Germantown Trust Co. v. Powell

Opinion by

Mr. Justice Frazer,

These two appeals raise the same question and will be considered together.

Plaintiffs, in their bills, seek to enjoin the auditor general of the Commonwealth from enforcing the provisions of the Escheat Act of June 7, 1915, P. L. 878, on the ground the legislation is unconstitutional. A demurrer filed to the bill was sustained by the court below, the constitutionality of the act upheld and a decree entered dismissing the bill, from which decree plaintiffs appealed.

Section 1 of the act requires every person, bank, safe deposit company, trust company and corporation, doing business under the laws of Pennsylvania, with certain exceptions named, engaged in receiving deposits of money, to file a report with the auditor general each year, showing the deposits on hand and held for another, that have not been increased or decreased or on which interest has not been credited at the request of the owner within fourteen or more successive years. Section 2 requires a similar report to be made by persons or corporations acting in a fiduciary capacity and every person and corporation or partnership association which receives and holds money or property of another for storage or safekeeping, to which money or property actual access shall not have been had by the person for whom the same is held for a period of seven or more successive years. Section 3 requires every corporation, company, bank, trust company, insurance company and partnership organized or doing business under the laws of this State, except building and loan associations, to report all dividends or profits declared to a stockholder or member and not paid for three years; all debts and interest on debts due by it to a creditor and unpaid for three years; and all property held by it for another and for which no demand has been made for seven years. Under subsequent provisions of the act, deposits of money escheat in seventeen years (section 7) ; dividends or profits, debts and interest thereon in six years (section 7); and property received for storage or safekeeping, or property held for the benefit of another, in ten years (section 9).

Whether or not the act applies to national banks we have determined adversely to the Commonwealth in Columbia National Bank v. Powell, in an opinion filed herewith (the next case), and what has been said there need not be repeated. This opinion will be confined to a consideration of the constitutional questions raised by appellants.

There seems to be no room for doubt that the Commonwealth, by virtue of its sovereign power, may take charge of property abandoned or unclaimed for a period of time, or which has no known owner: Com. v. Dollar Savings Bank, 259 Pa. 138, 145, and cases cited. This right is not seriously disputed; it is contended, however, in the first place, that the act in question violates Article 1, Section 17, of the Constitution of Pennsylvania, and Article I, Section 10, of the Constitution of the United States, by impairing the obligation of the contract between the owner of the property and the depositary, the theory being that, upon money being deposited in a bank, a contract attaches between the depositor and the bank under which the latter is bound to return to the former, on demand, the amount of the deposit, and that the provisions in the act for the taking of money or other property after the expiration of a specified time, if the owner has not been heard from, amounts to a violation of this contract. The agreement of the bank or depositary, however, is merely to keep the money of the depositor until it is demanded by the owner, or his duly authorized representatives. It agrees to pay on’ demand. When demand is made the contractual relation ceases, there being no vested right to continue the contract in force thereafter, or for any definite time. If the depositor should die or make an assignment, his personal representative or assignee succeeds to his right to make demand for the money and the bank is in duty bound to make payment. A statute of escheat, in effect, simply provides for a termination of the contract of deposit, at the instance of the Commonwealth and by virtue of its sovereign power, where there are no heirs to claim the property, after the death of the owner, or after expiration of snch reasonable time as may be fixed by law to raise a presumption of death. While the act requires the filing of certain reports for the information of the Commonwealth a considerable time before an escheat is declared, this provision is reasonable and enables the Commonwealth to follow up property as to which there is no apparent claim of ownership. The right of escheat has been recognized under the English law from the earliest times and has also been the subject of continuous statutory regulation in Pennsylvania from colonial days, the latest general law on the subject being the Act of May 2, 1889, P. L. 66; the validity of these acts has been sustained without suggestion that their enforcement violates any contract between the owner of the property and the person or institution in whose hands the property was deposited or placed for keeping.

