Commonwealth, Aplt. v. Barnes, T.

[J-16-2015]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 111 MAP 2014
:
Appellant : Appeal from the Order of the Superior
: Court dated January 15, 2014,
: Reconsideration Denied March 27, 2014,
v. : at No. 91 EDA 2013 Affirming the Order of
: the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe
: County, Criminal Division, at No. CP-45-
TIFFANY LEE BARNES, : CR-1473-2012 dated December 5, 2012.
:
Appellee : ARGUED: March 11, 2015
:
DISSENTING STATEMENT
MR. JUSTICE STEVENS FILED: August 25, 2015
At stake in this case is the safety of the public as well as the safety of police
officers who pull over a vehicle. By activating overhead lights behind a pulled over
vehicle, the driver is alerted that there is a law enforcement officer behind them and
passing motorists are alerted there is a police officer and stopped vehicles alongside
the road. Moreover, if this Court establishes a rule of law preventing or discouraging
police officers from activating overhead lights in a vehicle stop, how does the police
officer signal the driver to pull over?
Any driver, in this case a female driving alone, on a deserted highway in the early
morning hours would be alarmed to have a vehicle pull up behind them not knowing
whether it is a police officer or a random person who might have criminal activity in
mind.
I would specifically hold that a police officer activating emergency lights on a
police vehicle does not turn a mere encounter into an investigative detention. Thus, I
would reverse the decision of the Superior Court.
The Court summarily affirms, without opinion, the Superior Court’s determination
that the suppression court properly granted Appellee Tiffany Lee Barnes relief after
finding she was subjected to an unlawful investigative detention when Trooper Jason
Rogowski approached Appellee’s stationary vehicle and activated the overhead lights
on his patrol car. By not issuing an opinion, this Court does not give guidance to the
lower courts as to how in this case the encounter ripened into an investigative detention
nor does it give guidance to the lower courts or to members of law enforcement as to
what standard applies to any case in which police emergency lights are activated.
Because I believe the lower courts failed to objectively review the totality of the
circumstances and ignored the relevant policy consideration of the protection of both the
driver and officer in a late night interaction in an unlit location, I respectfully dissent as I
conclude Trooper Rogowski lawfully and appropriately initiated a mere encounter that
required no suspicion of criminal activity.
The relevant facts are not in dispute. On March 18, 2012, at approximately 3:00
a.m., Trooper Rogowski was traveling on Route 447 in Monroe County in his patrol car
when he observed a Jeep Liberty turn onto Fawn Road, immediately pull off to the side
of the road, and turn off all of its lights. The driver parked on a gravel area between two
car dealerships that were closed for business given the early hour. In deciding to check
on the vehicle’s occupant, Trooper Rogowski had dual suspicions that the driver was
either experiencing vehicle failure or was about to engage in criminal activity due to the
time and the vehicle’s proximity to the closed dealerships.
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Trooper Rogowski pulled behind the stationary vehicle and turned on his
overhead lights. As Trooper Rogowski approached on foot, Appellee began to open her
driver’s door to exit her vehicle. Once Trooper Rogowski began speaking with
Appellee, he immediately detected a strong odor of alcohol emanating from her vehicle
and noticed her slurred speech and bloodshot eyes. Appellee consented to sobriety
testing, which she failed. After Trooper Rogowski arrested for Driving Under the
Influence (DUI), Appellee submitted to a blood test, which revealed her BAC was
0.22%.
Charged with DUI and summary traffic violations, Appellee filed a suppression
motion arguing that Trooper Rogowski had subjected her to an unlawful seizure by
conducting an investigative detention unsupported by reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity. After a hearing, the suppression court granted Appellee’s motion and
dismissed all the charges.1 Acknowledging that Trooper Rogowski’s activation of his
overhead lights was not sufficient itself to show a seizure had occurred, the suppression
court found that two circumstances “weighed heavily in favor of finding an investigatory
detention”: (1) Trooper Rogowski was motivated in part by his suspicion that Appellee
was about to engage in criminal activity and (2) both Trooper Rogowski and Appellee
expressed their beliefs that Appellee was not free to leave. In addition, the suppression
court found Trooper Rogowski had no objective reason to believe Appellee needed aid
as she did not drive slowly or activate her hazard lights. Upon determining that Trooper
Rogowski had initiated an investigative detention, the suppression court further
concluded that he did not have reasonable suspicion to justify this seizure.
