Com. v. Haynes, D.

J-S07010-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DELONTE HAYNES :
:
Appellant : No. 979 WDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 15, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County Criminal
Division at No(s): CP-65-CR-0000534-2018
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., DUBOW, J., and KING, J.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED: MAY 26, 2021
Appellant, Delonte Haynes, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered on November 15, 2019, after he was convicted by a jury of rape of a
child, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, indecent assault, and corruption
of minors.1 After review, we affirm.
The trial court set forth the factual and procedural history underlying
Appellant’s convictions as follows:
[Appellant, a twenty-two-year-old man,] was charged
with rape of a child, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse,
indecent assault, and corruption of minors, alleged to have
been committed against his young cousin, I.H. I.H. testified
that he used to live in Pennsylvania with his mother, N.H.,
his mother’s boyfriend, and [Appellant] at a residence in the
Arnold/New Kensington area. During that time, I.H.
attended school at Mary Queen of Apostles school.
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3121(c), 3123(b), 3126(a)(7), and 6301(a)(1)(ii),
respectively.
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[Appellant] is I.H.’s cousin, as he is the son of N.H.’s sister.
. . . [Appellant] slept on the third floor of the residence in
an attic bedroom and I.H. had a second floor bedroom. I.H.
and [Appellant] were sometimes alone in the house, when
I.H.’s mother and her boyfriend were at work. They would
play games on I.H.’s Playstation or [Appellant] would help
with I.H.’s homework.
When I.H. was eight or nine years old, [Appellant]
began showing him heterosexual and homosexual
pornography on [Appellant’s] phone. [Appellant] began to
touch I.H. as they were watching the pornography. He
started by touching I.H.’s leg, but the touching escalated.
[Appellant] “put his penis inside of me sometimes.” I.H.
testified that “it would hurt” and he would try to push him
off. I.H. would put his mouth on [Appellant’s] penis.
[Appellant] would touch I.H.’s penis with his hands.
[Appellant] kissed I.H. with his tongue. The sexual contact
occurred in I.H’s bedroom, the living room or in the attic.
I.H. testified that “it happened every day.” Sometimes
I.H. would tell him to stop, but [Appellant] would call him
names, calling I.H. a “bitch” and a “faggot.” The last time
the abuse occurred was when I.H. was ten years old.
He eventually told his mother that [Appellant] had
showed him pornography, after she found I.H. watching
pornography in his bedroom. He did not tell her, at first, that
anything else happened, because he was scared. He would
not have told anyone if his mother had not found him
“watching the movie,” because he didn’t want anyone to
know and “didn’t want anyone making fun of me.”
Eventually, however, he told his mother what happened
between him and [Appellant], and his mother called the
police.
I.H. testified that [Appellant] left the residence and
went somewhere else to live. He wanted [Appellant] to leave
because “I wanted him to stop.” The abuse did not continue
after [Appellant] left the house, although I.H. saw him
occasionally after he left.
I.H. “did not want to do these things with [Appellant],”
“did not agree to do these things with [Appellant],” that “he
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told him to stop” and he was “embarrassed about these
things.”
N.H., the mother of I.H., testified that she previously
lived on Sixth Avenue in Arnold, Pennsylvania. [Appellant]
had lived with N.H. on one previous occasion when he was
approximately 16 years old. He returned to live with her and
I.H. in the Fall of 2014, when [Appellant] was in his 20s.
[Appellant] lived with N.H., I.H. and N.H.’s boyfriend “until
N.H. kicked the boyfriend out and then it was just [N.H.,
Appellant,] and I.H.” [Appellant] stayed in the finished attic,
while I.H. had a bedroom on the second floor. There were
times when [Appellant] was alone with I.H. [Appellant] lived
with N.H. for “maybe four months.” N.H. “kicked him out”
because “he was showing behaviors that I didn’t allow in my
house and he was acting weird with I.H.” He stayed until
“late January, maybe February” of 2015.
