C.K. v. T.M.

J-A09031-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
C.K. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
T.M. : No. 908 WDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered July 29, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County Civil Division at No(s):
1342 CD 2008
BEFORE: STABILE, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED: MAY 13, 2021
C.K. (Mother) appeals from the order entered in the Court of Common
Pleas of Jefferson County (trial court) continuing the award of primary physical
custody of the parties’ minor son, C.B.K. (Child, D.O.B. 4/25/07) to T.M.
(Father) and stating its intent to transfer jurisdiction of the case to Saluda
County, South Carolina, where Father resides with Child. We affirm the
custody award but remand for further consideration of the transfer issue.
I.
The parties never married and were in a relationship for approximately
three years, which ended in the fall of 2008. Early in their relationship, the
couple lived together both in Pennsylvania and South Carolina, where Father’s
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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family resides. When Child became school-aged in the fall of 2010, the parties
agreed that Mother would have primary custody during the school year.
However, on July 31, 2014, the trial court entered an emergency order
granting Father primary custody of Child, subject to Mother’s periods of
supervised partial custody. This custody arrangement was precipitated by
Mother’s planned move to Texas with her then-boyfriend, although she went
to that state for only a short time. Father married D.M. (Stepmother) in 2015
and they have two children together, a daughter and a son born in November
of 2011 and March of 2013, respectively.
On January 6, 2015, the parties stipulated to entry of a consent order
continuing Father’s primary physical custody of Child, subject to Mother’s
periods of partial physical custody during the summer months and Christmas
vacation. The order further provided that Mother exercise custody of Child in
her parent’s home because she was addicted to pain medication.
On July 11, 2019, Mother filed a petition seeking modification of the
consent order and requesting primary physical custody of Child on the basis
of a South Carolina Department of Social Services (DSS) investigation alleging
an incident of abuse against Child by Stepmother. Prior to the June 23, 2020
custody trial, Father filed a motion in limine seeking to preclude evidence
relating to the DSS investigation because all parties had consented to its
dismissal on March 30, 2020. The trial court granted Father’s motion in part
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and limited any such testimony to witnesses having first-hand knowledge of
the episode.
At the custody trial, Mother testified that she resides with her parents
in their home and that she has partial physical custody of her son B.K., Child’s
half-brother. Mother has steady employment in the deli department of a
supermarket where she is provided with a 401(k), health benefits, insurance
and flexibility in her schedule. Mother also works as a waitress for additional
income. If Child were to live with her during the school year, she anticipated
that they would reside in a rental property located in Elk County, Pennsylvania.
This residence is close to her parents’ home and they would also act as
caregivers to Child.
Mother explained that her addiction to drugs began when she was
prescribed medication while she was recovering from injuries sustained in a
serious car accident in 2003. Mother remained on the medication for years
and stopped taking it temporarily when she was pregnant with Child’s half-
brother. Mother was then in another car accident triggering a relapse of her
struggle with opioid addiction. She recounted that her addiction “just went
and spiraled out of control, and I got in trouble and went to jail over it. I
served my time, learned by lesson, and went to Teen Challenge [rehabilitation
program]. I wanted a better life, and now I’m clean.” (N.T. Trial, 6/23/20,
at 132). Mother explained that she spent 14 months at the rehabilitation
facility, from February 2017 through April 2018. Mother acknowledged that
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the last time Child attended school while in her primary care was in
kindergarten and first grade. During that brief period, Child went to three
different schools.
Father testified that he has been employed by Samsung Home
Electronics for two and one-half years and that he owns the home that he
shares with Stepmother and the children. They live on a five-acre lot in a
tight-knit neighborhood and are active members of a local Methodist Church.
Father explained that Child would be entering eighth grade in public school in
the fall of 2020. Father has had continuous primary custody of Child since
July 2014 when Child began second grade.
Father testified that on the day of the incident of abuse involving
Stepmother in May 2019, he arrived home from a golf tournament and
observed nothing unusual. Their extended family was over for dinner and
Father did not notice any injuries to Child or marks on his face. There was no
air of anxiety or tension and neither Child nor Stepmother appeared upset in
any way or spoke about the incident.
The next morning, Father noticed what looked like a rugburn on Child’s
neck and Child told him that he had gotten the mark in a bounce house. Later
that day, Child was confirmed at church and the family spent the day together
doing the activities Child requested, including having lunch in the park and
riding his four-wheeler. Child did not seem upset and instead appeared very
excited. Late in the day when Stepmother was exhausted and not feeling well,
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she and Child watched a movie together and Child made her soup. After
Stepmother was feeling better, she told Father about an incident the day
before during which she disciplined Child by taking away his tablet because
he did not wear a seatbelt and the situation escalated. Father then spoke with
Child directly about the episode. Child indicated that he and Stepmother had
apologized to one another and were not dwelling on it.
