Private Properties, LLC, Pets v. Gov & AG

[J-58-2020]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
PRIVATE PROPERTIES, LLC, A : No. 90 MM 2020
PENNSYLVANIA LIMITED LIABILITY :
COMPANY, CHESTER PROPERTIES, :
LLC, A PENNSYLVANIA LIMITED :
LIABILITY COMPANY, AND THE : SUBMITTED: June 4, 2020
PENNSYLVANIA RESIDENTIAL OWNERS :
ASSOCIATION, A PENNSYLVANIA NON- :
STOCK NON-PROFIT ON BEHALF OF ALL :
SIMILARLY SITUATED PARTIES, :
:
Petitioners :
:
. :
v. :
:
:
TOM WOLF, GOVERNOR OF THE :
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA :
AND JOSH SHAPIRO, ATTORNEY :
GENERAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF :
PENNSYLVANIA, :
:
Respondents :
DISSENTING STATEMENT
JUSTICE WECHT FILED: July 31, 2020
Governor Tom Wolf has issued consecutive executive orders, pursuant to his
emergency powers under the Emergency Code,1 that bar until further notice landlords
from evicting residential tenants for defaulting on their rent obligations or overstaying the
1 See Act of Nov. 26, 1978, P.L. 1332, No. 323, codified as amended at 35 Pa.C.S.
§§ 7301, et seq.
terms of their residential leases.2 Acting per curiam, this Court, with only Chief Justice
Saylor noting dissent, deemed Petitioner-landlords’ constitutional challenge to the
Governor’s authority to issue that order worthy of our rarely-exercised King’s Bench
jurisdiction and of a sharply expedited briefing schedule.3 Astonishingly, more than two
months later, a majority of this Court’s members, again speaking per curiam, has decided
that the case no longer warrants review at all. It appears that several of my colleagues
simply have changed their minds.
When this Court took jurisdiction and directed briefing, we signaled our intention
to review and decide the legal merit of a constitutional dispute of enormous consequence
to Petitioners, hundreds or thousands of other landlords, and likely thousands of tenants
who are behind on their rent because of continuing COVID-19-related hardships.4 In over
two months since, none of the material circumstances that frame the constitutional
questions presented have changed in any way that impairs our ability to analyze
2 See Order of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for Staying the
Notice Requirements for Certain Actions Related to the Dispossession of Property
(May 7, 2020), https://www.governor.pa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20200507-
TWW-dispossession-of-property-order.pdf (hereinafter “May Order”); Order of the
Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Staying Notice Requirements for
Specified Actions Related to the Dispossession of Property (July 9, 2020),
https://www.governor.pa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20200709-TWW-eviction-
order.pdf (hereinafter “July Order”).
3 See Order, Private Properties, LLC v. Wolf, 58 MM 2020 (May 27, 2020) (per
curiam; Saylor, C.J., noting dissent).
4 No tenants or tenant groups are parties in this action. However, a number of amici
curiae have submitted impassioned briefs on behalf of the tenants. Amici curiae
collectively submitted three briefs. One each for the Cities of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia,
and a third on behalf of Action Housing, Neighborhood Legal Services, Community
Justice Project, Senior Law Center, Pittsburgh United, Pittsburgh Union of Regional
Renters, and Tenant Union Representative Network.
[J-58-2020] - 2
Petitioners’ claims as originally presented. There have been no relevant surprises.
Meanwhile, to all outside appearances the case has languished for nearly two months,
while thousands of Pennsylvanians live with uncertainty as to the status—and in some
instances the fate—of their core businesses and the roofs over their heads. The
Governor’s authority to have put them in that position, however well-intentioned, remains
an open question. To dismiss this case as improvidently granted, implying that this Court
simply erred in granting King’s Bench review to begin with, is to leave roiling uncertainty
in our wake as we drift out of sight. I dissent.
