Ballou v. State Ethics Commission

OPINION OF THE COURT

ROBERTS, Justice.

Appellee, attorney Richard D. Ballou, is a private practitioner who has among his clients four second class townships, a borough, a county coroner and an industrial development authority. On April 29, 1980, appellee filed a petition in the Commonwealth Court for declaratory and injunctive relief from the application of the financial disclosure requirements of the Ethics Act, 65 P.S. § 401 et seq. (Supp. 1981-82),¹ which appellant, the State Ethics Commission, had by regulation declared to apply to borough and township solicitors. Appellant, in turn, filed preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer. The Commonwealth Court overruled appellant’s preliminary objections and, by order of February 4, 1981, granted relief to appellee. The court reasoned that, as a “municipal solicitor,” appellee is a “public employee” subject to the financial disclosure requirements of the Ethics Act, but that the financial disclosure provisions of the act as applied are “unconstitutional as an infringement on the Supreme Court’s exclusive power to govern the conduct of persons privileged to practice law in Pennsylvania.” Ballou v. State Ethics Comm’n, 56 Pa.Cmwlth. 240, 245, 424 A.2d 983, 986 (1981).

It is well settled that when a case raises both constitutional and non-constitutional issues, a court should not reach the constitutional issue if the case can properly be decided on non-constitutional grounds.² We conclude that, in his capacity as solicitor, appellee is neither a “public employee” nor a “public official” within the scope of the Ethics Act and, hence, is not statutorily compelled to comply with the act’s financial disclosure requirements. Unlike the Commonwealth Court, we base our determination upon statutory, not constitutional, grounds. Accordingly, we affirm only that portion of the order of the Commonwealth Court which declares that the Ethics Act does not apply to appellee.³

I

The Ethics Act requires the filing of a statement of financial interests for the preceding calendar year by public employees, public officials and candidates for public office. 65 P.S. § 404. The information to be disclosed in the statement is set forth in 65 P.S. § 405. Since appellee is not a candidate for public office, the financial disclosure requirements of the Ethics Act apply to him only if, in his capacity as solicitor, he is either a “public employee” or a “public official” within the scope of the act.

The Ethics Act defines “public employee” as:

“ ‘Public employee.’ Any individual employed by the Commonwealth or a political subdivision who is responsible for taking or recommending official action of a non-ministerial nature with regard to:

(1) contracting or procurement;

(2) administering or monitoring grants or subsidies;

(3) planning or zoning;

(4) inspecting, licensing, regulating or auditing any person;

or

(5) any other activity where the official action has an economic impact of greater than a de minimus [sic] nature on the interests of any person.

65 P.S. § 402. “Public official” is defined as:

“ ‘Public official.’ Any elected or appointed official in the Executive, Legislative or Judicial Branch of the State or any political subdivision thereof, provided that it shall not include members of advisory boards that have no authority to expend public funds other than reimbursement for personal expense, or to otherwise exercise the power of the State or any political subdivision thereof. ‘Public official’ shall not include any appointed official who receives no compensation other than reimbursement for actual expenses.”

Id. Additionally, the Ethics Act provides a separate definition for “State consultant”:

“ ‘State consultant.’ A person who, as an independent contractor, performs professional, scientific, technical or advisory service for a State agency, and who receives a fee, honorarium or similar compensation for such services . . . . ”

Id. However, no reference to “State consultant” is contained in those provisions of the act relating to financial disclosure.

The duties of appellee as township solicitor are set forth in the Second Class Township Code:

“Duties of solicitor

The township solicitor, when directed or requested so to do, shall prepare or approve such bonds, obligations, contracts, leases, conveyances, ordinances and assurances to which the township may be a party; he shall commence and prosecute all actions brought by the township for or on account of any of the estates, rights, trusts, privileges, claims, or demands, as well as defend all actions or suits against the township, or any officer thereof, wherein or whereby any of the estates, rights, privileges, trusts, ordinances, or accounts, of the township, may be brought in question before any court in the Commonwealth, and shall do every professional act incident to the office which he may be authorized or required to do by the board of supervisors or by any resolution. He shall, whenever required, furnish the board of supervisors, or any of them, with his opinion in writing upon any question of law which may be submitted by any of them in their official capacities.”