Stepmother testified that Child is generally well-behaved and described
him as “outgoing, funny, lovable, caring, full of life.” (Id. at 309). She stated
that Child loves spending time with family and that they have a large extended
family in South Carolina. Regarding the DSS incident, she testified that she
took away Child’s tablet because he didn’t wear a seatbelt in the car. When
Child used the tablet anyway, she extended the length of the punishment and
Child slammed the door to his bedroom. Stepmother testified that Child
“started getting in my face, being very disrespectful, and out of reaction, I’m
like Get out of my face. . . . Stop breaking stuff in your room. So quick
reaction I popped him, but he’s bigger than me. It was just a reaction,
something I did.” (Id. at 314).
Afterward, Child “apologized . . . about how he acted. I apologized
because I knew that I shouldn’t have popped him.” (Id.). They gave one
another a hug and kiss. Child did not appear upset or injured and she did not
observe any mark on his face. They went outside and had fun with the
extended family. The following evening, she told Father about the incident
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and after he spoke to Child, she thought the matter was over. Stepmother
testified that she “loved [Child] since the day I met him in 2010. He was
actually glued to my side, is what I like to say, and to me, I don’t look at [him]
like a stepchild. He’s part of me. . . . He was my child before I actually had
kids of my own . . . [and I love him] just as much.” (Id. at 325-26).
Stepmother testified that in March 2020, Mother called Child and
pressured him to live with her. Child became very sad and started to cry and
Stepmother reassured him that although Mother was upset in the moment,
she still loved him.
Child testified in camera that in May 2019, Stepmother disciplined him
for not wearing a seatbelt in the car by taking his tablet away for one day.
When Child used the tablet, she increased the length of the punishment to
one week and Child went to his room and began to cry. Child testified that
Stepmother “whooped my butt. Then she slammed me side to side, put her
knuckles in my mouth, slammed me on the bed, took me to the closet,
slammed me right to left and then shoved me down on the right side of the
closet, took me to the middle of the closet, laid me down, and slapped me
three times actually on the face.” (Id. at 339). He further testified that he
cried and screamed “Mom” during the incident and that Stepmother
apologized to him and returned his tablet after. (Id. at 340). Child reported
the incident to school personnel the following day after a teacher noticed a
hand mark on his face. Child described other instances of abuse, including
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Stepmother throwing a trophy at his leg and another episode during which
she threw small matchbox cars at him. Child testified that to his belief,
Stepmother gives his younger half-siblings preferential treatment and that he
was required to do more household chores.
On July 29, 2020, the trial court entered its order continuing Father’s
primary physical custody of Child and stating its intention to transfer
jurisdiction of this case on its own motion to Saluda County. The court found
that Stepmother did commit an act of child abuse, consisting of an open-
handed slap with her right hand to Child’s left jaw and cheek, leaving a bruise.
However, the court concluded that this single act did not warrant transfer of
primary custody to Mother, given her prior opioid addiction and criminal
history, coupled with the long duration of time Child has spent in South
Carolina. (See Trial Court Opinion, 11/13/20, at 1-4). The trial court
specifically found Child’s testimony concerning the remaining allegations of
abuse by Stepmother not credible. (See id. at 2). Mother timely appealed
and she and the trial court complied with Rule 1925. See Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i)-(ii).1
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1When presented with child custody matters, we employ the following scope
and standard of review:
Our scope is of the broadest type and our standard is abuse
of discretion. This Court must accept findings of the trial court
that are supported by competent evidence of record, as our role
does not include making independent factual determinations. In
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II.
We begin by observing the precepts governing a trial court’s award of
custody. “The primary concern in any custody case is the best interests of the
child.” M.J.N., supra at 112 (citation omitted). The best-interests standard
is decided on a case-by-case basis and considers all factors that have an
impact on the child’s physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual well-being. See
id. A trial court must consider the following factors:
§ 5328. Factors to consider when awarding custody.
(a) Factors.—In ordering any form of custody, the court shall
determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant
factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
affect the safety of the child, including the following:
(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
frequent and continuing contact between the child and another
party.
(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
member of the party’s household, whether there is a continued
risk of harm to the child or an abused party and which party can
better provide adequate physical safeguards and supervision of
the child.
