Coolspring Stone Supply, Inc. v. County of Fayette

OPINION

Justice CASTILLE.

The issue in this case is whether real estate taxes may be imposed on leasehold interests in subsurface limestone following this Court’s decision in Independent Oil & Gas Association v. Board of Assessment of Fayette County, 572 Pa. 240, 814 A.2d 180 (2002) (“IOGA ”), where we held that Pennsylvania law does not authorize the imposition of ad valorem taxes on oil and gas interests.¹ The instant case began when Coolspring Stone Supply, Inc. (“appellant”), challenged the tax on its leasehold subsurface limestone interest levied by the County of Fayette, North Union Township, and Laurel Highlands School District (collectively “appellees”) through filing an appeal to the Board of Assessment Appeals (“Board”), which upheld the assessment. On appellant’s appeal from the Board, the trial court held that IOGA did not prohibit an assessment on subsurface limestone, which is not fugacious like oil and gas, and is taxable as “land” pursuant to Section 201 of the General County Assessment Law, 72 P.S. § 5020-201(a) (“Section 201”). The Commonwealth Court affirmed, finding that the meaning of “limestone” is sufficiently encompassed by the term “land” in Section 201 and that case law supports an assessment on limestone. For the following reasons, we affirm.

Appellant operates a limestone quarry in North Union Township on leased property. Appellant has been conducting mining operations there for approximately two decades and mining has occurred at the site since the 1940s. In 1998, appellees began assessing real estate taxes on subsurface minerals including oil, gas, and limestone. Appellant appealed to the Board challenging the validity of the tax on limestone. Meanwhile, a group of oil and gas producers filed a declaratory judgment action challenging the validity of the taxes applied on oil and gas. Appellant’s appeal was deferred pending the outcome of the oil and gas producers’ case in IOGA. Ultimately, this Court decided that Pennsylvania statutory law does not authorize the imposition of ad valorem taxes on oil and gas interests. IOGA, 814 A.2d at 180. Following a hearing before the Board regarding appellant’s assessment appeal, the Board upheld the validity of the assessment on limestone.²

Appellant appealed to the trial court and also filed a complaint for declaratory relief. The two matters were consolidated. Appellees admitted the material facts averred in the petition and complaint, prompting appellant to file a motion for judgment on the pleadings.

On December 20, 2004, the trial court denied appellant’s motion after reviewing this Court’s decision in IOGA.³ The trial court noted that limestone is similar to coal and may be found on the surface of land, as well as beneath it. By contrast, gas and oil are fugacious and may not constitute the surface of land. Moreover, the court found that the definition of “lands” in Section 201 of the General County Assessment Law included solid-state inorganic minerals beneath the surface. The trial court therefore found that IOGA did not bar the assessment of real estate taxes on subsurface limestone.

Thereafter, appellant filed a statement pursuant to Pa. R.A.P.1925(b) challenging the trial court’s reasoning in its opinion. The trial court filed a supplemental opinion to address appellant’s challenges that: (1) the court misapprehended the portion of the IOGA decision addressing Section 201; (2) the court erred in relying on case law to find that limestone is included within the definition of lands; and (3) the court erred in citing the fugacious nature of oil and gas to find IOGA did not prohibit taxes on limestone. The trial court emphasized that the scope of IOGA was limited and stated only that none of the forms of real estate permitted to be taxed under Section 201 included oil and gas. The trial court noted, furthermore, that the rules- of statutory construction require a finding that limestone is included within the definition of “lands” because case law prior to the passage of Section 201 made it clear that the definition of “lands” included stone. Finally, the trial court cited former-justice Russell Nigro’s concurring opinion in IOGA, which stated that oil and gas are fundamentally unlike real estate, to support the court’s proposition that the character of limestone is relevant to the disposition of the instant case. Appellant then filed a motion for certification of finality pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 341(c), which the trial court granted.

