State v. Gaul

142
Argued and submitted April 30; supplemental judgment reversed and
remanded, remanded for resentencing December 4, 2019; petition for review
denied April 9, 2020 (366 Or 292)
STATE OF OREGON,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JENNIFER ELIZABETH GAUL,
Defendant-Appellant.
Tillamook County Circuit Court
17CR25605; A166234
455 P3d 1016
Defendant was convicted of harassment and, in a supplemental judgment,
ordered to pay $728.99 in restitution to the victim. On appeal of the supplemental
judgment, defendant challenges the restitution award, arguing that the evidence
was insufficient to establish a causal link between her harassment of the victim
and the victim’s loss of certain personal items for which restitution was ordered.
Held: Where defendant took the victim’s smartphone during an argument and
broke the victim’s finger when the victim tried to recover it, the trial court did not
err in ordering defendant to pay $649.00 as restitution for the lost smartphone.
However, the trial court erred in ordering defendant to pay $79.99 as restitution
for an electric toothbrush that the victim left at defendant’s residence and was
unable to recover after the argument.
Supplemental judgment reversed and remanded; remanded for resentencing.
Jonathan R. Hill, Judge.
John Evans, Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause
for appellant. Also on the brief was Ernest G. Lannet, Chief
Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
Julie Glick, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause
for respondent. Also on the brief were Ellen F. Rosenblum,
Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General.
Before DeHoog, Presiding Judge, and Egan, Chief Judge,
and Aoyagi, Judge.*
AOYAGI, J.
Supplemental judgment reversed and remanded; remanded
for resentencing.
______________
* Egan, C. J., vice Hadlock, J. pro tempore.
Cite as 301 Or App 142 (2019) 143
AOYAGI, J.
Defendant was convicted of harassment and ordered
to pay $728.99 in restitution. That amount consisted of
$649.00 for the victim’s smartphone and $79.99 for the vic-
tim’s electric toothbrush. On appeal, defendant challenges
the restitution order. We agree with defendant that the trial
court erred regarding the electric toothbrush, but not the
smartphone. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
We review a restitution order for errors of law. State
v. Smith, 291 Or App 785, 788, 420 P3d 644 (2018). In doing
so, we are bound by the trial court’s factual findings if there
is any evidence in the record to support them. Id. We state
the facts in accordance with that standard of review.
In April 2017, the victim was staying at defendant’s
home in Rockaway Beach. On her fifth night there, defen-
dant and the victim were drinking wine and conversing
when defendant started yelling. The victim thought it was
a joke and laughed. Defendant screamed at the victim to
“get out of her house.” The victim laughed again and asked
if defendant was serious. At that point, defendant picked
up both the victim’s smartphone and the victim’s prescrip-
tion medication and said, “Oh, you want this? Is this what
you want?” When the victim reached for the items, defen-
dant grabbed the victim’s hand and broke her finger. The
victim immediately went to a neighbor’s house, and the
neighbor called the police. After the police arrived, both
defendant and the victim were arrested, and, for reasons
unclear from the record, the victim spent nine days in
jail.
When the victim was released from jail, she called
defendant about retrieving her personal belongings from
defendant’s home. Defendant yelled at the victim and “said
it was all gone. Thrown away.” Eventually, with police assis-
tance, the victim recovered some items from defendant’s
house. However, the victim did not recover her driver’s
license, her smartphone, an electric toothbrush, and some
makeup.