To understand the gravity of this Court’s decision to abscond, it is necessary first
to review a series of judicial and executive orders that have issued over the course of the
Spring and Summer of this year of our pandemic, 2020. The scourge of COVID-19
(“COVID”), of course, has sent shockwaves through all levels of Pennsylvania’s
government. COVID’s arrival in our Commonwealth—as it has in at least the vast majority
of states in our nation—precipitated a flurry of executive orders. In Pennsylvania, these
have descended from the Governor’s initial, since-renewed Proclamation of a Disaster
Emergency pursuant to the Emergency Code.5 This Court has considered and rejected
a number of statutory and constitutional challenges to those orders.6
5 See Proclamation of Disaster Emergency (March 6, 2020),
https://www.governor.pa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/20200306-COVID19-Digital-
Proclamation.pdf; Amendment to Proclamation of Disaster Emergency (June 3, 2020),
https://www.governor.pa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/20200603-TWW-
amendment-to-COVID-disaster-emergency-proclamation.pdf.
6 See Wolf v. Scarnati, 104 MM 2020, ___ A.3d ___, 2020 WL 3567269 (Pa. July 1,
2020); Friends of Danny DeVito v. Wolf, 227 A.3d 872 (Pa. 2020); Civil Rights Defense
Firm, P.C. v. Wolf, 226 A.3d 569 (Pa. 2020) (per curiam) (dismissing as moot a challenge
[J-58-2020] - 3
This particular challenge was initiated shortly after the Governor issued the May
Order, on May 7, 2020,7 which effectively barred evictions under the Landlord and Tenant
Act of 1951 (“LTA”) and the Manufactured Home Community Rights Act (“MHA”).8 Both
Acts impose strict notice requirements upon lessors seeking to evict lessees from leased
property before they may commence an action to dispossess the lessee of his or her
rented home. These provisions ensure that tenants have sufficient notice to protect their
rights, cure their default, or leave the premises in an orderly fashion without being subject
to the Governor’s authority to regulate legal service providers and denying jurisdiction as
to other challenges).
7 Henceforth, all dates mentioned in this Opinion fall in the year 2020 unless
otherwise specified.
8 In relevant part, the Governor’s May Order provided:
Commencing on May 11, 2020, the notice requirements mandated by the
Landlord and Tenant Act of 1951[, Act of April 6, P.L. 69, No. 20, codified
as amended at 68 P.S. §§ 250.101, et seq.,] and the Manufactured Home
Community Rights Act[, Act of Nov. 24, 1976, P.L. 1176, No. 261, codified
as amended at 68 P.S. §§ 398.1, et seq.,] are stayed for 60 days, thereby
tolling the ability to commence the timelines necessary for the initiation of
eviction proceedings. All eviction proceedings requiring compliance with
the [LTA] and the [MHA] cannot commence for 60 days until July 10, 2020.
All eviction timelines must be computed with a start date of July 10, 2020,
at which point any previously delivered [LTA] and [MHA] notices will be
deemed delivered and any eviction proceedings may commence. The
eviction proceedings requiring compliance with the [LTA] and the [MHA]
may proceed from that point forward in the normal course of action.
May Order at 3. As set forth below, the Governor renewed this Order, which was set to
expire on July 10, in nearly identical form by issuing his July Order. Aside from updating
the relevant dates set forth in the May Order, the only change was to revise the end of
the first sentence by adding “residential” as a modifier of the phrase “eviction
proceedings.” Compare May Order at 3 § 2 with July Order at 3 § 2. In short, the
Governor did nothing more than narrow (or perhaps clarify) the intended class of
protected tenants. This did not in any way obviate or change the terms of the
constitutional questions presented.
[J-58-2020] - 4
to self-help, litigation by ambush, or sudden, unannounced removal by official
compulsion.
Citing his Emergency Code authority and the Secretary of Health’s discrete
authority under the Disease Prevention and Control Law of 1955 (“DPCA”),9 and noting
that “the movement and/or displacement of individuals residing in Pennsylvania from their
homes or residences . . . constitutes a public health danger to the Commonwealth,” May
Order at 2, the Governor ordered that, during the period from May 11 until July 10, LTA
and MHA notice requirements would be stayed, “thereby tolling the ability to commence
the timelines necessary for the initiation of eviction proceedings.” Id. at 3; see supra n.8.
Put simply, the Governor effectively suspended eviction proceedings for two months. On
May 21, the Governor issued an Amendment to the May Order limiting the scope of the
evictions presented to those involving nonpayment of rent or overstaying the duration of
the tenant’s lease.10
On May 12, one day after the May Order took effect and before the May 21
amendment, Petitioners filed their Application for Extraordinary Relief in this Court.