Appellants further argue that the statute contemplates the escheat of property of living persons, or, at least, fails to provide for the proper ascertainment of the fact of death of the owner without known heirs, and, in effect, deprives him of his property without due process of law. Section 14 requires the report to contain the names and addresses of the depositors or owners of the money, property or claims, as the case may be, with the nature and amount of the property. Section 5 directs the auditor general to prepare and keep open to public inspection an alphabetical index of the names of such persons, with reference to the reports, and, under section 6, he is directed to notify the person shown to be entitled to money or property, by mail if possible, and shall duly publish, in manner prescribed, in the city or county in which the property is held, a list of the names, addresses and amount of money or character of property belonging to such persons. Thereafter, if the owner fails to make claim to the property for the period stated, which varies according to the nature of the property, the same shall escheat to the Commonwealth. Provision is there made (section 7) for proceeding by bill in equity on part of the Commonwealth at the instance of the attorney general and against the debtor and its creditors to determine issues of fact and for a decree of escheat, with further provision, in section 8, that the lawful owners of such property may, within ten years after payment into the State treasury, recover the same upon satisfactory proof to the auditor general of their ownership. While the fact of death is established only presumptively by failure of the owner or any known heirs to appear, this is not, in itself, sufficient to constitute a denial of due process of law or the equal protection of the law within the meaning of the provisions of the State and Federal Constitutions: Mobile J. & K. C. R. R. Co. v. Turnipseed, 219 U. S. 85. The death of a person whose whereabouts is unknown, and the total absence of heirs, can, in the very nature of the case, seldom be established by affirmative proof. A familiar illustration of the right to rely upon presumptive proof of death is the Pennsylvania statute relating to the presumption of death arising from seven years’ absence unheard of. The right of the State to take steps to conserve property within its jurisdiction which has no known owner is fully sustained: Cunnius v. Reading School Dist., 206 Pa. 469, affirmed in 198 U. S. 458; as is also the power to base proceedings for escheat upon the presumption of death arising from inability to discover the owner of property or any living heirs: Provident Institution for Savings v. Malone, 201 Mass. 23, affirmed in 221 U. S. 660; Mobile, etc., R. R. Co. v. Turnipseed, supra.

Appellants also claim the title to the act is insufficient and misleading in various respects, and argue that the term “escheat” is used only in a case where the intention is to take the property of those who have died intestate and without known heirs, and that the act provides for the escheat of deposits of money or property of living persons as to which no notice is given in the title. A reading of the act shows the evident intention of the legislature was not to appropriate or confiscate property of a living person, but to establish a period at the expiration of which the owner of property will be presumed to be dead unless his whereabouts, or that of his heirs, shall have been ascertained in the method prescribed by its provisions. That the State has power to fix a time when the presumption of death of the owner, or abandonment of the property, may arise cannot be open to question, as heretofore pointed out: Com. v. Dollar Savings Bank, supra; Mobile, etc., R. R. Co. v. Turnipseed, supra. The time is fixed by the statute after which such presumption will arise and establishes a form of procedure to have the fact judicially ascertained. The law is, therefore, properly designated an escheat act.

The title is sufficiently broad to cover the various provisions of the statute relating to the matters here in controversy, including the fact that certain penalties are provided for violation of its terms. The first clause of the title is general, providing “for the escheat of the deposits of money or property of another received for storage or safe-keeping.” This language is sufficient to indicate the purpose of the legislation, a necessary or appropriate procedure for the accomplishment of its purpose, and fairly to give notice and reasonably lead to an inquiry as to the contents of the body of the law. This court has expressly decided that the constitutional provisions relating to title of acts of assembly does not require the title to give notice of penalties or other punishment for violations: Com. v. Sellers, 130 Pa. 32; Com. v. Muir, 180 Pa. 47. That a title, general in terms and relating to but one subject-matter, should contain a complete index to the provisions contained in the act is unnecessary : Fredericks v. Penna. Canal Co., 109 Pa. 50; Myers et al. v. Com., 110 Pa. 217; Com. v. Charity Hospital of Pittsburgh, 198 Pa. 270; Rose v. Beaver County, 204 Pa. 372.

