Cryan's Estate

Minnie C. Wineman petitioned the Orphans' Court of Somerset County for a declaratory judgment to determine the "right, status and legal relations" of all parties who might have an interest in certain real estate, which she had "in charge" as surviving executrix of the estate of S. Anice Cryan, deceased, and had been "caring for and renting" since the latter's death. In rendering the judgment prayed for, the court below so construed the will of decedent that the petitioner, one other of the devisees named in that document, and the heirs at law of a deceased devisee, were declared to be owners in fee of the premises in controversy, as tenants in common. The petitioner, hereinafter called plaintiff, being dissatisfied with the judgment, has appealed.

Two principal questions are presented for our consideration. The first concerns the jurisdiction of the court below to render a declaratory judgment under the circumstances of this case. All parties joined in asking for such a judgment, but the question of jurisdiction was raised by this court when the present appeal came on for argument. The second question goes to the correctness of the construction placed by the court below on the will now before us.

The Declaratory Judgments Act of June 18, 1923, P. L. 840-41, section 1, provides "That courts of record, within their respective jurisdictions, shall have power to declare rights, status, and other legal relations, whether or not further relief is or could be claimed"; further, that "No action or proceeding shall be open to objection on the ground that a declaratory judgment or decree is prayed for"; also, that judicial declarations made thereunder "shall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree." Section 2 provides that "Any person interested under a . . . . . . will . . . . . . may have determined any question of construction or validity arising under the instrument . . . . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or [and] other legal relations thereunder." Section 4 provides that, "Any person interested, as or through an executor . . . . . . or other fiduciary . . . . . . devisee, legatee, heir, next of kin, or cestui que trust, in the administration of a trust, or of the estate of a decedent, . . . . . . may have a declaration of rights or legal relations in respect thereto — (a) To ascertain any class of . . . . . . devisees, legatees, heirs, next of kin, . . . . . .; or (b) To direct the executors, administrators or trustees to do or abstain from doing any particular act in their fiduciary capacity; or (c) To determine any question arising in the administration of the estate or trust, including questions of construction of wills and other writings."

Section 5 provides that the foregoing enumerations are not to "limit or restrict" the right to render a declaratory judgment in any case where "a judgment or decree will terminate the controversy or remove an uncertainty." Section 6 provides that "The court may refuse to render or enter a declaratory judgment or decree where [it] . . . . . . would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy giving rise to the proceeding."

We early decided that, under declaratory judgment statutes, (1) relief could be had only in cases where an actual controversy existed or was imminent, and that, (2) even there, it could not properly be given where another established remedy was available. Had this first point not been so ruled, the Act of 1923 must have been held unconstitutional, as a legislative effort to turn the courts from tribunals organized to determine controversies judicially into those for the giving of legal advice, a function not contemplated by our organic law: Kariher's Petition (No. 1), 284 Pa. 455, 463-4, 467-9; Ladner v. Seigel,294 Pa. 368, 372-5; Reese v. Adamson, 297 Pa. 13, 15-17; Pittsburgh's Consolidated City Charter, 297 Pa. 502, 504-8; Sterrett's Est., 300 Pa. 116, 124. Showing the extreme view taken by some jurisdictions on the point in hand, all indications to date from the federal courts are that they cannot conceive of declaratory judgments as other than merely advisory judgments and therefore unconstitutional: Muskrat v. U.S., 219 U.S. 346, 356-7, 361-3; Liberty Warehouse Co. v. Grannis, 273 U.S. 70, 74-6; Liberty Warehouse Co. v. Burley, etc., Assn., 276 U.S. 71, 89; Willing v. Chicago Aud. Assn.,277 U.S. 274, 288-90; Ex parte Bakelite Corp., 279 U.S. 438,454, and cases in note 14. As to the second point of construction, any interpretation other than that which we placed on the statute would have meant the practical abolition of all set forms of actions at law and equitable proceedings, a result in no wise intended by the legislature. The provision in section 1 of the statute, that the courts shall have the right to act thereunder "whether or not further relief is or could be claimed," does not mean that proceedings by declaratory judgment are available whenever any controversy exists, but rather that such relief may be had even though, for full relief, other and additional legal remedies must be resorted to after the issues in the declaratory judgment proceedings have been determined. The act as a whole shows this to be its meaning.

