Judges： Brobson, Friedman, Simpson
Filed Date： 8/22/2012
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 10/26/2024
OPINION BY
Appellant F. Earl Reed, III (Reed), appeals from the May 12, 2011, and June 28, 2011, orders of the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County (trial court). In those orders, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of Appellees Tonette Pray (Pray), Martha Van Auken, Arthur Van Auken, Julius Coles (Coles) (collectively, Individual Appellees), and the Borough of Colwyn (Borough). The trial court dismissed Reed’s complaint against Individual Appellees and the Borough with prejudice and denied Reed’s motion for leave to amend his complaint. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand the matter for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
Reed is a former member of the Borough Council. In 2006, as chair of the Borough’s finance committee and a member of the Colwyn Fire Company, Reed spearheaded the Fire Company’s effort to purchase a new fire truck for $262,000. The Fire Company had successfully raised a portion of the purchase price, but a $115,000 shortfall remained. To cover the shortfall, Reed requested a $15,000 advance from the Borough, which the Borough Council later approved. As to the balance of the shortfall, Reed championed the idea of securing a $100,000 advance from the Borough’s sewer fund, which in turn would be loaned to the Fire Company to finance the balance of the shortfall. On August 23, 2006, Reed called an emergency Borough Council meeting to approve the loan. It is undisputed that the Fire Company eventually received a $100,000 loan from the sewer fund.
Pray and Martha Van Auken were also members of the Borough Council. From the time of the idea’s inception, Pray and Van Auken were opposed to the sewer fund loan, even questioning its legality. In October 2006, Pray brought her concerns over the legality of the loan to the attention of the Colwyn Police Department, which referred the matter to the Delaware County District Attorney’s Office. No formal charges were ever filed. This, however, was not the end of the matter.
The loan became a hot button in local politics, pitting Pray, Martha Van Auken, and Coles (also on Borough Council), against Reed and his supporters. In the context of the debate, Reed claims that, at certain polling places on Election Day in November 2008, Martha Van Auken and Coles stated in the presence of numerous voters and other persons that “Earl Reed took $100,000 from Colwyn,” referring to the above-referenced loan to the Fire Company. Reed also alleges that, months later, Arthur Van Auken (Martha’s spouse) shouted out at a local Home Depot store that “Earl Reed took $200,000 from Col-wyn,” referring again the purchase of the fire truck.
Based on- the above allegations, Reed filed his Complaint on July 31, 2009, asserting a common law defamation claim against Pray, for reporting her concerns to the Colwyn Police Department, and Martha and Arthur Van Auken and Coles for their public statements that Reed “took” money from the Borough and seeking, in
In November 2010, Pray, Martha Van Auken, Coles, and the Borough filed a motion for summary judgment. Reed requested additional time to conduct discovery and to respond to the motion, which the trial court granted. On February 28, 2011, the tidal court heard oral argument on the motion. Thereafter, Reed filed a motion to amend his complaint. On May 12, 2011, in separate orders, the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment and denied Reed’s motion to amend his complaint. Arthur Van Auken filed a separate motion for summary judgment, which the trial court granted on June 28, 2011. Reed filed a timely appeal, challenging the trial court’s dismissal of his complaint on summary judgment and denial of his request to file an amended pleading.
In an opinion filed pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a)(1), the trial court detailed its reasoning behind the orders on appeal. With respect to the statements that Reed “took” $100,000 or $200,000 from the Borough, the trial court found that such statements were not defamatory as a matter of law. The trial court reasoned:
[I]t is inconceivable how any reasonable person could consider such statements made by the individual Appellees to be slanderous. The statements do not suggest criminal conduct on the part of Mr. Reed, nor do the statements suggest that Mr. Reed personally benefited from taking a sum of money from the Borough. Moreover, the statements concerned a hot-button political issue within the Borough at a time when the individual Appellees were campaigning against Mr. Reed’s political party. True, the statements may have been made to lower Mr. Reed’s status and deter third persons from associating with him in the political arena, but absolutely nothing about those statements suggest that any average person would conclude from those statements that Appellees were attempting to lower Mr. Reed’s status and deter third persons from associating with him personally. If anything, these statements can be considered a statement of opinion regarding Mr. Reed and his political party’s handling of Borough affairs while in elected office, which of course does not constitute slander.
(Opinion, 8/11/2011, at 6 (emphasis in original).)
With respect to Pray, the trial court held that Pray cannot be held liable for defamation where, in the context of her official capacity as a member of Borough Council, she expressed her concern over the legality of the loan to the Fire Company to local law enforcement authorities. With respect to Reed’s claim that the Borough inappropriately released documents related to its criminal investigation of the loan to local media, the trial court noted an absence of any admissible evidence that the Borough did so. Even if the Borough had released the documents, the trial court held that the police record of its investigation of Reed and the loan was not Reed’s personal property and that Reed, therefore, could not maintain a cause of action to challenge its release. The trial court also dismissed Reed’s claim for punitive damages because it found that Reed failed to maintain a cause of action for defamation.