On appellant’s appeal, the Commonwealth Court affirmed in a unanimous published opinion. Coolspring Stone Supply, Inc. v. County of Fayette, 879 A.2d 323 (Pa.Cmwlth.2005). Judge Dante Pellegrini, writing on behalf of Judge Bernard L. McGinley and Senior Judge Jess S. Jiuliante, rejected appellant’s contention that limestone does not fall within the definition of “lands” under Section 201 of the General County Assessment Law after comparing the definitions of “land,” “limestone,” and “rock.” Since limestone is a solid mineral, the panel noted, it is dissimilar to oil and gas. The panel also quoted this Court’s early decision in Lillibridge v. Lackawanna Coal Co., 143 Pa. 293, 22 A. 1035 (1891), citing an even earlier decision Caldwell v. Fulton, 31 Pa. 475 (1858), for the proposition that “[e]oal and minerals in place are land.” Coolspring, 879 A.2d at 327 (emphasis omitted). Because case law is clear that limestone should be treated the same as coal, as opposed to oil and gas, the Commonwealth Court agreed with the trial court that limestone is taxable.

Upon this Court’s discretionary grant of review, appellant claims that the Commonwealth Court failed to interpret Section 201 as set forth in IOGA and, accordingly, erred in holding that a tax assessment on subsurface limestone interests is permissible. Specifically, appellant argues that the IOGA decision instructs that: (1) no statute expressly authorizes the taxation of subsurface minerals other than coal; (2) subsurface minerals are not explicitly listed in Section 201; and (3) subsurface minerals do not come within a layperson’s understanding of the term “lands” and thus do not fall within the meaning of “lands” as used in Section 201. Appellant contends that IOGA prohibits taxation of all subsurface minerals other than coal, which is distinctly authorized by statute, and IOGA must be followed under the principle of stare decisis.

Appellant also argues that the lower courts erred in relying on “ancient” cases to address the nature of subsurface mineral interests because those cases equally suggest that oil and gas rights are subject to taxation. Appellant’s Brief at 7. Appellant states that Lillibridge and Caldwell do not interpret the term “lands” as used in Section 201. If subsurface minerals were lands, appellant asserts that the Legislature would have had no need to enact separate legislation to authorize taxation on coal. Since IOGA interprets Section 201 and no other statute authorizes the taxation of limestone, appellant argues it must be deemed controlling in this case.

Appellant further contends that the fugacious nature of oil and gas provides no basis for distinguishing IOGA, because this Court “expressly disavowed reliance on” that ground and instead, relied on the fact that subsurface oil and gas rights could not be classified as surface rights or improvements. Appellant’s Brief at 8. Appellant asserts that although limestone may exist on the surface of land, so too may oil and gas, which may not be taxed. Appellant also notes that Section 201 authorizes taxing fisheries, which are obviously not solid lands, indicating that the physical differences between limestone, oil, and gas are irrelevant. Finally, in anticipation of appellees’ arguments, appellant argues that Section 419 of the General County Assessment Law, 72 P.S. § 5020-419 (“Section 419”), does not provide authority to tax limestone interests, but states only that the interests may be taxed to the extent that other provisions of the Assessment Law provide authorization.

Appellees counter that IOGA does not answer the question posed by this case, as its holding is limited to oil and gas interests. Appellees argue that oil and gas do not fit within a layperson’s conception of lands, while limestone does. IOGA stated, according to appellees, that oil and gas were unlike any of the objects listed in Section 201 and the decision did not mention limestone. Appellees also note that IOGA did not address Section 419, which indicates stone may be taxed, and Section 201 provides for the taxation of mines and attendant shelters. Moreover, limestone stays fixed and naturally appears on the surface of land, but oil and gas do not appear on the surface. If left on the surface of land, oil would evaporate over time and gas would escape into the atmosphere. Appellees assert that this Court specifically recognized these differences between oil, gas, and stone in IOGA. Lastly, appellees contend that IOGA did not cite Lillibridge and related 19th century cases because they were not relevant to the issue decided in IOGA.⁴ The matter thus having been ably briefed and argued, it is ready for decision.