Act of May 1, 1933, P.L. 103, § 582, as amended, 53 P.S. § 65582 (1957). The Borough Code sets forth similar duties of a borough solicitor:

“Duties of solicitor

The borough solicitor, when directed or requested so to do by council or the mayor, shall prepare or approve such bonds, obligations, contracts, leases, conveyances, ordinances and assurances to which the borough or any department thereof may be a party; he shall commence and prosecute all actions brought by the borough for or on account of any of the estates, rights, trusts, privileges, claims, or demands, as well as defend all actions or suits against the borough, or any officer thereof, wherein or whereby any of the estates, rights, privileges, trusts, ordinances, or accounts, of the borough, or any department thereof, may be brought in question before any court in the Commonwealth; and shall do every professional act incident to the office which he may be authorized or required to do by the council or the mayor. He shall, whenever required, furnish the council, or committees . thereof, the mayor, or the head of department, with his opinion in writing upon any question of law which may be submitted by any of them in their official capacities.”

Act of February 1, 1966, P.L. (1965), 1656, § 1117, 53 P.S. § 46117 (1966). The County Code provides a brief description of the duties of a coroner’s solicitor:

“Solicitor to coroner

[The coroner’s ] solicitor shall advise the coroner upon all legal matters that may be submitted to him and shall conduct any litigation in connection with the coroner’s office when requested so to do by the coroner.”

Act of August 9, 1955, P.L. 323, § 1252, added by Act of December 6, 1972, P.L. 1421, § 1, 16 P.S. § 1252 (Supp. 1981 — 82). Although appellee’s duties as solicitor to an industrial development authority are not specifically prescribed by statute, the record does not reveal that these duties vary in any significant respect from the legal advisory duties that appellee performs as township, borough, and coroner’s solicitor. The Commonwealth Court treated all these positions similarly, referring to appellee as a “municipal solicitor.”

II

The Commonwealth Court concluded that, as a municipal solicitor, appellee is a “public employee” because he is employed by the Commonwealth and has important duties to perform, including the recommendation of “official action of a non-ministerial nature,” such as whether “to accept or reject a proposal for settling a lawsuit.” 56 Pa.Cmwlth. at 244-45,424 A.2d at 985-86. The Commonwealth Court did not reach the issue whether appellee is a “public official.”

Case law and the statutory language governing the duties of township and borough solicitors make clear that a solicitor functions as a legal advisor to the appointing body. The Commonwealth Court’s conclusion that, as solicitor, appellee is a “public employee” within the meaning of the Ethics Act, is premised on the erroneous theory that compensation from public funds is synonymous with employment by the Commonwealth. Contrary to the Commonwealth Court’s supposition, it is commonplace for a person to perform services and to be compensated for those services, and yet not be “employed,” as that term is commonly understood. The Ethics Act recognizes this distinction by providing for a classification of “state consultant” separate and apart from the categories of “public employee” and “public official.” Indeed, a municipal solicitor, functioning as a legal advisor to the appointing body, closely resembles a consultant who, as defined in the Ethics Act, “performs professional, scientific, technical or advisory services .. . [and] receives a fee, honorarium or similar compensation for such services.” 65 P.S. § 402.⁴

Unlike a public employee, a solicitor has no enforceable right to continue in his position for the tenure of his appointment. Our cases have held that, as a consequence of the solicitor’s confidential relationship with the appointing body which he serves, the solicitor is removable at the will of the appointing power. Even if appointed for a fixed term and salary, the solicitor has no contractual right to recover any resulting loss in compensation. See Snyderwine v. Craley, 434 Pa. 349, 254 A.2d 16 (1969); Naef v. Allentown, 424 Pa. 597, 227 A.2d 888 (1967).