With respect to the motion to amend, the trial court noted that Reed sought to amend his Complaint by attaching two documents. (Reproduced Record (R.R.)
In its opinion, the trial court defended its decision to deny the motion to amend. It noted that based on its review of the proposed Amended Complaint, Reed offered nothing that would link the Individual Appellees to either document. He also noted that there was no evidence adduced during discovery that would prove any of the Individual Defendants were involved in the publication of either document. Indeed, the trial court said the evidence showed the opposite. In the absence of such evidence, • the trial court noted that amendment would merely postpone his ruling favorably on the Individual Appellee’s summary judgment motions.
On appeal, Reed claims that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on his defamation claims. Reed maintains that there are genuine issues of material fact that precluded summary judgment on the defamation claims. In addition, he contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that the statements in question were not capable of a defamatory meaning. Reed also claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to amend. He further alleges that the trial court erred in failing to recognize his property claim to the criminal investigative record. Finally, he challenges the impartiality of the trial court, based on certain language found in the trial court’s opinion. If this Court remands, Reed asks that we remand with direction that the matter be reassigned to a different trial judge or to a different County.
DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment
1. Defamation
A plaintiff pursuing a common law claim for defamation must prove the following:
*140 (1) the defamatory character of the communication; (2) its publication by the defendant; (3) its application to the plaintiff; (4) the understanding by the recipient of its defamatory meaning; (5) the understanding by the recipient of it as intended to be applied to the plaintiff; (6) special harm resulting to the plaintiff from its publication; and (7) abuse of a conditionally privileged occasion.
Balletta v. Spadoni, 47 A.3d 183 (Pa. Cmwlth.2012). As a threshold matter, it is up to the trial court to determine whether the statement in question is “capable of’ a defamatory meaning. If the trial court determines that it is not capable of a defamatory meaning, it should dismiss the suit. MacElree v. Phila. Newspapers, Inc., 544 Pa. 117, 124, 674 A.2d 1050, 1053 (1996).
“A communication is considered defamatory if it tends to harm the reputation of another so as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him.” Balletta, 47 A.3d at 197. As our Supreme Court has noted: “It is not enough that the victim ... be embarrassed or annoyed, he must have suffered the kind of harm which has grievously fractured his standing in the community of respectable society.” Tucker v. Phila. Daily News, 577 Pa. 598, 616, 848 A.2d 113, 124 (2004). In addition, an opinion, without more, is not actionable. Baker v. Lafayette Coll., 516 Pa. 291, 297, 532 A.2d 399, 402 (1987).
We must also be sure to examine the challenged statement in context. See id. at 296, 532 A.2d at 402. Standing alone, certain words may reasonably be understood as defamatory. But the context may provide an explanation that would render such an interpretation unreasonable. Balletta, 47 A.3d at 197-98; see Thomas Merton Ctr. v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 497 Pa. 460, 465, 442 A.2d 213, 216 (1981).
We will start our analysis with Reed’s defamation claim against Pray. That claim, according to the Complaint, is based on discussions Pray had with law enforcement officials in the Colwyn Police Department in October 2006. (Compl. ¶¶ 17-18 & Ex. “A” (R.R. #2).) With respect to those discussions, the Timeline, which is attached to the Complaint and on which Reed relies, provides the following, in relevant part:
[ ] October 12th 2006, Thursday, I was approached by councilwoman TO-NETTE PRAY after the borough council caucus meeting. PRAY inquires about REED ... using borough funds to purchase the fire company’s new fire truck. PRAY expresses. concern and states she feels REED ... [is] involved in illegal activity somehow. I set up a meeting with PRAY to discuss her concerns ....
[ ] October 22nd 2006, Sunday, I met with councilwoman PRAY who again expressed her and councilwoman VAN AUKEN’s concern about REED ... now taking control of borough council, when there were still issues about them misusing borough funds for a new fire truck without legal advise (sic) or letting the rest of borough council know what their intentions were. Councilwoman PRAY and VAN AUKEN were not aware of the $100,000 given to the fire company out of borough funds. I did inform PRAY of the situation. PRAY inquired if there was going to be a formal police investigation into the matter. I advised council woman PRAY that I*141 had been investigating the matter for the last couple of weeks and that I would keep her informed of my progress.
