Gressman v. Degraffenreid

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
PHILIP T. GRESSMAN; RON Y. DONAGI; : No. 142 MM 2021
KRISTOPHER R. TAPP; PAMELA GORKIN; :
DAVID P. MARSH; JAMES L. :
ROSENBERGER; AMY MYERS; EUGENE :
BOMAN; GARY GORDON; LIZ MCMAHON; :
TIMOTHY G. FEEMAN; AND GARTH :
ISAAK, :
:
Petitioners :
:
:
v. :
:
:
VERONICA DEGRAFFENREID, IN HER :
OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS THE ACTING :
SECRETARY OF THE COMMONWEALTH :
OF PENNSYLVANIA; JESSICA MATHIS, IN :
HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS DIRECTOR :
FOR THE PENNSYLVANIA BUREAU OF :
ELECTION SERVICES AND NOTARIES, :
:
Respondents :
DISSENTING STATEMENT
JUSTICE WECHT FILED: January 10, 2022
I disagree with the Court’s decision not to assume plenary jurisdiction of this matter
under the power of extraordinary jurisdiction we are granted by 42 Pa.C.S. § 726. The
adoption of a congressional map that satisfies the dictates of state and federal law is of
immediate public importance to the citizens of the Commonwealth,1 and considerations
occasioned by further delay of these proceedings counsel strongly in favor of this Court’s
1 League of Women Voters v. Commonwealth, 178 A.3d 737, 766-67 & n.35
(Pa. 2018).
intervention. Neither the parties nor the proposed intervenors object to the
commencement of parallel judicial proceedings in furtherance of expediting a potential
resolution while the political branches continue to seek agreement over a map that can
be adopted by the General Assembly and signed into law by the Governor, which would
render this case moot. Although redistricting “is primarily the duty and responsibility of
the State through its legislature or other body,” 2 unless and until the political process
produces such a map, this Court must be prepared to act to safeguard and vindicate the
guarantee of “free and equal” elections and the equal protection of the law. 3
Presently, our principal concern at this stage is time. The Commonwealth Court
has established a deadline of January 30, 2022, for the political branches to adopt a
congressional map, with court proceedings to follow should those branches fail to do so.
For its part, the Department of State has indicated a preference for having a final map
chosen by January 24. While neither of these dates is statutorily mandated, practically
speaking any judicial resolution of this matter is temporally cabined by the election
calendar, which is set forth in the Election Code. Pennsylvania’s primary election is
scheduled for May 17, 2022.4 Accordingly, the first day that candidates for Congress may
circulate and file nomination petitions to seek a political party’s nomination for those
offices at the “General primary” is February 15, and they must be filed by March 8.5 Those
2 Chapman v. Meier, 420 U.S. 1, 27 (1975).
3 See Pa. Const. art. I, § 5; U.S. Const. amend. XIV.
4 See 25 P.S. § 2753(a) (“There shall be a General primary preceding each general
election which shall be held on the third Tuesday of May in all even-numbered years,
except in the year of the nomination of a President of the United States . . . . Candidates
for all offices to be filled at the ensuing general election shall be nominated at the General
primary.”).
5 See id. § 2868 (providing that “[n]o nomination petition shall be circulated prior to
the thirteenth Tuesday before the primary, and no signature shall be counted unless it
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seeking the nomination of political bodies may begin circulating nominating papers on
March 9, with a filing deadline of August 1.6
Federal law provides something of a backstop in the event that a State fails to
adopt a congressional map in accordance with the constitutionally mandated
reapportionment process following a decennial census:
Until a State is redistricted in the manner provided by the law thereof after
an apportionment, the Representatives to which such State is entitled under
such apportionment shall be elected in the following manner: . . . (5) if there
is a decrease in the number of Representatives and the number of districts
in such State exceeds such decreased number of Representatives, they
shall be elected from the State at large.
2 U.S.C. § 2a(c). Pennsylvania has not resorted to this method since that federal law
was adopted. In fact, Pennsylvania has not elected the entirety of its congressional
delegation using at-large districts since the eighteenth century. The Commonwealth
utilized a statewide general ticket in 1788 for the First United States Congress, adopted
congressional districts for the election of 1790, and then reverted to at-large elections in
1792 for the Third Congress. Although at-large elections occasionally were used to elect
a handful of Representatives in the late nineteenth- and early-twentieth centuries—with
no more than four members of Congress elected in that manner in a given election year—
Congress reserved statewide general tickets for special use with the 1842 Apportionment
Bill. Since 1967, States have been obligated to “establish[] by law a number of districts
equal to the number of Representatives to which such State is so entitled, and
Representatives shall be elected only from districts so established, no district to elect
bears a date affixed not earlier than the thirteenth Tuesday nor later than the tenth
Tuesday prior to the primary”).
6 See id. § 2913(b) (providing that “[n]o nomination paper shall be circulated prior to
the tenth Wednesday prior to the primary, and no signature shall be counted unless it
bears a date affixed not earlier than the tenth Wednesday prior to the primary nor later
than the second Friday subsequent to the primary”).
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more than one Representative . . . .” Id. § 2c. Moreover, to risk defaulting to at-large
elections now would raise significant equal protection and Voting Rights Act concerns
given the dilutive effect that exclusively statewide congressional elections would have
upon minority voters, particularly in Philadelphia County.
Given these weighty concerns and the tight time frame that will result from leaving
the case with the Commonwealth Court to adjudicate in the meanwhile, our immediate
intervention is warranted. To that end, I would take jurisdiction now and appoint a special
master to consolidate this matter and its companion case, to resolve the numerous
pending intervention petitions, to solicit proposed maps along with the requisite
constitutional and technical analyses, and to make a recommendation to this Court as to
which map should be adopted, which we may then consider de novo with or without
additional changes. Otherwise, delays arising from the typical trial and appellate process
may drag out our ultimate resolution of this case until mid-March or even April. This
expedited approach is not without precedent; in Mellow v. Mitchell, 607 A.2d 204(Pa. 1992), the political branches failed to timely promulgate a congressional map using
data from the 1990 census, following which the Commonwealth lost two congressional
seats. On that occasion, this Court stepped in to ensure that federal law was complied
with and that Pennsylvanians’ due representation was assured by an orderly election.
Because time is of the essence, I see no good reason not to follow that example today.
For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
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