Defendant was charged with harassment, ORS
166.065, for subjecting the victim to offensive physical
144 State v. Gaul
contact. See ORS 166.065(1)(a)(A) (“A person commits
the crime of harassment if the person intentionally * * *
[h]arasses or annoys another person by * * * [s]ubjecting
such other person to offensive physical contact[.]”). She
pleaded no contest. At sentencing, the state asked that
defendant be ordered to pay restitution in the amount of
$1,683.65, representing the value of all of the victim’s unre-
covered items. The trial court denied restitution for the vic-
tim’s driver’s license and makeup, reasoning that there was
not a sufficient causal relationship between the harassment
and the loss of those items. But it ordered restitution for
the smartphone and the electric toothbrush, because, to
the trial court’s recollection, the victim had “talked about
having an iPhone 6 Plus and a Philips Sonicare [tooth-
brush] in her hands during the altercation * * *.” Based
on evidence that the smartphone’s value was $649.00 and
that the electric toothbrush’s value was $79.99, the trial
court entered a supplemental judgment of restitution for
$728.99.
Defendant appeals the supplemental judgment. In
her first assignment of error, she challenges the restitution
order as it pertains to the smartphone. In her second assign-
ment of error, she challenges the restitution order as it per-
tains to the toothbrush. As to each item, defendant argues
that the restitution order is unlawful because there is an
insufficient causal relationship between her harassment of
the victim and the victim’s loss of the item. The state count-
ers that there is a sufficient causal relationship.
Restitution is a creature of statute. See ORS
137.106(1)(a) (providing for restitution proceedings “[w]hen
a person is convicted of a crime * * * that has resulted in eco-
nomic damages”). Blending civil and criminal law concepts,
“[i]t is intended to serve both rehabilitative and deterrent
purposes by causing a defendant to appreciate the relation-
ship between his criminal activity and the damage suffered
by the victim.” State v. Dillon, 292 Or 172, 179, 637 P2d
602 (1981). There are three prerequisites to ordering res-
titution: (1) criminal activities, (2) economic damages, and
(3) a causal relationship between the two. State v. Pumphrey,
266 Or App 729, 733, 338 P3d 819 (2014). Here, it is the
causal relationship between defendant’s harassment of the
Cite as 301 Or App 142 (2019) 145
victim and the victim’s economic damages that defendant
disputes.1
For restitution purposes, the defendant’s criminal
activity must be “the reasonably foreseeable ‘but for’ cause
of the victim’s losses.” Smith, 291 Or App at 786; see also
State v. Akerman, 278 Or App 486, 490, 380 P3d 309 (2016)
(“The record must support a nonspeculative inference that
there is a causal relationship * * *.”). Even if the causal rela-
tionship is somewhat indirect, it is enough that the damages
resulted from the defendant’s criminal activities, so long as
the damages were reasonably foreseeable. State v. Stephens,
183 Or App 392, 399, 52 P3d 1086 (2002); see also State v.
Gerhardt, 360 Or 629, 632-35, 385 P3d 1049 (2016) (stating
that a “direct causal connection” is not necessary and that
the defendant’s criminal conduct need not be “sufficient in
itself” to cause the damages but may be one of several causal
factors).
For example, in Stephens, the defendant took a per-
son’s vehicle without authorization and eventually aban-
doned it in a friend’s yard, after which someone stole the
vehicle’s tires and wheels. 183 Or App at 394. The trial court
ordered the defendant, who was convicted of unauthorized
use of a vehicle and possession of a stolen vehicle, to pay
restitution for the tires and wheels. Id. On appeal, the defen-
dant argued that there was insufficient evidence of a causal
link between his criminal activities and the victim’s losses,
but we disagreed and affirmed. Id. at 399. The defendant’s
acts of possession and exercise of control over the vehicle,
including leaving it unprotected, “facilitated the theft that
followed defendant’s criminal conduct.” Id.Conversely, the mere fact that economic damages
arise out of the “same facts or events” is not enough to order
restitution. State v. Parsons, 287 Or App 351, 357, 403 P3d
497, adh’d to as modified on recons, 288 Or App 449, 403
P3d 834 (2017), rev den, 362 Or 545 (2018). For example, in
Parsons, the defendant used a knife to shred some jeans in
1
Restitution may be ordered for economic damages resulting from the crimi-
nal conduct for which the defendant was convicted or “any other criminal conduct
admitted by the defendant.” ORS 137.103(1). In this case, defendant did not admit
to any other criminal conduct, so only the crime of conviction is at issue.