1 While Appellee was charged with a traffic violation under 75 Pa.C.S. § 4305 (“Failure
to Turn on Vehicular Hazard Signals”), Trooper Rogowski admitted that Appellee had
not violated this section, which only requires a driver to activate hazard signals on a
“highway,” whereas Appellee parked on a gravel area to the side of the road.
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On appeal, the Superior Court affirmed the suppression court’s decision to grant
Appellee’s motion. In concluding that Trooper Rogowski’s interaction with Appellee
constituted an investigative detention, the Superior Court focused on the fact that
Trooper Rogowski admitted he suspected Appellee may have had a criminal purpose
for stopping her vehicle and emphasized Trooper Rogowski and Appellee’s subjective
opinions that Appellee was not free to leave. Moreover, the Superior Court determined
that the suppression court correctly found that Trooper Rogowski did not have
reasonable suspicion to support an investigative detention as he did not offer any
specific observations which would allow him to reasonably conclude that criminal
activity was afoot.
This Court granted the Commonwealth’s petition for allowance of appeal, limiting
review to the question of whether the lower courts erroneously concluded that the
interaction between Trooper Rogowski was an investigative detention, requiring
reasonable suspicion, as opposed to a mere encounter, requiring no suspicion at all.
While appellate review of the grant of a suppression motion requires deference to the
suppression court’s findings of fact as long as they are supported by the record, the
suppression court’s legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Commonwealth v. James,
620 Pa. 465, 475, 69 A.3d 180, 186 (2013).
To determine whether a citizen has been subject to an unreasonable seizure in
violation of the Fourth Amendment, we analyze three categories of interactions between
citizens and the police:
The first of these is a “mere encounter” (or request for information)
which need not be supported by any level of suspicion, but carries no
official compulsion to stop or to respond. The second, an “investigative
detention” must be supported by a reasonable suspicion; it subjects a
suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does not involve such
coercive conditions as to constitute the functional equivalent of an arrest.
[J-16-2015, 111 MAP 2014] - 4
Finally, an arrest or “custodial detention” must be supported by probable
cause.
Commonwealth v. Reid, 571 Pa. 1, 26, 811 A.2d 530, 544-45 (2002) (citation omitted).
This Court and the United States Supreme Court have consistently held that
officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment by merely approaching an individual in a
public place and asking the individual questions or requesting identification. Florida v.
Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991) (“mere police questioning does not constitute a
seizure”); Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 34, n. 16 (1968) (White, J., concurring) (not every
encounter between police officers and citizens amounts to a seizure; “there is nothing in
the [federal Constitution] which prevents a policeman from addressing questions to
anyone on the streets”). In distinguishing a mere encounter from an investigative
detention, the suppression court must evaluate whether “consider[ing] all the
circumstances surrounding the encounter to determine whether the police conduct
would have communicated to a reasonable person that the person was not free to
decline the officers’ request or otherwise terminate the encounter.” Commonwealth v.
Lewis, 535 Pa. 501, 509, 636 A.2d 619, 623 (1994). “In making this determination,
courts must apply the totality-of-the-circumstances approach, with no single factor
dictating the ultimate conclusion as to whether a seizure has occurred.” Commonwealth
v. Strickler, 563 Pa. 47, 59, 757 A.2d 884, 890 (2000).
Before this Court, the Commonwealth reiterates its claim that the interaction
between Trooper Rogowski and Appellee was a mere encounter. Relying on this
Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Au, 615 Pa. 330, 339-40, 42 A.3d 1002, 1008
(2012), the Commonwealth notes that, in the scenario where an officer approaches a
stationary vehicle, our courts engage in a fact-specific review of the totality of the
circumstances to determine whether a reasonable person would feel not free to leave
based on coercive aspects of the officer’s conduct, including, but not limited to, the
[J-16-2015, 111 MAP 2014] - 5
restraint of liberty or movement, use of physical force, intimidating language, a show of
authority, or a mandate demanding compliance.
In this case, the Commonwealth emphasizes Trooper Rogowski pulled his patrol
car behind Appellee’s vehicle and did not block or direct her movement in any way. The
Commonwealth also points out that Trooper Rogowski did not brandish a weapon or
make any intimidating statements or movements that demonstrated force. The
Commonwealth contends that Trooper Rogowski’s activation of his overhead lights was
a non-escalatory factor furthering safety, as Trooper Rogowski explained that he turned
on the lights to make his patrol car visible to approaching drivers. The Commonwealth
argues Appellee should have reasonably expected that the responding trooper was
approaching to offer assistance given Appellee was parked on the side of the road at a
late night hour and troopers have a duty to aid motorists in need.