9 See Act of April 23, 1956, P.L. 1510, No. 500, codified as amended at 35 P.S.
§§ 521.1, et seq. The Governor also cited applicable sections of the Administrative Code
delineating the Secretary of Health’s power generally to protect the health and safety of
Pennsylvania citizens. See May Order at 1 (citing 71 P.S. §§ 532(a), 1403(a)).
10 See Amendment to the Order of the Governor of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania for Staying the Notice Requirements for Certain Actions Related to
the Dispossession of Property (May 21, 2020), https://www.governor.pa.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2020/05/20200521-TWW-amendment-to-dispossession-of-property-
order.pdf.
[J-58-2020] - 5
Therein, they asked us to exercise King’s Bench jurisdiction11 and to invalidate the May
Order on the basis that the Governor’s action had violated the separation of powers
assured by the Pennsylvania Constitution and/or substantive due process principles. See
Petition for Extraordinary Relief Pursuant to the Court’s King’s Bench Jurisdiction, ¶¶16-
36. This Court responded by requiring Respondents, the Governor and the Attorney
General, to file their Answer on May 18, the fourth business day thereafter.
On May 27, this Court determined by per curiam order, Chief Justice Saylor noting
dissent, that Petitioners’ challenge warranted an exercise of this Court’s King’s Bench
jurisdiction.12 Mindful of the urgency and import of the questions presented, this Court
11 Our King’s Bench jurisdiction, which predates even our Nation’s independence, is
codified in our Judicial Code as follows:
The Supreme Court shall have and exercise the powers vested in it by the
Constitution of Pennsylvania, including the power generally to minister
justice to all persons and to exercise the powers of the court, as fully and
amply, to all intents and purposes, as the justices of the Court of King’s
Bench, Common Pleas and Exchequer, at Westminster, or any of them,
could or might do on May 22, 1722. The Supreme Court shall also have
and exercise the following powers:
(1) All powers necessary and appropriate in aid of its original and
appellate jurisdiction which are agreeable to the usages and principles
of law.
(2) The powers vested in it by statute, including the provisions of this
title.
42 Pa.C.S. § 502; see Carpentertown Coal & Coke Co. v. Laird, 61 A.2d 426, 428-29
(Pa. 1948); see generally Hon. William S. Stickman, IV, The King’s Bench Powers, in THE
SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA: LIFE AND LAW IN THE COMMONWEALTH, 1684-2017,
at 26-39 (John J. Hare, ed., 2018).
12 In full, our Per Curiam Order granted King’s Bench jurisdiction and ordered briefing
on the following questions:
[J-58-2020] - 6
directed briefing on a schedule as tight as would be practicable in any matter. Specifically,
our Order, which issued on a Wednesday, required Petitioners to file their brief no later
than noon the following Monday, June 1—and granted Respondents only three business
days thereafter to respond, setting a noon deadline on June 4. This Court also accepted
numerous briefs by amici curiae, each of which thoughtfully fleshed out the legal issue
and/or the interests at stake. See supra n.4.
While the Governor was attempting to minimize the harm caused by the pandemic,
this Court had not been standing idly by. Mindful of the foreseeable risk of disease
transmission inside bustling courthouses and courtrooms, and given the face-to-face
contact that litigation traditionally entails, on March 18, this Court declared the
Pennsylvania courts generally closed to the public from March 19 through April 3. We
also ordered that no judicial agents or employees would be permitted to act upon eviction
orders.13 On April 1, we entered a new order extending the shutdown through April 30,
thus renewing our prohibition of eviction enforcement by judicial employees.14
1) Whether the Executive Order of May 7, 2020 Violates the Separation of
powers Doctrine;
2) Whether the Executive Order of May 7, 2020 Violates the Property
Owners’ Right to Substantive Due Process.
Order, Private Properties, LLC v. Wolf, 90 MM 2020 (May 27, 2020) (per curiam).
13 See In Re: General Statewide Judicial Emergency, 531 & 532 Judicial
Administration Docket (Mar. 18, 2020), http://www.pacourts.us/assets/files/page-
1305/file-8634.pdf.