146 State v. Gaul
the dressing room of a clothing store. Id. A store employee
saw the defendant enter the dressing room with five pairs
of jeans, leave the dressing room, and place three pairs of
ripped jeans back on the shelf. Id. at 355. The other two
pairs of jeans were never found. Id. As relevant here, the
defendant was convicted of criminal mischief and ordered
to pay restitution for all five pairs of jeans. Id. at 356. The
state argued that restitution was appropriate as to all five
pairs, because the loss of the two pairs arose out of the same
“facts or events” as the destruction of the three pairs. Id. at
357. We disagreed, holding that there was insufficient evi-
dence that the defendant’s criminal activity “facilitated the
disappearance of the other two pairs,” so as to establish the
requisite causal relationship for restitution. Id. at 359.
With those legal principles in mind, we turn to
the facts of this case. As to the smartphone, it is undis-
puted that defendant was holding the victim’s smartphone
during the altercation in which she broke the victim’s finger.
Specifically, the only evidence was that defendant seized the
victim’s smartphone (and prescription medication) during
an argument and then broke the victim’s finger when the
victim tried to get it back. The victim immediately left the
house and, due to her own subsequent incarceration, did not
have an opportunity to try again to retrieve the smartphone
until nine days later.
On that record, the trial court did not err in order-
ing defendant to pay restitution for the victim’s smartphone.
Although the victim’s delay in trying to retrieve the smart-
phone was not attributable to defendant, there is a suffi-
cient causal relationship between the defendant’s criminal
activity and the victim’s loss of her smartphone to support
the restitution order. Put simply, if defendant had not seized
the victim’s smartphone, and then broken the victim’s finger
when she tried to get it back (the offensive physical contact
for which defendant was convicted), the victim would have
her smartphone. Instead, through offensive physical con-
tact, defendant prevented the victim from recovering pos-
session of her smartphone, which caused the victim to lose
possession and control of her smartphone. The trial court
did not err in ordering restitution for the smartphone.
Cite as 301 Or App 142 (2019) 147
We reach a different conclusion as to the electric
toothbrush. In ordering restitution for the toothbrush, the
trial court misremembered the victim’s testimony in a key
regard. The court recalled the victim having testified about
“having an iPhone 6 Plus and a Philips Sonicare in her
hands during the altercation,” when, in fact, the victim’s tes-
timony was that defendant had the victim’s iPhone 6 Plus
and prescription medication in her hands during the alter-
cation. The state acknowledges that the trial court made a
factual error about the toothbrush.
Because the electric toothbrush was not involved in
the altercation, we agree with defendant that there is not a
sufficient causal link between her offensive physical contact
with the victim and the victim’s loss of her toothbrush to
support that portion of the restitution order. With respect
to items that the victim was keeping at defendant’s house
because she was staying there, but which were not involved
in the altercation—such as the toothbrush—it simply was
not reasonably foreseeable, when defendant broke the vic-
tim’s finger, that the victim would go to jail for nine days and
that some of the victim’s belongings would be lost during
that time. Even if defendant herself disposed of the items
during the victim’s absence, their loss was not a reasonably
foreseeable outcome of breaking the victim’s finger. There is
some causal relationship, but it is too tangential to meet the
requirements for restitution.
Indeed, given the trial court’s clear intention to
delineate between the victim’s belongings that were involved
in the altercation (for which restitution would be ordered)
and the victim’s belongings that were merely located in the
house at the time of the altercation (for which restitution
would not be ordered because “it’s just too tangential”), it
seems virtually certain that the trial court would not have
ordered restitution for the electric toothbrush but for its mis-
taken recollection of the victim’s testimony. In any event, we
agree with defendant that the trial court erred in ordering
defendant to pay the victim $79.99 as restitution for the loss
of her electric toothbrush.
Supplemental judgment reversed and remanded;
remanded for resentencing.