While the lower courts repeatedly acknowledged that suppression claims must
be reviewed objectively in light of the totality of the circumstances, both the suppression
court and Superior Court’s opinions relied heavily on Trooper Rogowski’s candid
admission that, while he believed that Appellee may have needed aid for possible
vehicle failure, he also suspected Appellee was engaged in criminal activity. Both
courts also found critical that Trooper Rogowski and Appellee both believed that
Appellee was not free to leave.
The lower courts’ reliance on the parties’ subjective beliefs was improper as
“subjective intent is irrelevant so long as there is objective justification for the police
officer’s actions[.]” Strickler, 563 Pa. at 64, 757 A.2d at 893 (citing Ohio v. Robinette,
519 U.S. 33, 35 (1996) (citation omitted)). In reviewing suppression motions, the key to
an objective analysis is to give due consideration to the reasonable impression given to
the individual approached rather than the subjective views of the officers or the person
[J-16-2015, 111 MAP 2014] - 6
who has allegedly been seized. Cf. Commonwealth. v. Sherwood, 603 Pa. 92, 117, 982
A.2d 483, 499 (2009) (emphasizing the “[t]he test for custody is an objective one that
focuses on the reasonable impression conveyed by the actions of the police to the
person being questioned”).
Absent the subjective beliefs of Trooper Rogowski and Appellee, which are
impermissible considerations, the suppression court failed to establish how the
encounter ripened into an investigative detention. As a seizure does not occur when an
officer merely approaches an individual in public and questions the individual, it was
permissible for Trooper Rogowski to approach Appellee’s vehicle on the side of the road
and inquire if she needed aid and to discover her purpose for pulling off at this location
late at night. As noted by the Commonwealth, Trooper Rogowski did not block Appellee
from leaving, direct her movement in any way, speak in an authoritative or threatening
tone, or display any show of authority to restrain Appellee. When Trooper Rogowski
spoke to Appellee, she immediately showed indicia of being under the influence of
alcohol, as she had slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and had a strong odor of alcohol
emanating from her vehicle, giving him reasonable suspicion to detain her to investigate
whether to place her under arrest for DUI.
Thus, it appears that the only factor which arguably could have escalated the
initial encounter into an unlawful investigative detention was Trooper Rogowski’s
activation of the overhead emergency lights on his patrol car. While the activation of
overhead lights may be a factor for the suppression court to consider in determining
whether a reasonable person would have felt free to leave, a totality of the
circumstances review requires that no single factor should dictate the ultimate
conclusion as to whether a seizure has occurred. Strickler, 563 Pa. at 59, 757 A.2d at
890.
[J-16-2015, 111 MAP 2014] - 7
Moreover, in the situation presented in this case, where a motorist in a stationary
vehicle is approached in an unlit, remote location at an early morning hour by a
responding officer, the activation of the patrol car’s overhead lights furthers the safety of
both the officer and the motorist. The flashing overhead lights notify oncoming drivers
of the vehicles’ presence on the side of the road and signal to the motorist that an
officer has arrived to offer assistance. These lights help assure the motorist of safety by
distinguishing between the arrival of a responding officer and an unknown vehicle of a
stranger who may not have the motorist’s best interests in mind. As a result, in many
circumstances, citizens come to recognize the activation of a patrol car’s overhead
lights as a reasonable response in allowing officers to meet their duty of providing
assistance to stranded motorists or drivers that otherwise need assistance. Therefore,
the activation of the patrol car’s overhead lights, standing alone, did not ripen the instant
mere encounter into an investigative detention.
Accordingly, when applying the suppression court’s findings of fact to the
established precedent governing similar claims, I find that Trooper Rogowski did not
subject Appellee to an unlawful seizure, but responded appropriately in approaching her
vehicle to render aid and inquiring as to her reasons for stopping at this location and
hour. Accordingly, I would reverse the Superior Court’s decision affirming the order
granting Appellee’s suppression motion, reinstate the applicable charges, and remand
for further proceedings.
[J-16-2015, 111 MAP 2014] - 8