14 See In Re: General Statewide Judicial Emergency, 531 & 532 Judicial
Administration Docket (Apr. 1 2020), http://www.pacourts.us/assets/files/page-1305/file-
8846.pdf.
[J-58-2020] - 7
Again on April 28, we extended the statewide judicial emergency through June 1.15
But this time we made clear that “the statewide suspension of procedures related to the
dispossession of property,” i.e., evictions and foreclosures, would end on May 11. See
Emergency Order, 531 & 532 Administrative Docket (April 28, 2020), supra n.14, at 12.
While we lifted our statewide suspension, we expressly authorized President Judges of
the lower courts to issue their own emergency declarations and take such protective
measures as they saw fit in light of local conditions. See id. at 3.
It was against this backdrop that the Governor issued the May Order four days
before our Order was to expire, and it is easier to infer the Governor’s intent within that
framework. In short, when it became clear that this Court no longer deemed it necessary
to suspend eviction enforcement, delegating any such restrictions to the discretion of the
lower courts, the Governor issued his May Order, extending the prohibition on eviction
enforcement by different means. Whether the Governor has actual authority to issue
such an order, or whether his order impermissibly infringed this Court’s broad and
exclusive supervisory authority over the administration of the courts under Article V,
Section 10(c), of our Constitution16 or otherwise violated Petitioners’ due process rights,
15 See In Re: General Statewide Judicial Emergency, 531 & 532 Judicial
Administration Docket (Apr. 28, 2020), http://www.pacourts.us/assets/files/page-
1305/file-9158.pdf.
16 Section 10(c) provides:
The Supreme Court shall have the power to prescribe general rules
governing practice, procedure and the conduct of all courts, justices of the
peace and all officers serving process or enforcing orders, judgments or
decrees of any court or justice of the peace, including the power to provide
for assignment and reassignment of classes of actions or classes of appeals
among the several courts as the needs of justice shall require, and for
admission to the bar and to practice of law, and the administration of all
[J-58-2020] - 8
is the subject of the instant action. And as noted above, on May 27, we signaled our
intent to resolve these important questions by exercising King’s Bench jurisdiction.17
Meanwhile, the clock was ticking on the Governor’s May Order, which was set to
expire on July 10. On July 9, a little over a month after the parties to this action completed
their briefing on our expedited schedule, the Governor issued his July order, which
renewed his prior measures to prevent the dispossession of property by eviction. 18
Among minor differences with no obvious bearing on the broad dispute before us, the
July Order cited only the Emergency Code as authority, omitting to mention the Secretary
courts and supervision of all officers of the Judicial Branch, if such rules are
consistent with this Constitution and neither abridge, enlarge nor modify the
substantive rights of any litigant, nor affect the right of the General Assembly
to determine the jurisdiction of any court or justice of the peace, nor suspend
nor alter any statute of limitation or repose. All laws shall be suspended to
the extent that they are inconsistent with rules prescribed under these
provisions. . . .
PA. CONST. art. V § 10(c).
17 Also on May 27, we issued an order officially ending the statewide judicial
emergency, effective June 1, 2020. Therein, we continued to delegate discretion to the
lower courts to maintain or declare emergencies as they deemed fit. See In re: Statewide
Judicial Emergency, 531 & 532 Judicial Administration Docket (May 27, 2020),
http://www.pacourts.us/assets/files/page-1305/file-9376.pdf.
18 The May Order and subsequent July Order included various provisions limiting
foreclosure proceedings under The Loan Interest and Protection Law, Act of Jan. 30,
1974, P.L. 13, No. 6, codified as amended at 41 P.S. §§ 101, et seq. (“Act 6”), and the
Homeowners Emergency Assistance Act, Act of Dec. 23, 1983, P.L. 385, No. 91, codified
as amended at 35 P.S. §§ 1680.401c, et seq. (“Act 91”). While a merits ruling on
Petitioners’ challenge might affect the validity of those provisions if Petitioners’ LTA and
MHA claims were to lead to this Court’s invalidation of the entire Order as a constitutional
matter, they do not feature anywhere in Petitioners’ arguments. Petitioners assiduously
limit their challenge to those restrictions that affect their rights of possession and recovery
under the LTA and MHA, and express no interest in the operation of the May and July
orders with respect to mortgage foreclosures.