While the question does not affect either party to the present record, it may be noted, in passing, that the provisions for reporting dividends, profits, debts and interest on debts of corporations, companies, banks, trust companies, insurance companies, limited partnerships and partnership associations, both in the title and section 3 of the act, are limited to those organized under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, and, consequently, do not apply to foreign corporations doing business in this Commonwealth.

The contention that the law is special legislation cannot be sustained. While its provisions are limited to corporations organized and doing business under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, and, accordingly, exclude national banks, as we have held in Columbia National Bank v. Powell, and is also confined to corporations receiving money or property of others for safe-keeping, and expressly excludes from its provisions mutual savings fund associations not having capital stock represented by shares, and building and loan associations, we find nothing to indicate this classification is not proper. Legislation for a class distinguished from a general subject is not special but general, and classification is a legislative question, subject to judicial revision only so far as to see it is founded on real distinction in the subjects classified and not on artificial or irrelevant ones used for the purpose of evading the constitutional prohibition. If the distinctions are genuine, the courts cannot declare the classification void, though they may not consider it as resting on a sound basis. The test is, not wisdom, but good faith in the classification: Seabolt et al. v. Co. Comrs. of Northumberland County, 187 Pa. 318, 323; Com. v. Grossman, 248 Pa. 11, 15; Com. v. Puder, 261 Pa. 129, 136. “Classification, to be valid, must be based upon a necessity springing from manifest peculiarities clearly distinguishing those members of one class from each of the other classes, and imperatively demanding legislation from each class separately that would be detrimental to the others”: Ayars’s App., 122 Pa. 266; Com. v. Puder, supra, page 135. The dissimilarity between building and loan associations and saving fund societies, for illustration, as compared with banks of deposit and other corporations receiving deposits of money and securities for safe-keeping, is sufficient to warrant placing the former in a class by themselves and exempting them from the provisions of an act of the character here in question. In Com. v. Puder, supra, this court sustained legislation regulating the business of loaning money in small sums to a certain class of persons.

It may be suggested that in view of the provisions of the Constitution prohibiting special legislation on the subject of corporations, namely, article 3, section 7, forbidding the passage of local or special laws “creating corporations, or amending, renewing or extending the charters thereof,” and article 3, section 21, forbidding the passage of statutes of limitations in the case of corporations different from those applying to natural persons, and, as article 3, section 7, contains no provision relating to escheats, therefore, the legislature may pass special laws on the subjects of escheats and corporations other than as prohibited above, if they do not violate other sections of the Constitution. This is undoubtedly a correct statement of the law if we add the qualification that the legislation must not conflict with the portion of article 3, section 7, forbidding the “granting to any corporation, ......any special or exclusive privilege or immunity.” If it be held that imposing a liability of property to be escheated when in the possession of corporations embraced by this act, by indirection grants a “special or exclusive privilege or immunity” to other corporations not covered by the act, then the statute would be invalid unless upheld on the ground of proper classification,, as detailed in the preceding paragraph. This view of the act, however, was not presented to us, either in the printed or oral argument, and we need not, therefore, pass upon it.

Under section 15 the bar of the statute of limitation and presumptions of payment will not affect the duty to make report and liability to escheat according to the provisions of the act. The legislature has power, if deemed necessary, to establish a new period of limitation, or change an existing one without violating any constitutional prohibition, providing, of course, notice of such provision is contained in the title of the statute. While the subject of the statute of limitations is not expressly referred to in the title of the law under consideration, the general subject-matter provides for the escheat of money, property, debts, etc., and this language necessarily includes the fixing of a limitation period and suggests to persons interested in the subject-matter the likelihood of a provision relating to the effect to be given the existing statutes of limitation on debts subject to escheat. In other words, the fixing of a limitation period would be germane to- the general subject-matter expressed in the title.

We may add, in this connection, that consideration of the effect of the proviso to section 16 is unnecessary for the reason that appellants are liable even if that clause is given full force and effect.

For the reasons set forth the constitutionality of the act is sustained.

Judgment affirmed, appellant to pay costs of appeal in each case.