Further, unlike a public official, the solicitor is responsible only to the appointing body, and may act only pursuant to that body’s authorization. He owes no independent duties to the public, and exercises none of the powers of sovereignty. In speaking of a county solicitor, this Court has stated:

“No functions of government are delegated to him. Nor can he lawfully exercise any powers of sovereignty. He serves as counsel to the commissioners in the discharge of their public duty just as any privately employed attorney serves his clients. His duties are to advise the commissioners and to represent the county in litigation authorized by them or instituted against the county.

* * * * sfc *

‘His duties are important in the sense that the advice and actions of an attorney always entail grave responsibility; but they are performed for the board. He has no direct connection with, or responsibility to, the public; he is entirely subordinate to the board; they may follow his advice or disregard it; he cannot control their actions; he cannot perform their duties; his appointment is for no definite term, and he can be recalled at any time; he has no grave and important duties involving a function of government in their performance

Commonwealth ex rel. Foreman v. Hampson, 393 Pa. 467, 473 & 474-75, 143 A.2d 369, 372 & 372-73 (1958), quoting Alworth v. County of Lackawanna, 85 Pa.Super. 349, 352 (1925). See also Wiest v. Northumberland County, 115 Pa.Super. 577, 176 A. 74 (1935).

III.

Where, as here, an attorney is retained as legal advis- or to a municipal client which is itself directly accountable to the public and must authorize his actions, the exclusion of the attorney from the scope of the Ethics Act is compatible with the act’s purpose. That purpose, as expressed by the Legislature, is to assure “public confidence in government” by preventing either actual or apparent realization of “personal financial gain through public office.” 65 P.S. § 401. Municipal solicitors are situated similarly to “members of advisory boards,” who are excluded from the reach of the act when the advisory board has “no authority to expend public funds other than reimbursement for personal expense, or to otherwise exercise the power of the State or political subdivision thereof.” 65 P.S. § 402.

Absent a clear expression of legislative intent to treat municipal solicitors differently from others who serve government in an advisory capacity with neither powers of sovereignty nor attributes of a public employee, we conclude that the financial disclosure provisions of the Ethics Act do not apply to appellee, who serves his municipal clients “just as any privately employed attorney serves his clients.” Commonwealth ex rel. Foreman v. Hampson, supra. Accordingly, we affirm, on statutory grounds, that portion of the order of the Commonwealth Court which directs judgment in favor of appellee.

The order of the Commonwealth Court is affirmed insofar as it directs judgment in favor of appellee.

O’BRIEN, C. J., and WILKINSON, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case. KAUFFMAN, J., files a dissenting opinion in which NIX, J., joins.

1 . Act of October 4, 1978, P.L. 883, § 1 et seq.

2 . As we have previously stated, “[tjhis Court has consistently held that we should not decide a constitutional question unless absolutely required to do so.” Mt. Lebanon v. County Board of Elections, 470 Pa. 317, 322, 368 A.2d 648, 650 (1977). Accord, e.g., Lattanzio v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 461 Pa. 392, 336 A.2d 595 (1975).

3 . Our decision is limited to the application of the Ethics Act to attorneys serving in appellee’s capacities. Not presented on this record is the application of the act to any others serving in the public sector as attorneys. See, e. g., Knup v. City of Philadelphia, 386 Pa. 350, 353, 126 A.2d 399, 400 (1956) (“a court . . . does not undertake to decide academically the unconstitutionality or other alleged invalidity of legislation until it is brought into operation so as to impinge upon the rights of some person or persons”).

4 . The dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Kauffman takes the inconsistent and unsupportable position that a municipal solicitor is subject to the provisions of the Ethics Act but that “an outside attorney or law firm specially retained for the tried of particular litigation” by a municipality is exempt. Manifestly, it is peculiar to conclude, as does the dissent, that the act applies to one group of lawyers performing legal services for a municipality, and yet does not apply to another performing similar legal services. Surely, the issue of the act’s coverage should be consistently resolved.

Contrary to the assertion of the dissenting opinion, the method of compensation has no bearing on the applicability of the Ethics Act. Indeed, a retainer for “an outside attorney or law firm” may often result in greater compensation than a salary for a municipal solicitor. In any event, the Ethics Act applies both to compensated and uncompensated public officials, thereby demonstrating that the method of compensation is irrelevant.