[J-58-2020] - 9
of Health’s discrete authority under the Administrative Code and the DPCA; and, unlike
the May Order, the July Order expressly limited the scope of its prohibition to residential
evictions. See supra n.8. But in all relevant particulars, the July Order preserved the
same condition relative to Petitioners’ interests that the May Order had imposed. Like the
May Order, the July Order bars two broad categories of evictions to minimize community
spread of COVID. The lone change to Section 2 of the Order barring tenant evictions
under the LTA and MHA in no way affected the gravamen of Petitioners’ argument.19
Perhaps for that reason, the parties did not venture to file any additional documents
addressing the July Order, despite the pendency of this action and the opacity of this
Court’s then-ongoing deliberative process. But we also did not issue any order directing
or inviting the parties to do so, a conspicuous omission given that we not infrequently will
do precisely that when we believe that changed circumstances, briefing deficiencies, or
other prudential concerns require further advocacy. I can only speculate as to why the
parties did not elect to supplement their previous submissions on their own initiative—an
especially interesting question with respect to Respondents, who could have preserved
the status quo they presumably prefer by successfully arguing that the July Order mooted
Petitioners’ challenge by replacing the by-then expired May Order.20
19 The July Order, like the May Order, also contained provisions not presently at issue
that related to notice requirements under Acts 6 and 91, both of which govern in the
context of mortgage foreclosure. The July Order’s only non-trivial departures from the
substance of the May Order effectively were limited to Acts 6 and 91, which, as set forth
supra n.18, do not bear upon the LTA and MHA challenges presented in this case and
warrant no further discussion.
20 See, e.g., Commonwealth, Dept. of Envtl. Protection v. Cromwell Twp.,
Huntingdon Cty., 32 A.3d 639, 651 (Pa. 2011) (noting that this Court will not decide moot
questions, which are those in which a party’s stake in the outcome has been obviated by
changes in the facts or law; here, viewed formalistically, the expiration of the May Order
[J-58-2020] - 10
In any event, if this Court detected some previously unnoticed flaw or believed that
circumstances had changed in a way that called into question the justiciability of the
instant challenge on any basis, at the very least, having already deliberated for nearly two
months, we could have granted the parties an opportunity to address the concern before
dismissing a case that this Court already had deemed so extraordinary as to warrant
bypassing the ordinary course of litigation and taking immediate jurisdiction. While we
address jurisdictional defects sua sponte when we identify them, other grounds for
deeming a case non-justiciable, such as standing and ripeness, typically are waived
unless raised by the parties. See Rendell v. Pa. State Ethics Comm’n, 983 A.2d 708,
717-18 (Pa. 2009). And our King’s Bench authority brings with it the prerogative to
overlook irregularities in the posture or presentation of a case of great public importance.
See In re Bruno, 101 A.3d 635, 669 (Pa. 2014) (“The exercise of King’s Bench authority
is not limited by prescribed forms of procedure or to action upon writs of a particular
nature; the Court may employ any type of process or procedure necessary for the
circumstances.”). Moreover, even without invoking our extraordinary King’s Bench
authority, when this Court is confronted with the prospect that an issue of great public
importance is capable of repetition and evading review, we may and sometimes do
eliminates Petitioners’ interest as stated in their Application, because the May Order no
longer affects their interests). Perhaps Respondents did not believe that a mootness
argument would prevail because the underlying question had not materially changed. Or
perhaps Respondents, burdened as they are with addressing pandemic-related matters
on numerous fronts, want this Court to settle this important question of executive authority
in the interests of clarity, given that virtually every significant COVID-related action
undertaken by the Governor has been subject to aggressive legal challenges. That the
parties declined to address the July Order perhaps is most consistent with their belief that
the July Order did not materially affect this Court’s ability to decide the question presented
according to the briefing we already had in hand. I certainly believe that is the case.
[J-58-2020] - 11
overlook justiciability concerns to resolve the issue. See, e.g., Pub. Def.’s Office of
Venango Cty. v. Venango Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 893 A.2d 1275, 1279-80
(Pa. 2006).