It is well-established in Pennsylvania that the power of a municipal body to tax is statutory and must originate from an enactment of the General Assembly. Northwood Constr. Co. v. Township of Upper Moreland, 579 Pa. 463, 856 A.2d 789, 796 (2004); IOGA, 814 A.2d at 182; Appeal of H.K Porter Co., 421 Pa. 438, 219 A.2d 653, 654 (1966). Here, appellees contend that the General County Assessment Law provides the requisite authority for the taxation of subsurface limestone interests.⁵ Section 201, in particular, states that:

The following subjects and property shall, as hereinafter provided, be valued and assessed, and subject to taxation for all county, city, borough, town, township, school and poor purposes at the annual rate:

(a) All real estate, to wit: Houses, house trailers and mobilehomes[,] buildings permanently attached to land or connected with water, gas, electric or sewage facilities, buildings, lands, lots of ground and ground rents, trailer parks and parking lots, mills and manufactories of all kinds, furnaces, forges, bloomeries, distilleries, sugar houses, malt houses, breweries, tan yards, fisheries, and ferries, wharves, all office type construction of whatever kind, that portion of a steel, lead, aluminum or like melting and continuous casting structures which enclose, provide shelter or protection from the elements for the various machinery, tools, appliances, equipment, materials or products involved in the mill, mine, manufactory or industrial process, and all other real estate not exempt by law from taxation.

72 P.S. § 5020-201(a) (emphasis added).

In IOGA this Court determined that Section 201 does not provide for taxation of oil and gas interests. 814 A.2d at 183. We specifically rejected that oil and gas interests were included within two categories listed in Section 201, overruling the trial court’s determination that the statutory reference to “all real estate” encompassed oil and gas interests, as well as the Commonwealth Court’s separate conclusion that the reference to “lands” covered oil and gas. Id. Relying on the statutory construction doctrine of ejusdem generis⁶ codified in Section 1903(b) of the Statutory Construction Act, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(b), this Court reasoned that the term “real estate” set forth in Section 201 is limited by the terms following it in the provision. IOGA 814 A.2d at 183-84. We therefore determined that the only proper subjects of taxation were those listed following the term “real estate,” and rejected the trial court’s reasoning to the contrary. Addressing the basis for the Commonwealth Court’s holding, this Court stated that a typical layperson’s understanding of the term “lands” referred to surface rights or any physical improvement “permanently affixed” to the ground. We elaborated:

Oil and gas rights, by contrast, are quite unlike any of the other objects specifically identified in Section 201. Thus, the dissimilarity between the nature of oil and gas and those items which the General Assembly saw fit to enumerate as the proper subject of taxation militates against the conclusion that such terms are encompassed within the general term “lands” listed therein.

Id. at 184. This Court found further support for its conclusion that oil and gas interests are not taxable under any statutory authority by looking to Section 415 of the General County Assessment Law, 72 P.S. § 5020-415, and Sections 612 and 616 of the Fourth to Eighth Class County Assessment Law, 72 P.S. §§ 5453.612, 5453.616, which provide for separate assessments of coal and do not mention oil and gas interests. IOGA, 814 A.2d at 184-85.

Former Justice Russell Nigro authored a concurring opinion in IOGA joined by Justice Thomas Saylor, agreeing that there is no statutory authority to permit taxation of oil and gas interests. However, Justice Nigro disagreed with the majority’s application of ejusdem generis because, in his view, it rendered the phrase “all other real estate” in Section 201 ineffective. Justice Nigro would have held that oil and gas were not taxable under statutory authority since they are of a “fundamentally different character than real estate.” IOGA, 572 Pa. at 249, 814 A.2d at 185 (Nigro, J., concurring).

We cannot accept appellant’s contention that the fugacious nature of oil and gas was completely irrelevant to this Court’s reasoning in IOGA. Although the IOGA Court declined to expressly address a second issue upon which we granted review, namely whether the fugacious nature of oil and gas exempts those fossil fuels from being the subject of real estate taxation, id. at 180 n. 1 it is evident that the physical characteristics of the fuels was central to the Court’s ultimate holding that oil and gas do not fall within the term “lands” listed in Section 201 of the General County Assessment Law. The IOGA Court considered the physical nature of oil and gas pursuant to 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(b), which instructs that a statute’s “[gjeneral words shall be construed to take their meanings and be restricted by preceding particular words,” and this Court’s prior interpretation of the doctrine of ejusdem generis, which states that general words of a statute enumerating a particular class should “be construed as applicable only to persons or things of the same general nature or class as those enumerated.” IOGA, 814 A.2d at 184 (citing Steele v. Statesman Ins. Co., 530 Pa. 190, 607 A.2d 742 (1992); Summit House Condo. v. Commonwealth, 514 Pa. 221, 523 A.2d 333 (1987)). Under IOGA and principles of statutory construction, the Commonwealth Court in the instant case, therefore, properly examined the dictionary definitions of the terms “land” and “limestone” during its discussion of whether limestone is taxable pursuant to Section 201.