After [Appellant] left her residence, [N.H.] saw him
occasionally. She and I.H. moved to Dorseyville and I.H. was
attending Fox Chapel schools. During that time, she “caught
I.H. looking at porn” and asked I.H., “How do you even know
about porn?” She was expecting to hear from his friends and
“he told me his cousin” and “I asked what cousin?” “He said
L.A., which is [Appellant].” She asked I.H. if “anything else
happened when you were looking at porn” and he said, “No,
Mom, no, mom.” She did not believe I.H. and asked “did he
touch you?” I.H. told her [Appellant] “touched him on his
penis.” I.H. did not reveal any further sexual contact with
[Appellant] until N.H. “lied to I.H. I told him that I’m going
to have the police set him up on a lie detector test and
they’re going to be able to tell me whether he is lying if
anything else happened with [Appellant], and if they tell me
anything then you are going to be in trouble if you don’t tell
me what else happened.” I.H. then revealed to his mother
that [Appellant] had “tried to penetrate him” and “that
[Appellant] put his mouth on him and that he put his mouth
on [Appellant] and that this happened quite often.”
After I.H. revealed the sexual contact with [Appellant]
to her, she “absolutely” asked her son about “everybody,”
“including uncles, cousins, friends of the family. . . I asked
him about anybody he came into contact with.” I.H. “said no
one else” had touched him.
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* * *
Chief Eric Doutt, currently the Chief of Police for the
city of Arnold, testified that he has been a police officer for
over 29 years. He received the initial report regarding
[Appellant] on October 12, 2017, when N.H. came to the
Arnold Police Station. Initially, N.H. reported the incident
“that occurred with [Appellant] and her son in 2009-2010.”
After interviewing N.H., however, “it was determined it
occurred a few years later.”
The Commonwealth entered Exhibit 2, a certified
record from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia,
showing a conviction of [Appellant] for Attempted First
Degree Child Sex Abuse. The Commonwealth entered
Exhibit 3, a factual proffer in support of the guilty plea from
the District of Columbia, which was signed by [Appellant] and
defense counsel, David Maxted, Esq., on 6/23/16.
* * *
[Appellant] testified that N.H. is his aunt and I.H. is his
cousin. He lived with N.H. the first time in 2006-2007 when
he was 14 years old and the second time when he was 21.
The second time he lived with her was for a couple of months.
He testified that the first time he lived with his aunt,
N.H., she would “beat me. Like, strip me naked every time.
And she would beat me with a belt” if he did not complete
his chores. He lived there for approximately a year and a
half. His mother came to get him and he moved back to
Washington D.C. “when he was 15 and he came back to New
Ken when he was 20, 21.” He lived with N.H., I.H. and N.H.’s
boyfriend. He was “pretty sure” it was 2014 when he moved
back to New Kensington. He worked two jobs and was left
alone with I.H. “not that often.” He testified that he did not
show I.H. pornographic videos, did not touch him
inappropriately, did not kiss him on the mouth, did not ask
him to touch his penis or perform oral sex and never tried to
place his penis in his buttocks. He testified that he entered
the plea in Washington, D.C. because “something did happen
with that person.” However, with I.H. “nothing didn’t (sic)
happen. I didn’t do anything. I’m not guilty. This is made
up.” He denied ever inappropriately touching his cousin, I.H.
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He testified that he was not left at home with I.H. and
N.H. did not work at that time. She was “always home.”
N.H. asked him to move out, not because they had a
disagreement, but because she didn’t like who he was
hanging out with.
* * *
Appellant was charged by criminal complaint on
January 8, 2018 with rape of a child, involuntary deviate
sexual intercourse, indecent assault[,] and corruption of
minors . . . The Commonwealth filed a notice of intent to
present evidence pursuant to [Pa.R.E.] 404(b) on or about
June 28, 2019. [Appellant] filed a Motion in Limine on
August 7, 2019, which included a motion to bar evidence.
The motions were heard by this court on August 8, 2019,
wherein the court denied [Appellant’s] motion in limine and
granted the Commonwealth’s motion.