What is so dispiriting about this dismissal is that this Court has resolved nothing,
inviting commencement of another materially identical challenge. The July Order remains
in effect until August 31. And as of this writing, the rate of new infections in Pennsylvania
has been increasing steadily for over a month, standing now at nearly the same level it
was at the time of the May Order, and continuing to increase. It is half-again as high as
it was when the Governor entered the July Order.21 While we cannot know what the
Governor will do in the future, present conditions differ only modestly from those that
prompted the Governor’s May and July Orders. Petitioners and others similarly situated
have every reason to speculate that the Governor will extend the July Order or issue an
order to similar effect before the July Order’s August 31 expiration.22 Thus, it is all but
certain that some party or parties will bring a similar if not materially identical challenge
to the Commonwealth Court in its original jurisdiction,23 restarting the clock on this urgent
constitutional dispute. And since the case will be heard in the Commonwealth Court’s
original jurisdiction, the losing party will be entitled to appeal the ruling to this Court as of
21 See Pennsylvania Coronavirus Map and Case Count, N.Y. TIMES (July 29, 2020,
2:08 P.M.), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/pennsylvania-coronavirus-
cases.html.
22 Even if the expiration of the July Order marks the end of the Governor’s eviction
bar, August becomes yet another month separating any number of landlords from taking
possession of their property pursuant to an executive order the constitutionality of which
remains contested and unresolved.
23 See 42 Pa.C.S. § 761(a)(1).
[J-58-2020] - 12
right,24 all but ensuring still further delay. All things remaining equal, in the coming months
we have every reason to anticipate that the same constitutional challenges we accepted
jurisdiction to entertain months ago will return. The only question is how far down the
road we have kicked the can.
Worse still, any difficulties arising from the Governor’s replacement of one
emergency order of relatively short duration with the next, as occurred during the
pendency of this case, are likely to recur. One must ask whether Pennsylvania landlords
will find themselves powerless as a class ever to secure a definitive ruling as to whether
the Governor has authority to bar judicial eviction proceedings in the first instance so long
as he continues to issue his orders in six- to eight-week increments.
The Governor took precipitous action that has impaired the business interests and
property rights of Petitioners and many other landlords across this Commonwealth.
Petitioners, their rights impaired in a most immediate sense, invited this Court to exercise
our King’s Bench jurisdiction, an invitation that this Court accepted after due deliberation.
We then directed briefing of two discrete constitutional issues on a schedule that reflected
a clear sense of urgency, one which surely led multiple attorneys to work through the
weekend and deep into the evenings. Two months later, without explanation, this Court
abruptly washes its hands of the whole affair, while uncertainty as to the constitutionality
of the Governor’s actions persists. For all the good we have done, this Court at least
might have diverted Petitioners to the Commonwealth court two months ago by declining
to take jurisdiction in the first place.
24 See 42 Pa.C.S. § 723(a).
[J-58-2020] - 13
To decide the constitutional questions before us would affect the economic
interests of thousands of individuals, be they landlords or tenants, and hundreds or
thousands of small businesses. The potential outcome is beside the point. As Justice
Baer once aptly wrote: “The question now before us is not what a majority of this Court
would decide, but whether it will undertake its normal comprehensive and thoughtful
process, and decide something on this important issue.” Commonwealth v. Roby-
Spencer, 934 A.2d 693, 695 (Pa. 2007) (Baer, J., dissenting from an order dismissing the
case as improvidently granted). Today, the Court answers, “No.” But not to rule upon
the question is, in effect, to rule against Petitioners, at least for weeks if not months to
come.
I discern no practical, institutional, or jurisprudential benefit to dismissing this case
so late in its development—and much to commend its prompt decision by this Court. In
taking King’s Bench jurisdiction, we correctly signaled that this case warranted
extraordinary treatment. We were right to take the case then, and we would do right to
decide it now.
It beggars belief that after the passage of two months, this Court has declined to
address two focused, ripe, and emergent constitutional questions of consequence to so
many. And the Court does so without any explanation. Petitioners and similarly situated
landlords deserve more. Tenants suffering economic hardship in a state of enduring
confusion deserve more. The Pennsylvania bench and bar, and the Governor himself,
deserve more.
Someone must answer the difficult constitutional questions this case presents. If
not us, then who? If not now, when?
[J-58-2020] - 14