The right to construe wills and otherwise assist in the administration of estates by declaratory judgments has been repeatedly exercised by the courts. List's Estate, 283 Pa. 255,257-8, was an early instance where the court below, and we on appeal, construed a will in such a proceeding. We there said that relief by declaratory judgment was "provided for the purpose of having issues speedily determined, which otherwise would be delayed [with] possible injury to those interested, if . . . . . . compelled to await the ordinary course of judicial proceedings." While a declaratory judgment was sustained in that case, our court stated that this character of relief was not available "in cases clearly aside from its obvious purpose"; a warning often since reiterated in one form or another. See the following cases: Ladner v. Siegel, 294 Pa. 368, 372-3, 375; Reese v. Adamson, 297 Pa. 13, 16-17; Pittsburgh's Consolidated City Charter, 297 Pa. 502, 507; Taylor v. Haverford Twp., 299 Pa. 402,406; Williamsport v. Williamsport Water Co., 300 Pa. 439,448.

In B'Nai B'Rith Orphanage v. Roberts, 284 Pa. 26, a will was construed, but the facts giving rise to the application of the Declaratory Judgments Act as a remedy do not appear.

Kariher's Petition (No. 1), 284 Pa. 453, 460, 462, is a case where this court passed upon the general constitutionality of the act now under discussion and laid down several rules as to its application. There three persons, claiming to be the owners of certain mineral property, negotiated a lease, and the proposed lessees questioned the title of one lessor. The controversy required construction of a will, and we held that relief by declaratory judgment was available.

In Dommell's Estate, 286 Pa. 509, the court below construed a will in a declaratory judgment proceeding, and we affirmed Per Curiam, without stating the nature of the controversy or the facts which gave rise to it.

In Brown's Estate, 289 Pa. 101, 110, 122, 123, the court below, in a declaratory judgment proceeding, held invalid certain provisions in a decedent's will, "as transgressing the rule against perpetuities." We reversed in part, holding that some of the points determined were not ripe for decision and that others were neither a matter of controversy nor likely to become such, and "therefore, under the rules applicable to declaratory judgments," would not be decided in that proceeding; but we entered judgment on the points properly involved. There again, the facts underlying the controverted points are not stated in the report.

Smith's Estate, 291 Pa. 129, involved the construction of a will. Appellants, claiming property as devisees, had contracted to sell it, and a question of law arose between them and the vendee as to whether the vendors possessed a fee simple estate. This controversy gave rise to the declaratory judgment, but its propriety as a remedy was neither raised nor discussed.

Kidd's Estate, 293 Pa. 21, 24, was a declaratory judgment proceeding entertained by the courts, where we said: "The controversy resolves itself into one [for] the proper construction of the will of Andrew Kidd."

All of the above seven cases involved the interpretation of wills, and in each of them relief was afforded by declaratory judgment; but in the following two cases, also relating to wills, we held that, for reasons there given, such a remedy was not available.

In Lyman v. Lyman, 293 Pa. 490, 495-6, after some discussion concerning the hearing judge's construction of a will, we said: "It is unnecessary to pursue this subject further, . . . . . . since, on the record before us, neither the court below nor we are in a position to decide the point sought to be presented for adjudication. . . . . . This case is not ripe for a declaratory judgment; first, because, so far as the record shows, there is no controversy pending or threatened; next, if the contention that plaintiff's heirs have an interest as purchasers is to be adjudicated, then it is necessary that a trustee or guardian ad litem be raised for his unborn children, who, in case of his death, might be his heirs."