(Compl. Ex. “A” (emphasis added).) We agree with the trial court that Pray’s statements and inquiries to law enforcement in Colwyn Borough about what she perceived to be an illegal or improper use of Borough funds are not capable of a defamatory meaning. At most, her statements, recounted above, amount to mere opinion— “concerns” and “beliefs.” Moreover, the statements appear to be privileged, given Reed’s official capacity as an elected member of Borough Council. “A conditional privilege arises when a recognized interest of the public is involved. Communications which are made on a proper occasion, from a proper motive, in a proper manner, and which are based on reasonable cause are privileged.” Moore v. Cobb-Nettleton, 889 A.2d 1262, 1268 (Pa.Super.2005). It appears from Reed’s own pleading that Pray reasonably and appropriately expressed her concerns about the propriety of Borough action to law enforcement officials. Thus, her statements were privileged. See Pawlowski v. Smorto, 403 Pa.Super. 71, 588 A.2d 36, 42-43 (1991) (holding statements by private party made to law enforcement officials for purpose of inducing criminal proceeding are privileged). Therefore, the trial court properly entered summary judgment in Pray’s favor on Reed’s defamation and punitive damages claim against her.
We now turn the statements that Martha Van Auken and Coles allegedly made at polling places on Election Day in November 2008. The trial court found that the statements that Reed “took $100,000” from the Borough are not capable of a defamatory meaning. We disagree. Again, the question before this Court is not whether we believe this statement was defamatory. Our inquiry is limited solely to the question of whether the statement is “not capable” of a defamatory meaning. If it is not capable, then dismissal would be appropriate. We, however, cannot say that a claim that an elected official “took” money is incapable of a defamatory meaning.
In MacElree v. Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc., 544 Pa. 117, 674 A.2d 1050 (1996), the Court addressed the legal validity of a claim by a former district attorney for defamation, relating to an article that accused him of being “the David Duke of Chester County running for office by attacking Lincoln.” MacElree, 544 Pa. at 120, 674 A.2d at 1052. The district attorney sued the newspaper for defamation. The trial court granted preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer, finding, inter alia, that the statement was merely one of opinion and could not be reasonably construed to be defamatory. Rather, it amounted to nothing more than name calling and opinion. The Superior Court affirmed.
On appeal, the Supreme Court rejected the trial court’s and Superior Court’s analysis. The Supreme Court first rejected the Superior Court’s characterization of the alleged statement as “merely labeling appellant a racist”:
In reading the charge that appellant was electioneering and was the David Duke of Chester County, a reasonable person could conclude that this was an accusation that appellant was abusing his power as the district attorney, an elected official, to further racism and his own political aspirations. Such an accusation amounts to a charge of misconduct in office, as appellant alleges in his complaint.
MacElree, 544 Pa. at 125, 674 A.2d at 1054. The Supreme Court cited with approval the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Sweeney
The question before the trial court was not whether the statement was capable of an innocuous meaning; rather, the question was whether a statement that a local elected official “took $100,000” from the Borough is capable of a defamatory meaning. We believe that this statement, allegedly made at a polling place in an effort to influence the outcome of an election and directed at a public official, could reasonably be understood as a charge of misconduct in office and not merely an opinion of character. There does not appear before us any bookends to this charge, which would provide a context to suggest that the statement could not be reasonably construed as defamatory.
Martha Van Auken and Coles argue, without conceding that they made the alleged statement, that their criticism of Reed’s term in office is not actionable because they were cloaked with high public official immunity. See Lindner v. Mollan, 544 Pa. 487, 677 A.2d 1194 (1996). Such immunity, however, only applies to shield public officials for defamatory statements made in the course of an official’s public duties. Id. at 490-91, 677 A.2d at 1195-96. Here, it is alleged that Martha Van Auken and Coles made the alleged defamatory statements at a polling place on Election Day. Because it is not clear to us that at that time and in that setting Martha Van Auken and Coles were acting in their capacities as elected government officials, we reject their request that we affirm the trial court’s decision on this alternative ground.
As for Arthur Van Auken, Reed alleges that he made a similar statement about Reed taking public monies at a local retail establishment in April 2009. For the reasons set forth above, then, we conclude that the statement is capable of a defamatory meaning and, therefore, the case should have gone to a jury.
Reed argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in the Borough’s favor on his claim under Section 8542(b)(2) of the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 8542(b)(2), for negligent care, custody, or control of personal property.
Furthermore, Reed proffered no evidence to support his allegation that the Borough released the Timeline to the media. His claim is based on an alleged hearsay statement by a member of a local news outlet. Reed never sought to depose any members of the media, even though he referred to specific individuals in his complaint. Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in the Borough Appellees’ favor on this claim.
B. Motion to Amend
Reed asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to amend his Complaint to allege additional acts of defamation in the form of two documents; (1) a purported letter from a mayoral candidate, who is not a defendant in this action; and (2) a political pamphlet of some type.