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addition, with regard to issues of credibility and weight of the
evidence, this Court must defer to the trial judge who presided
over the proceedings and thus viewed the witnesses firsthand.
However, we are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or
inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether
the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the
evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the trial
court only if they involve an error of law, or are unreasonable in
light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.
M.J.N. v. J.K., 169 A.3d 108, 111–13 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citations omitted).
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(2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a)(1) and
(2) (relating to consideration of child abuse and involvement with
protective services).
(3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf
of the child.
(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
education, family life and community life.
(5) The availability of extended family.
(6) The child’s sibling relationships.
(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the
child’s maturity and judgment.
(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the
other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the child
from harm.
(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for
the child’s emotional needs.
(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special
needs of the child.
(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.
(12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability
to make appropriate child-care arrangements.
(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by another
party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to cooperate with
that party.
(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
member of a party’s household.
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(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
member of a party’s household.
(16) Any other relevant factor.
23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(1)-(16). At issue in the instant case are subsections
(2), relating to instances of abuse alleged against Stepmother and (7), Child’s
preference as to which household he lives in, given his maturity level and
ability to make sound judgments.
III.
A.
Mother first argues the trial court erred in granting Father’s motion in
limine limiting testimony concerning the incident forming the basis of the DSS
investigation of Stepmother.2 Mother maintains the court should have
permitted evidence from the school officials, social workers and police officers
who investigated the abuse to corroborate Child’s version of the episode, as
Stepmother did not simply “pop him” in the mouth.
As noted, Mother’s contention challenges the court’s assessment under
Section 5328(2). The trial court explained its reasons for limiting the
testimony as follows:
The Court granted the Motion in Limine due to the fact that
hearings had occurred and an order had been stipulated to in
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2 A trial court’s ruling on a motion in limine is subject to an evidentiary abuse
of discretion standard of review. See In re Fiedler, 132 A.3d 1010, 1023
(Pa. Super. 2016).
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South Carolina, ending the child abuse case. There was a report
from the Child’s counselor stating that there should be no
testimony or questions, at all. The only two individuals who could
testify to the incident were the child and the stepmother, in that
regard, this Court overruled the Motion in Limine and allowed Child
and Stepmother to be fully cross-examined. For everyone else
involved, the testimony would be hearsay, or secondhand from
those two primary witnesses, along with the fact the testimony
would have had to occur by telephone, making it more difficult to
judge credibility. This Court having the two primary direct sources
for testimony (Stepmother and Child), it granted the Motion in
Limine disallowing other people who heard statements from either
person. Further, the Court would state if it was in error granting
that Motion in Limine, the result was clearly harmless in that this
Court found as a fact Stepmother slapped the child and left a
mark, which amounted to child abuse.
* * *
The Court found the remainder of the abusive allegations
leveled by Mother against Stepmother, and to which the child
testified, to not be credible. This court specifically believes that
the child exaggerated, or told falsehoods on those other issues,
as he had been coached by his mother. This finding was mostly
derived from watching Child’s live testimony, his expression and
inflection. . . . All parties testified to a tense telephone call in
March where Mother was asking and demanding the child make a
decision on custody. This was extremely emotionally upsetting to
the child. . . . This Court believes that Mother has caused as
much if not more of the child’s difficulties this last year by her
insistence on changing custody and demanding the child agree,
than does Stepmother.
(Trial Ct. Op., at 2-3).
The record supports the trial court’s finding that although Stepmother’s
actions were inappropriate during the incident, she had taken responsibility
for her mistake and participated in individual and family counseling in an effort
to prevent such episodes in the future. The DSS investigation had concluded
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at the time of the custody trial and it had been discontinued with the consent
of all parties.
Furthermore, the trial court did allow extensive testimony regarding
the incident from both Child and Stepmother and it considered their
descriptions of what had occurred. Father also detailed his observations
regarding the demeanors of Child and Stepmother and the mark resembling
rug burn on Child. The trial court also specifically found Child’s additional
allegations of abuse years earlier, such as throwing a handful of matchbox
cars either exaggerated or not credible and we “must defer to the trial judge
who presided over the proceedings and thus viewed the witnesses firsthand.”
M.J.N., supra at 112. Because it heard testimony from all the witnesses with
firsthand knowledge of the event, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
limiting testimony regarding the already-concluded DSS matter.
B.
Mother next contends the trial court failed to appropriately weigh Child’s
stated preference to reside with her in Pennsylvania during the school year.
She challenges the court’s assessment of the custody factor mandating that it
consider the well-reasoned preference of Child at Section 5328(a)(7) and
claims the court disregarded Child’s wishes because of her past drug use.