In Sterrett's Estate, 300 Pa. 116, 123-5, we reversed, and remitted the record with directions to dismiss the petition for a declaratory judgment, because neither an actual controversy nor one which was inevitable and imminent was shown. We there said: "[The record] shows no controversy whatever, only a desire by the petitioner to be instructed on the law," and added that "this state of affairs does not permit a declaratory judgment." As an additional ground of reversal we stated that, "From the Kariher Case down . . . . . ., this court has uniformly ruled that relief will not be granted [by way of a declaratory judgment] where another established remedy is available"; further, that all questions brought up for determination in the declaratory judgment proceeding could have been decided by the orphans' court upon adjudication of the trustees' account; that, in point of fact, certain of them had been decided by that tribunal in disposing of one account, and the other questions could be decided on the adjudication of the final account.

Cases involving questions other than the construction of wills, where declaratory judgments were allowed, are as follows: Aaron v. Woodcock, 283 Pa. 33; Devlin's Trust Est.,284 Pa. 11; Cupp Grocery Co. v. Johnstown, 288 Pa. 43; Sloan v. Longcope, 288 Pa. 196; Garvin Co. v. Lancaster Co., 290 Pa. 448; Girard Trust Co. v. Tremblay Motor Co., 291 Pa. 507; Evans v. Baldrige, 294 Pa. 142; Brown v. Levin, 295 Pa. 530; Malley v. Amer. Indem. Co., 297 Pa. 216; Schnee v. Elston, 299 Pa. 100; Taylor v. Haverford Twp., 299 Pa. 402; Reap v. Wyoming Valley Trust Co., 300 Pa. 156. In the following cases, involving questions other than the construction of wills, declaratory judgments were refused: Dempsey's Est., 288 Pa. 458; Leafgreen v. La Bar, 293 Pa. 263; Ladner v. Siegel,294 Pa. 369; Reese v. Adamson, 297 Pa. 13; Pittsburgh's Consolidated City Charter, 297 Pa. 502; Williamsport v. Williamsport Water Co., 300 Pa. 439.

In Kariher's Petition (No. 1), supra, 471, we said: "Jurisdiction [by declaratory judgment] will never be assumed unless the tribunal appealed to is satisfied that an actual controversy or the ripening seeds of one exist [the italics are ours]." The expression "ripening seeds" is repeated in Lyman v. Lyman, 293 Pa. 491, 495; Reese v. Adamson,297 Pa. 13, 15; Pittsburgh's Consolidated City Charter, 297 Pa. 502,506; Sterrett's Est., 300 Pa. 116, 123. In the Pittsburgh Charter Case we explained that "ripening seeds" meant a state of facts indicating "imminent" and "inevitable" litigation. See also Sterrett's Estate, supra, 123-4. If difference between the parties concerned, as to their legal rights, have reached the stage of antagonistic claims, which are being actively pressed on one side and opposed on the other, an actual controversy appears; where, however, the claims of the several parties in interest, while not having reached that active stage, are nevertheless present, and indicative of threatened litigation in the immediate future, which seems unavoidable, the ripening seeds of a controversy appear.

The averments before us in this proceeding show that, though plaintiff conceives she is entitled to take the real estate involved either as owner of the entire fee (on the theory that an intestacy occurred when these properties were not sold at the expiration of the five or six years mentioned in the will of testatrix), or to share the fee with Mary E. Hall, the only surviving sister of the deceased testatrix (on the theory that all the persons originally named as devisees or beneficiaries in connection with the properties here in question having died, except appellant and Mrs. Hall, they are the only two who have any rights in the premises), yet she has never assumed possession under such a claim; that, since the death of the testatrix, in 1913, to the present time, appellant has taken charge of and collected the rent from the premises in her capacity as surviving executrix. The averments further show that Ella C. Wagner and Annie C. Turner, the children of testatrix's deceased sister, Martha Jane Creswell, claim a vested interest, which neither plaintiff nor Mary E. Hall are willing to concede.

These additional facts also appear: Under authority of the orphans' court, the property here involved was mortgaged for $1,300, to meet debts of the testatrix, $300 of which mortgage has been paid off, in the course of appellant's administration of decedent's estate, and the balance is presently due and payable; the premises are now in need of extensive repairs, which will cost a considerable sum; when plaintiff attempted to borrow, in order to make these repairs, the trust company to which she applied for the loan expressed an unwillingness to advance money for that purpose until it was judicially determined who were the real owners of the property.

