Zybach, 308 Or. 96, 99, 775 P.2d 318 (1989), the Supreme Court rejected the notion that OEC 404(2), prohibiting propensity evidence of character, should be applied differently in "cases involving sex crimes." In addressing evidence of the defendant's post-crime sexual behavior toward the victim, this court had stated that "[w]e apply a rule of inclusion narrowly in cases involving sex crimes," State v. Zybach, 93 Or.App. 218, 221, 761 P.2d 1334 (1988); the Supreme Court agreed that the evidence was inadmissible under OEC 404(2), but cautioned that "[t]he rule is not `wide or narrow' depending on the crime." Zybach, 308 Or. at 99, 775 P.2d 318.^[10] Conversely, in State v. Bashaw, 296 Or. 50, 52, 672 P.2d 48 (1983), the Supreme Court rejected a jury instruction asking the jury to view the testimony of an alleged rape victim "with caution" because "[a] charge such as that made against the defendant in this case is one which is easily made and once made difficult to defend against even if the person accused is innocent." The court explained that it found "no reason to continue the institutional assumption that alleged rape victims are less trustworthy witnesses than other victims of crime." Bashaw, 296 Or. at 54, 672 P.2d 48. Nab appears to create an exception in sex abuse cases to the pertinent evidentiary rule then in effect^[11] based on just that assumption,^[12] which is no longer permitted in our jurisprudence.

We briefly address defendant's compulsory process argument. Defendant argues that he was denied his right to present a defense under the Compulsory Process Clause of Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution and the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The asserted error was not preserved. To preserve error, "a party must provide the trial court with an explanation of his or her objection that is specific enough to ensure that the court can identify its alleged error with enough clarity to permit it to consider and correct the error immediately, if correction is warranted." State v. Wyatt, 331 Or. 335, 343, 15 P.3d 22 (2000). Defendant's counsel made only a passing reference to defendant's "right to present evidence and to defend himself," in the middle of a colloquy spanning over 30 pages of the trial transcript exclusively addressing the admissibility of the evidence under the Confrontation Clause, LeClair, and cases following LeClair. Defense counsel's passing reference to the compulsory process clause (if that is even what she intended) was not sufficiently clear to allow the trial judge to consider the argument.

Even if the argument had been preserved, it would be unavailing. Compulsory process guarantees the right to obtain the testimony of witnesses that is otherwise allowed, but it does not guarantee a defendant the "right to secure the attendance of witnesses whose testimony he ha[s] no right to use." State v. Mai, 294 Or. 269, 273, 656 P.2d 315 (1982) (quoting Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 23, 87 S. Ct. 1920, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1019 (1967)). In State v. Muyingo, 171 Or.App. 218, 226-27, 15 P.3d 83 (2000), rev. den., 332 Or. 431, 30 P.3d 1184 (2001), we held that the Compulsory Process Clause may require admission of exculpatory evidence when admission depends on the balancing of probative value and prejudicial effect. Here, the evidence was simply prohibited; it was not potentially admissible subject to a balancing test.

Affirmed.

NOTES

[*] Ortega, J., vice, Kistler, J., resigned.

[1] The exchange follows:

"Q. Okay. [M], was there a time when you made up a story about [Osborn] touching your private parts that wasn't true?

"A. No. Who told you that?

"Q. Did you tell [R, M's six-year-old friend] that [Osborn] had touched your privates?

"A. No.

"Q. Do you remember talking with [Osborn's sister]?

"A. Well, not about that, but I—

"Q. Not about that?

"A. Yeah, because that never happened.

"Q. Did you tell [Osborn's sister] that you made up this story because you were mad at [Osborn]?

"A. No."

[2] Osborn's sister was prepared to testify regarding a report from R that M had told her that Osborn had "pulled [M's] pants down, and touched her butt." Osborn's sister also would have testified that, when she confronted M about the allegation, "[M] told me, `No, that it didn't happen.' That she was mad because he wouldn't let her in. Because she was going over there all the time asking for food and stuff."

Osborn was prepared to deny that he had ever "pull[ed][M]'s pants down and touch[ed] her butt." He also stated that M had made the accusation because M was angry with R: "It wasn't really me she was mad at. It was [R] she was mad at, my niece." On cross-examination, he stated the only reason M could have had to be angry with him was "the fact they couldn't have any ice cream. I mean, I said, `No.'"