“The preference of a child in a custody case, although not controlling, is
a factor to be carefully considered as long as it is based on good reasons.”
Swope v. Swope, 689 A.2d 264, 266 (Pa. Super. 1997) (citation omitted).
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“The child’s maturity and intelligence must be considered, and the weight to
be given the child’s preference can best be determined by the judge before
whom the child appears.” Id. (citation omitted).
In this case, after considering the witness’ testimony and assessing their
credibility, the trial court determined that living with Mother during the school
year was not in Child’s best interests. It reasoned that Mother’s life was very
unstable from 2014-2018, and while she “has made great strides in recovery,
she is still very early in the recovery process.” (Trial Ct. Op., at 4).
The record supports the trial court’s findings and we discern no abuse
of discretion in its decision. Child has resided and attended school in South
Carolina for several years and is involved in the community and with extended
family. Although Child’s preference to live with Mother was not determinative,
the record reflects that this factor was nevertheless considered by the trial
court.
C.
Finally, Mother challenges the trial court’s sua sponte transfer of
jurisdiction of the case to South Carolina pursuant to the Uniform Child
Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA).3 Mother maintains that
although the court may decline to exercise jurisdiction on its own motion if it
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3 23 Pa.C.S. § 5401-5482.
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determines that it is an inconvenient forum, it must first allow the parties an
opportunity to submit information relevant to the enumerated factors it must
consider in rendering its decision under Section 5427(b) of the UCCJEA.4
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4 § 5427. Inconvenient forum.
(a) General rule.─A court of this Commonwealth which has
jurisdiction under this chapter to make a child custody
determination may decline to exercise its jurisdiction at any time
if it determines that it is an inconvenient forum under the
circumstances and that a court of another state is a more
appropriate forum. The issue of inconvenient forum may be raised
upon motion of a party, the court’s own motion or request of
another court.
(b) Factors.─Before determining whether it is an inconvenient
forum, a court of this Commonwealth shall consider whether it is
appropriate for a court of another state to exercise jurisdiction.
For this purpose, the court shall allow the parties to submit
information and shall consider all relevant factors,
including:
(1) whether domestic violence has occurred and is likely to
continue in the future and which state could best protect the
parties and the child;
(2) the length of time the child has resided outside this
Commonwealth;
(3) the distance between the court in this Commonwealth
and the court in the state that would assume jurisdiction;
(4) the relative financial circumstances of the parties;
(5) any agreement of the parties as to which state should
assume jurisdiction;
(6) the nature and location of the evidence required to
resolve the pending litigation, including testimony of the child;
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In contrast, the trial court and Father contend that this issue is not ripe
for review, as the court has not yet entered an order transferring jurisdiction
of the case. Rather, the order appealed from merely states the court’s
intention to: “within thirty days of this Order being finalized, the Court, on its
own motion, will transfer this case to Saluda County, South Carolina, with
Father bearing the costs of the transfer.” (Order, 7/29/20, at 2).
The ripeness doctrine is a prerequisite for a court to exercise review and
address the merits of a case. See Treski v. Kemper Nat. Ins. Companies,
674 A.2d 1106, 1113 (Pa. Super. 1996). “To be ripe, an actual case or
controversy must exist at every stage of the judicial process.” Id. (citation
omitted). The rationale behind the doctrine is to prevent premature
adjudication of a claim. See id.While the trial court has not actually entered a transfer order, it did
indicate that it was going to transfer jurisdiction within “thirty days of the
order being finalized.” While the order had not yet been entered, it had the
effect of bifurcating the proceeding to require a second proceeding and
probably a second appeal. The relevant statutory language expressly requires
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(7) the ability of the court of each state to decide the issue
expeditiously and the procedures necessary to present the
evidence; and
(8) the familiarity of the court of each state with the facts
and issues in the pending litigation.
23 Pa.C.S. § 5427(a),(b)(1)-(8) (emphasis added).
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the court to allow the parties to submit information pertinent to the
enumerated factors before it enters such order. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 5427; See
also J.C. v. K.C., 179 A.3d 1124, 1133–34 (Pa. Super. 2018) (determining
trial court must perform its mandated responsibilities under the UCCJEA,
including the requirement that it shall allow the parties to submit information
relevant to the enumerated factors to determine an inconvenient forum).
Accordingly, the matter is remanded to the trial court to allow the parties to
submit information regarding whether the matter should be transferred.
Custody order affirmed. Case remanded for consideration of whether
custody matter should be transferred to Saluda County, South Carolina.
Jurisdiction Relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/13/2021
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