Appellant suggests, and the other parties concede that, "if [she held or claimed to hold] possession [in her own right], a rule to bring ejectment [might] be in order, but [that] she is only in possession as executrix"; that "partition might be resorted to, but this would result in a sale of the property, for it cannot be divided [and no one in interest desires to sell or purchase it at this time, hence], under present conditions, [partition] would mean a sacrifice of the property"; that, "if [there was] a surplus for distribution, the questions involved might be satisfactorily determined after the filing of an account by the executrix and a schedule of distribution passed upon by the court, [but] there is no money for distribution, and the rents are needed to take care of the encumbrance." Finally, both sides argue that the above state of facts sufficiently shows that an actual controversy is imminent and inevitable, or that one actually exists (as found by the hearing judge) which properly can be adjudicated by a declaratory judgment. In this we agree; the pleadings show antagonistic claims between parties entitled to property which, concededly, is being administered by appellant as the personal representative of a decedent, and this controversy points to inevitable litigation, which is imminent, and may prove injurious to those interested unless the issues are speedily determined. The executrix, having applied to the orphans' court for guidance in the premises, and all parties in interest having asked for settlement of their rights and status relating to the property in controversy, that tribunal, under the circumstances here presented, was vested with power to declare such rights and status, and, incidentally, to construe decedent's will.

As stated earlier in this opinion, in List's Estate, 283 Pa. 255,257-8, we said that, where an actual controversy existed or litigation between those in interest was inevitable and imminent, one of the purposes of the Declaratory Judgments Act was to enable parties so situated to have "issues speedily determined which otherwise would be delayed, to the possible injury of those interested [in them], if they were compelled to await the ordinary course of judicial proceedings." In Girard Trust Co. v. Tremblay M. Co., 291 Pa. 507, 525, we said that a prime purpose of the Declaratory Judgments Act was to "render practical help" in ending controversies, meaning those which had not reached the stage where other legal relief was immediately available, or those where, under the attending circumstances, old forms of action would not immediately afford the relief required; and we pointed out that the parties concerned in that case might have had their respective rights determined by declaratory judgment prior to the actual controversy there presented. Such a remedy is peculiarly appropriate to the orphans' court, vested as it is with supervisory powers over the administration of decedents' estates; the court below did not err in granting that form of relief in the present case.

The Fiduciaries Act of June 7, 1917, P. L. 447, 476, provides, by section 14, that "Rents of real estate accruing after the death of the owner . . . . . . shall be assets for the payment of debts of such decedent whenever the personal estate shall be insufficient therefor," and that the orphans' court having charge of any particular estate may authorize the personal representative to collect such rents for such a time as might be necessary. Paragraph (c) of section 28 provides (pages 497-8): "All powers, authorities and directions relating to real estate, contained in any last will and not given to any person by name or by description, shall be deemed to have been given to the executors thereof; but no such power, authority, or direction shall be exercised or carried into effect . . . . . . except under the control and direction of the orphans' court." Both of these provisions are applicable to the facts here involved, and in many instances, including the present case, the second of them can well be carried into effect by way of declaratory judgments.

Returning to the facts at bar, for purposes of construing decedent's will and passing on the correctness of the declaratory judgment entered by the court below, S. Anice Cryan, the testatrix, died August 30, 1913, leaving to survive her as heirs, Minnie C. Wineman (plaintiff below and appellant here), a lawfully adopted daughter; also C. Gertrude Mays, a sister, who died April 8, 1914, unmarried and without issue; Ella A. Beck, a sister, who died June 25, 1925, a widow, without issue; Martha Jane Creswell, a sister, who died January 12, 1929, a widow, leaving two children, Ella C. Wagner and Annie C. Turner (respondents below and appellees here); John V. Mays, a brother, who died May 29, 1929, unmarried and without issue; and Mary E. Hall, a sister, who is still living.