[3] Oregon's rule differs from Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b) in that OEC 608(2) prohibits both cross-examination and extrinsic evidence of prior bad acts. FRE 608(b) allows cross-examination into prior bad acts in order to impeach but prohibits the use of extrinsic evidence to prove that the acts occurred. Thus, if a witness denies an act on cross-examination, the examiner must "take the answer of the witness." Laird Kirkpatrick, Federal Evidence, § 267, 179-80 (2d ed. 1994). The policy reasons for the federal rule's application of a more stringent standard to extrinsic evidence than to cross-examination provide a useful backdrop for our discussion:

"This principle serves several useful purposes. It helps keep the focus on substance and matters bearing immediately on credibility by keeping trials from being sidetracked on peripheral issues. It reduces surprise that might unfairly confront the calling party if he were faced with unexpected proof requiring rebuttal witnesses, as would likely happen if evidence beyond the answer of the witness were allowed. And it reduces the risk of prejudice that comes with opening the subject of behavior bearing on truthfulness, since such behavior is likely to be comprised of acts that are in some sense bad or unattractive, and juries are likely to misuse the evidence * * *. In addition to these virtues, the limit finds practical justification in the fact that merely asking questions about misconduct may effectively warn the jury (rightly or wrongly) to entertain doubt on veracity, and the rhetorical impact of such questions can be countered or dealt with by lawyerly argumentation at the close of trial."

Id.

[4] That section provides, in pertinent part:

"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right * * * to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor * * *."

[5] In Gilliland, we presented alternative holdings because we were unsure whether the trial court had intended to admit the evidence as impeachment evidence under OEC 608 or as evidence of motive or bias under an exception to the rape shield statute, OEC 412. The quotation addresses our holding in the event that the trial court intended to admit the evidence for impeachment purposes. See Gilliland, 136 Or.App. at 586, 902 P.2d 616.

[6] References to cross-examination, and only to cross-examination, are abundant in LeClair. For example, our discussion of Confrontation Clause cases was limited to cross-examination rights:

"Although the Confrontation Clause `tips the scales' in favor of permitting cross-examination if it could reasonably be expected to have an effect on the jury, a court may prohibit cross-examination for impeachment purposes when the probative value of the evidence that the defendant seeks to elicit is substantially outweighed by the risk of prejudice, confusion, embarrassment or delay."

LeClair, 83 Or.App. at 129, 730 P.2d 609 (citations omitted). Our discussion of case law from other states likewise was limited to cross-examination:

"Courts have uniformly stated that, when a complainant has recanted prior accusations or they are otherwise demonstrably false, the trial court must allow the defendant to cross-examine the complaining witness regarding them."

Id. (citation omitted). Our conclusion was framed in terms of cross-examination as well:

"We conclude that, under the circumstances, the court's decision to prohibit defendant from cross-examining the victim regarding the 1981 and 1984 incidents did not violate defendant's right to confrontation under Article I, section 11."

Id. at 131-32, 730 P.2d 609.

[7] Because neither party argues that we should interpret Oregon's Confrontation Clause differently from the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, Sixth Amendment cases inform our interpretation of Article I, section 11. See LeClair, 83 Or.App. at 128, 730 P.2d 609.

[8] Our disposition renders immaterial the parties' dispute over which prong of LeClair to apply.

[9] See LeClair, 83 Or.App. at 130 n. 8, 730 P.2d 609.

[10] The court ultimately held that the evidence at issue, although inadmissible to show the defendant's propensity to have sexual contact with minor girls, was admissible to show why the child victim had not reported the original sexual assault. Zybach, 308 Or. at 99-100, 775 P.2d 318.

[11] Although not cited by the court in Nab, the pertinent evidentiary rule was ORS 45.600 (1965), which provided:

"A witness may be impeached by the party against whom he was called, by contradictory evidence or by evidence that his general reputation for truth is bad or that his moral character is such as to render him unworthy of belief; but he may not be impeached by evidence of particular wrongful acts, except that it may be shown by his examination or by the record of the judgment, that he has been convicted of a crime."

[12] Nab, 245 Or. at 458-59, 421 P.2d 388.