Land is defined as, inter alia, “the solid part of the earth’s surface not covered by water” and as “a specific part of the earth’s surface.” Webster’s NewWorld Dictionary 791 (2d college ed.1986). Limestone is “rock consisting mainly of calcium carbonate, often composed of the organic remains of sea animals, as mollusks, corals, etc., and used as building stone, a source of lime, etc.” Id. at 820. Rock, of which limestone is a type, obviously comprises a certain portion of the earth’s surface, as it may be defined as a mass of stony material. Id. at 1231. By contrast, neither oil nor gas is a solid structure on the earth’s surface. Given the physical properties of limestone, it is clear, at a minimum, that surface limestone may be taxed as “lands” under Section 201.

The question remains whether to afford subsurface limestone interests a different status from surface limestone interests for real estate tax purposes. In Caldwell, 31 Pa. at 483, which involved a property dispute over subsurface coal interests, this Court stated that “[c]oal and minerals in place are land.” When the same case was before that Court three years earlier, the Court noted no distinction between subsurface and surface mineral interests:

It may be thought somewhat incongruous to apply the name of land to both the surface and the underlying mineral strata, where they have been severed in title; but it is more incongruous still to treat the surface as a corporeal hereditament, and the mine right, when granted in terms so large as to comprehend the whole mineral deposit, as incorporeal.

Id. at 480. In Lillibridge, this Court summarized Caldwell and corresponding precedent as stating that coal and other subsurface minerals are land:

[W]e have emphatically decided that the coal or other mineral beneath the surface is land, and is attended with all the attributes and incidents peculiar to the ownership of land. We have held the mineral to be a corporeal, not an incorporeal, hereditament; that the surface may be held in fee by one person, and the mineral also in fee by another person; that the mineral may be subject to taxation as land,, and the surface to an independent taxation as land, when owned by a different person; that possession of the mineral may be recovered by ejectment, and title to it may be acquired by adverse possession under the statute of limitations, though not by prescription, because it is not an incorporeal right. In short, we have for nearly half a century judicially regarded the ownership of mineral, where it has been properly severed from the surface, as the ownership of land, to all intents and purposes.

22 A. at 1036 (emphasis added). While these cases did not pertain to tax challenges and they primarily address coal interests, they illustrate that this Court has historically classified subsurface and surface minerals both as land.⁷ Since there is apparent authority to tax surface limestone interests, we find that it would be incongruous, in consideration of both precedent and logic, to place a higher tax value on land with surface limestone than on land with the same quantity of limestone completely underlying the earth’s surface.

Appellant’s objection to the taxation of limestone based on the fact that there is explicit statutory authorization to tax coal, see 72 P.S. §§ 5020-415, 5453.612, 5453.616, but not limestone, is of no moment.⁸ The solid physical nature of coal is similar to that of limestone, which is distinct from the fugacious minerals addressed in IOGA. Given our determinations that limestone falls within the term “lands” listed in Section 201 and that limestone is more like coal than oil and gas, limestone need not be explicitly listed in a tax statute to be deemed taxable under principles of statutory construction, see 1'Pa.C.S. § 1903; it need only be a subset of a category already listed, and we conclude that it is.

Furthermore, although appellant would have us interpret IOGA to bar the taxation of all subsurface mineral rights, thereby recognizing coal as different from limestone, we emphasize that IOGA pertained only to oil and gas interests. IOGA additionally recognized the physical character of land in declaring oil and gas unlike the terms listed in Section 201, and therefore the lower courts here appropriately considered the nature of limestone and land in general. Finally, appellant urges us to ignore our cases that preceded the 1933 enactment of the General County Assessment Law {i.e., Lillibridge and Caldwell). We decline to do so, however, for our present interpretation of “lands” in Section 201 as encompassing limestone is informed by both historical and physical conceptions of the term, which we may safely assume informed the legislative enactment.⁹ See In re Locust St. Subway, 319 Pa. 161, 179 A. 741, 744 (1935) (Legislature presumed to expressly state its intention to change common law in new statute).