Testatrix gave a house in Philadelphia and some personal articles to appellant; she gave also some small monetary bequests to her sisters and certain nephews and nieces. Then she provided for the properties here in controversy as follows: "I do not want my houses in Windber sold under five or six years and not then if my hears [heirs] want to keep them after all bills of repair on houses are paid. should my daughter Minnie want to finish paying for the Philadelphia home each month she is to take twenty dollars of the proffits and I should say rent to help her to pay for the house she wants for her future home. Should she not do this but dispose of the Phila. [home] of which I place no restrictions she will only have her portion with the rest of the hears [heirs]. I want my houses kept up as I have always kept them. After the expenses are taken out of the rent not including Minnie's twenty dollars a month I want ten dollars a year paid to my sister Mrs. Ella Beck to keep up the cemetery plot and flowers. Should Mrs. Beck not be able to attend to this then sister Gertrude. Should my Windber houses be sold in the time stated then I want enough money deposited in the bank to make this good for twenty years which would be $200. The rent of my houses making allowance for taxes and water and repairs first, the balance to be divided between Minnie, sister Ellie, Gertrude, Bro. John and Sister Elizabeth and Sister Martha equal shares. And should the properties be sold in five years, thes [these] I have named last should they be living namely Minnie E. Naylor, Ella A. Beck, C. Gertrude Mays, Mary E. Hall, Martha Jane Creswell, get equal shares and brother John $50, fifty dollars." Testatrix appointed the present appellant, and one other person (since deceased) executors of her will, without specifically vesting them, or either of them, with power of sale over real estate or other special powers.

Decedent, who evidently drew her own will, failed to make her meaning as clear as might be; but, in the words of the orphans' court, it is plain that she "did not intend to die intestate as to her Windber properties," for, at the beginning of the will, she states an intention to dispose of such estates as it had pleased God to entrust to her, thus plainly indicating a purpose to dispose of her whole estate. Her first provision as to these properties, "I do not want my houses in Windber sold under five or six years and not then if my [heirs] want to keep them," denotes a gift; for "keep" means to "retain" (Webster's Collegiate Dictionary), and one can retain only that which he already has, or possesses, and he cannot have or possess something belonging to another until the latter transfers it to him. The provision just quoted, standing alone, can be read only as giving the heirs the right to keep the houses in fee; in other words, the provision creates a fee. In this connection, see section 9, Act of April 8, 1833, P. L. (1832-3) 249-50, to the effect that "All devises of real estate shall pass the whole estate of the testator in the premises devised, although there be no words of inheritance or of perpetuity, unless it appear by a devise over, or by words of limitation, or otherwise, in the will, that the testator intended to devise a less estate." (See also same language in Wills Act of June 7, 1917, P. L. 403, 407, section 12.)

Testatrix's suggestion that the properties should not be sold within five or six years from her death is in no sense a positive direction not to sell them in that period; this is made plain by the fact that, later on in the testamentary directions as to the Windber houses, provision is made for the event of a possible sale within five years, — though there is no mandatory direction to sell at any time. In short, the provisions which relate to a possible sale have no effect on the fee given to the heirs; and the inquiry as to those testatrix meant to be her heirs is answered by the provisions following the devise of the fee, where the names of those she intended to take the Windber houses are enumerated.

While our conclusion is reached by a somewhat different course, yet we agree with the court below that, reading as a whole the parts of the will which deal with the properties here involved, the intention is shown that those persons testatrix names as her heirs should take the Windber houses as tenants in common, share and share alike. Among other provisions, the one giving her adopted daughter (appellant) the right to reserve $20 a month from the rents of these houses, should she desire to pay off a debt on what the testatrix calls her Philadelphia home, or, should the daughter not do this, but dispose of the Philadelphia home, she was "only [to] have her portion [of the Windber properties] with the rest of the [heirs]," evidences an intention on the part of testatrix that, aside from the right of her adopted daughter to enjoy temporarily this special allowance from the rents of the Windber properties, and subject to other charges placed on such premises, the persons mentioned as heirs were to take the properties in common, share and share alike.