Leave to amend is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Feldman v. Lafayette Green Condo. Ass’n, 806 A.2d 497, 500 (Pa.Cmwlth.2002). As noted above, in its Opinion the trial court defended its decision to deny the motion to amend. It noted that based on its review of the proposed Amended Complaint, Reed offered nothing that would link the Individual Appellees to either document. He also noted that there was no evidence adduced during discovery that would prove any of the Individual Defendants were involved in the publication of either document. Indeed, the trial court said the evidence showed the opposite. “[A]n
C. Bias
Finally, Reed points to the trial court’s Opinion and argues that the words and tone suggest a trial court and judge that are biased against him. We disagree. Instead, upon reviewing the record of the proceedings as a whole, we see a trial court that provided Reed a full and fair opportunity to litigate this matter. We have no reason to believe that the trial court will be any less fair or less impartial on remand.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s May 12, 2011 Order, denying Reed’s Motion for Leave to File an Amended Complaint. We affirm the trial court’s May 12, 2011 Order, dismissing all claims against Appellees Tonette Pray and the Borough with prejudice. We reverse, however, the portion of the trial Court’s May 12, 2011 Order, dismissing the claims against Ap-pellees Martha Van Auken and Julius Coles. We also reverse the trial court’s June 28, 2011 Order, dismissing the claims against Appellee Arthur Van Auken. We remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 22nd day of August, 2012, we hereby AFFIRM the May 12, 2011 Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County (trial court), denying Appellant F. Earl Reed’s Motion for Leave to File an Amended Complaint, and the May 12, 2011 Order of the trial court, dismissing with prejudice the claims against Tonette Pray and the Borough of Colwyn.
The trial court’s May 12, 2011 and June 28, 2011 Orders, dismissing with prejudice the claims against Martha Van Auken, Arthur Van Auken, and Julius Coles are hereby REVERSED and this matter is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
. This matter was reassigned to the authoring judge on July 30, 2012.
. We note that Reed has submitted to the Court a two-volume Reproduced Record, each of which is approximately two inches thick. Though the contents of the Reproduced Record are separated by numbered tabs (29 of them), Reed's counsel did not separately number each page of the Reproduced Record as required under Pa. R.A.P. 2173. We admonish Reed's counsel to acquaint himself with and abide by the rules governing filings with this Court in future filings.
. "The scope of this Court’s review of a grant or denial of summary judgment is limited to determining whether the trial court committed an error of law or an abuse of discretion.” Kaplan v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., 688 A.2d 736, 738 n. 2 (Pa.Cmwlth.1997). "Summary judgment is appropriate only when, after examining the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Guy M. Cooper, Inc. v. E. Penn Sch. Dist., 903 A.2d 608, 613 (Pa.Cmwlth.2006). The appellate standard of review is de novo when a reviewing court considers questions of law. Weaver v. Lancaster Newspapers, Inc., 592 Pa. 458, 465, 926 A.2d 899, 903 (2007). In reviewing questions of law, the scope of review
. For example, if the charge was part and parcel of a larger dissertation on the dispute over the status of the Borough's sewer funds and disagreement over steps that Borough Council, at the behest of Reed, took to loan funds to the Fire Company to acquire a new fire truck, we might reach a different conclusion. It is contended here, however, that the charge was made without elaboration or explanation. In Balletta, by contrast, the alleged defamatory statements appeared in a newspaper article. This Court, therefore, viewed the statements "in context of the article in its entirety” and ultimately concluded that the statements were non-actionable statements of opinion. Balletta, 47 A.3d at 199.
. In addition, we reject the alternative argument that we should affirm the trial court's dismissal of the defamation claims because the alleged statements amounted to nothing more than a criticism of Reed’s term in office and thus constitutionally protected speech. As noted above, the statement that Reed "took” public monies while in office could reasonably be construed as an allegation of misconduct in office and not a mere criticism of Reed’s decision to advocate for the local Fire Company while in office and to secure a loan, through vote of Borough Council, to purchase a new fire truck. Such allegations of misconduct in office, which are different in degree than mere criticisms of decisions made in office, are actionable. See MacElree. Even public figures may bring actions for defamation. If, however, the matter in question involves an issue of public concern, the plaintiff public figure must prove that the defendant made the false statement with actual malice. See American Future Sys. Inc. v. Better Bus. Bureau of Pa., 592 Pa. 66, 923 A.2d 389 (2007).
.Arthur Van Auken's brief on appeal includes only one and one-half pages of argument. Most of the argument is devoted to the issue
. The following act by a local agency may result in the imposition of liability:
The care, custody or control of personal property of others in the possession or control of the local agency. The only losses for which damages shall be recoverable under this paragraph are those property losses suffered with respect to the personal property in the possession or control of the local agency.
42 Pa.C.S. § 8542(b)(2) (emphasis added).
. Act of February 14, 2008, P.L. 6, 65 P.S. §§ 67.101-.3104.