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Commonwealth Court that subsurface limestone interests are subject to real estate taxation.

Former Justice NEWMAN did not participate in the decision of this case. Justice BAER and Justice BALDWIN join the opinion. Justice SAYLOR files a concurring opinion. Chief Justice CAPPY flies a dissenting opinion in which Justice EAKIN joins.

1 . This case presents a question of law and, accordingly, our scope of review is plenary and our standard of review is de novo. Commonwealth v. Jones, 590 Pa. 356, 912 A.2d 815, 816 n. 1 (2006).

2 . Appellant conducts mining operations pursuant to two permits granted by the Department of Environmental Protection ("DEP”) and, as such, the limestone assessments have been designated per permit. Regarding DEP permit 3374SM58T, the Board notified appellant by letter dated December 31, 2003, that it owed the following taxes:

Year Assessment

1998 $ 2,560

1999 $ 2,560

2000 $ 2,560

2001 $ 7,310

2002 $ 7,310

2003 $776,000

2004 $776,000

Regarding DEP permit 26920401, the Board notified appellant on the same date that it owed the following taxes:

Year Assessment

1998 $ 53,620

1999 $ 53,620

2000 $ 53,620

2001 $153,200

2002 $153,200

2003 $395,000

2004 $395,000

3 . The trial court classified its opinion rendered on this date as a "Corrected Opinion,” as it replaced an earlier filed opinion in which the introductory paragraph incorrectly stated that the court was granting appellant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings.

4 . The County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania submitted an amicus curiae brief echoing the arguments raised by appellees and emphasizing that this Court has broadly construed land improvements that may be taxed under Section 201, suggesting a broad conception of lands in this case is in accordance with precedent.

5 . Except where explicitly stated otherwise, the General County Assessment Law applies to all counties within the Commonwealth. IOGA, 814 A.2d at 182 n. 6.

6 . IOGA further summarized the doctrine of ejusdem generis as follows: "[W]here general words follow the enumeration of particular classes of persons or things, the general words will be construed as applicable only to persons or things of the same general nature or class as those enumerated.” IOGA, 814 A.2d at 184 (citing Steele v. Statesman Ins. Co., 530 Pa. 190, 607 A.2d 742 (1992); Summit House Condo. v. Commonwealth, 514 Pa. 221, 523 A.2d 333 (1987)).

7 . Few cases specifically address limestone interests, but the same principles of law applicable to contractual coal mining rights have been explicitly applied in construing a contract regarding limestone mining rights Burke v. Kerr, 142 Pa.Super. 37, 15 A.2d 685 (1940), aff'd per curiam and opinion adopted by, 341 Pa. 304, 19 A.2d 382 (1941).

8 . Appellees also refer to Section 419 of the General County Assessment Law, 72 P.S. § 5020-419, as support for their position that limestone is taxable. We agree, however, with appellant that the provision would equally support the taxation of oil and gas.

9 . F.H. Rockwell & Co. v. Warren County, 228 Pa. 430, 77 A. 665 (1910), stated that oil and gas beneath the surface are also separately taxable as land, but F.H. Rockwell did not contemplate whether any particular statutory provision permitted the taxation of oil and gas interests, as we have since repeatedly instructed that an enactment of the General Assembly is necessary for a tax to be valid. See Northwood Constr. Co., 856 A.2d at 796; IOGA, 814 A.2d at 182; Appeal of H.K. Porter Co., 219 A.2d at 654. Moreover, the enactment of the General County Assessment Law followed F.H. Rockwell and, as determined in IOGA, there is no statutory authority that presently supports the real estate taxation of oil and gas interests.

Other cases cited by appellant for the proposition that oil and gas are minerals do not involve a taxing issue. See Marshall v. Mellon, 179 Pa. 371, 36 A. 201 (1897); Blakley v. Marshall, 174 Pa. 425, 34 A. 564 (1896).