The last provision in the part of the will we are now considering, concerning the division of such fund as might be realized from a sale of the Windber properties "in five years" (not after five or six years, the period first mentioned for a sale), which states that one of the heirs, namely, the brother, John, was to have only $50 if the houses were sold within that time, is no sufficient evidence that, in the event of the properties being retained, as they have been, testatrix intended the estate already devised to John, along with the other heirs, to be diminished. The provision under consideration cannot be given the effect of in any degree overriding the original gift of the fee; to diminish a fee once given requires language which plainly and unqualifiedly shows such to be the set purpose of testator: Coles v. Ayres, 156 Pa. 197,200; Cassidy's Est., 224 Pa. 199, 203; Long's Est.,270 Pa. 480, 485-6; Smith v. Bloomington Coal Co., 282 Pa. 248,250, 251; Conner's Est., 286 Pa. 382, 386-7; Cross v. Miller,290 Pa. 213, 216; Kidd's Est., 293 Pa. 21, 24, 25, 26, 27. See also Freeman's Est., 281 Pa. 190, 195. Some sixteen years have passed since the death of testatrix, and the properties in question are still unsold; so it may be assumed that the devisees "wanted to keep them," and what would have happened had they been sold within the specified five years need not be further considered. But, in this connection, it may be noted that testatrix, though not so directing, indicates a wish to have the Windber houses retained in her estate till "all bills for repairs to them, owed by her, should be paid, and long enough to permit appellant to pay for the Philadelphia home at the rate of $20 per month, from the rents of these Windber houses, if her adopted daughter elected to follow that course. Testatrix apparently thought it would take at least five years after her death to accomplish these results; so, probably to discourage her brother John (the only male devisee) from attempting to force a sale within that period, after giving him a fee, along with the other devisees, she attempted to cut his share to $50, not in any and all events, but only in case the property devised was sold within five years. Whatever was her intention in that regard, it appears as a subordinate one, ill-expressed, which, as before said, cannot override or diminish the fee previously created: Pattin v. Scott, 270 Pa. 49, 51-4.

We agree with the court below that, "Upon the death [in 1914] of C. Gertrude Mays, a sister [of testatrix], unmarried and without issue, her undivided . . . . . . share . . . . . . in said real estate descended to her [three] surviving sisters and brother, and [the] adopted child of S. Anice Cryan"; that, "Upon the death [in 1925] of Ella A. Beck [sister of testatrix], a widow without issue, her undivided . . . . . . share . . . . . . descended to her [two] surviving sisters and brother and to Minnie C. Wineman, the adopted child of . . . . . . S. Anice Cryan"; that, "Upon the death [in January, 1929] of Martha Jane Creswell [sister of testatrix], a widow, leaving to survive her two children, namely, Ella C. Wagner and Annie C. Turner, the respondents, her undivided . . . . . . share . . . . . . descended to her said two children in equal shares"; that, "Upon the death [in May, 1929] of John Mays [brother of testatrix], unmarried and without issue, his undivided . . . . . . share . . . . . . descended to his sister, Mary Hall, to Minnie C. Wineman, the adopted daughter of S. Anice Cryan, and to Ella C. Wagner and Annie C. Turner, the children and heirs of Martha Jane Creswell, deceased."

It remains to say only that the original devisees enjoyed vested estates in the real property here involved; several of them (as hereinbefore recited) died intestate, after the testatrix, and, under section 16 (b) of the Intestate Act of June 7, 1917, P. L. 429, 439, appellant, — being an adopted child of the original decedent, and, because of this position, viewed in law as a niece of those devisees who died without issue (see Russell's Estate, 284 Pa. 164, 166-8), — inherited a portion of their respective shares. These facts and the statute last cited must be taken into consideration to understand the correctness of the judgment entered in this case.

The judgment of the court below, so far as it determines the interest of the present owners of the property in controversy to be "Minnie C. Wineman, one-third, Mary E. Hall, one-third, Annie Creswell Turner, one-sixth, and Ella Creswell Turner, one-sixth," and that they hold in fee as tenants in common, is affirmed, costs to be divided pro rata according to the shares just stated.