Jury selection commenced August 5, 2019 before the
Honorable Rita D. Hathaway. Trial commenced on August 8,
2019, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts
on August 9, 2019. [Appellant] was sentenced on November
15, 2019 to an aggregate sentence of 12 to 34 years’
incarceration. On December 2, 2019, [Appellant] timely filed
a notice of appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior Court.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 1–12 (record references and footnotes
omitted).
Appellant raises the following issues for this Court’s consideration:
1. Did the Trial Court err in permitting the Commonwealth
to introduce evidence of a conviction which occurred in time
after the events of the instant case making it impossible for
the conviction to be considered a prior bad act under Rule
404(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence?
2. Did the Trial Court err in permitting the Commonwealth
to read into the record the facts included in the Appellant’s
guilty plea in the Superior Court of Washington D.C. over
the objections of defense counsel that the prejudicial nature
of the information outweighed the probative value to the
Jury?
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3. Did the Trial Court err in denying Appellant’s motion for
a mistrial after 8 of 14 jurors had observed a
Commonwealth witness engage in a verbal altercation with
the mother of [Appellant] over the lunch recess on the first
day of trial?
4. Did the Trial Court err in replacing juror number 2, over
defense counsel’s objection, prior to deliberations after juror
number 2 related to the Court that he believed that a
witness had lied during their testimony on the
Commonwealth’s case in chief?
Appellant’s Brief at unnumbered 8.
Appellant’s first two allegations of error involve the admissibility
and specifics of Appellant’s District of Columbia conviction. At trial,
through the testimony of Chief Eric Doutt, the Commonwealth entered
Exhibit 2, a certified record from the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia, showing a conviction of Appellant for attempted first degree
child sex abuse, see N.T., 8/8/19, at 184, and Exhibit 3, a factual proffer
in support of Appellant’s guilty plea to that offense signed by Appellant
and his defense counsel. Id. at 185.
The factual proffer read:
[H]ad case 2016 CFI 1690 proceeded to trial, the
Government’s evidence would have proven beyond a
reasonable doubt that on or about October 8, 2015, within
the District of Columbia, [Appellant] engaged in a sexual act
with I.S., a 13 year-old, that is penetration of I.S.’s anus by
[Appellant’s] finger. The 23-year-old [Appellant] was a
friend of I.S.’s family and was living with them in October of
2015 in Southeast, Washington D.C. [Appellant] and I.S.
were sleeping in the same bedroom. On October 8, 2015,
I.S. woke up late for school. When his mother asked him
about it, I.S. told her that he missed his alarm clock. Later
that morning, I.S. wrote his mother a letter explaining that
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the reason he got up late was because [Appellant] had woken
him up the night before by licking I.S.’s anus and scrotum.
During a subsequent forensic interview, I.S. disclosed that
he woke up to [Appellant] moving his . . . front part back and
forth with [Appellant’s] fingers in his anus. I.S. disclosed
that he wrote a letter about what happened to his mother
because he was tired of [Appellant] touching him.
[Appellant] was arrested and provided a statement to law
enforcement. During his statement, [Appellant]
acknowledged that he had been sexually abusing I.S. for an
extended period of time. [Appellant] expressed remorse and
was cooperative with law enforcement.
N.T., 8/8/19, at 185–186.
While Appellant initially contended that the evidence of District of
Columbia conviction should not be heard by the jury because it occurred
subsequent to the crimes at issue, see N.T., 8/8/19, at 24, Appellant now
concedes that “‘crimes, wrongs, or acts that occur after the offense may be
admitted.’” Appellant’s Brief at unnumbered 12 (quoting Commonwealth v.
Wattley, 880 A.2d 682, 687 (Pa. Super. 2005) (Appellant’s emphasis
added)). Appellant now urges that because the only similarities in the two
cases were the “ages of the alleged victims and that they may have been
sexually assaulted in different manners,” the trial court “relaxed the standard
to admit evidence of other bad acts and therefore abused its discretion.”
Appellant’s Brief at unnumbered 13. Since analysis of this claim is interwoven
with Appellant’s second argument that the factual proffer in support of
Appellant’s guilty plea was inadmissible because the prejudicial nature of the
information outweighed the probative value to the jury, we address the issues
together.
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It is well settled that the admissibility of evidence is left to the sound
discretion of the trial court, and a reviewing court will not disturb an
evidentiary ruling absent an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth v.
Arrington, 86 A.3d 831, 842 (Pa. 2014). Furthermore, under Pa.R.E.
404(b),2 evidence of “other crimes, wrongs, or other acts” is inadmissible
solely to show a defendant’s bad character or his propensity for committing
criminal acts. Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1); Commonwealth v. Kinard, 95 A.3d 279,
284 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc) (citing Commonwealth v. Brookins, 10
A.3d 1251, 1256 (Pa. Super. 2010)). Other crimes evidence is admissible,
however, when relevant for another purpose, including motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake. Kinard,
____________________________________________
2 Pa.R.E. 404(b) provides:
(b) Crimes, Wrongs or Other Acts.
(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or
other act is not admissible to prove a person’s
character in order to show that on a particular
occasion the person acted in accordance with the
character.
(2) Permitted Uses. This evidence may be admissible
for another purpose, such as proving motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.
In a criminal case this evidence is admissible only
if the probative value of the evidence outweighs
its potential for unfair prejudice.
Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1)-(2).
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95 A.3d at 284; Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). Such evidence may be admitted, however,
“only if the probative value of the evidence outweighs its potential for unfair
prejudice.” Kinard, 95 A.3d at 284; Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).
Regarding common plans and schemes under Rule 404(b), this Court
has instructed:
When ruling upon the admissibility of evidence under
the common plan exception, the trial court must first
examine the details and surrounding circumstances of each
criminal incident to assure that the evidence reveals criminal
conduct which is distinctive and so nearly identical as to
become the signature of the same perpetrator. Relevant to
such a finding will be the habits or patterns of action or
conduct undertaken by the perpetrator to commit crime, as
well as the time, place, and types of victims typically chosen
by the perpetrator. Given this initial determination, the court
is bound to engage in a careful balancing test to assure that
the common plan evidence is not too remote in time to be
probative. If the evidence reveals that the details of each
criminal incident are nearly identical, the fact that the
incidents are separated by a lapse of time will not likely
prevent the offer of the evidence unless the time lapse is
excessive. Finally, the trial court must assure that the
probative value of the evidence is not outweighed by its
potential prejudicial impact upon the trier of fact. To do so,
the court must balance the potential prejudicial impact of the
evidence with such factors as the degree of similarity
established between the incidents of criminal conduct, the
Commonwealth’s need to present evidence under the
common plan exception, and the ability of the trial court to
caution the jury concerning the proper use of such evidence
by them in their deliberations.
Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 358-359 (Pa. Super. 2015)
(quoting Commonwealth v. G.D.M., Sr., 926 A.2d 984, 981 (Pa. Super.
2007)).
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The trial court provided the following reasoning for admission of
Appellant’s District of Columbia conviction:
The facts in the case in Washington D.C. are “markedly
similar” to the present case. In both cases, [Appellant]
resided with the victim as a guest of the household. The
abuse was alleged to have occurred between the months of
October, 2014 and January, 2015 in the instant case and in
October of 2015 in the Washington, D.C. case, approximately
ten months after he left his aunt’s residence, thus occurring
less than a year after the abuse alleged in the instant matter.
In the instant case, the victim was male, less than 13 years
of age and the abuse included inappropriate touching of the
victim’s penis and oral and anal intercourse. Likewise, in the
Washington, D.C. matter, the victim, was male, 13 years of
age and the alleged abuse included [Appellant] “licking I.S.’s
anus and scrotum” and the victim being woken up “to
[Appellant] moving his ‘front part’ back and forth with
[Appellant’s] fingers in his anus.” In the instant matter, the
abuse often occurred in the victim’s bedroom, as it did in the
Washington, D.C. case. The [c]ourt, in deciding to admit the
evidence, noted the similarities between the two cases. The
[c]ourt stated, “The fact that you had one child 13, that the
actor was either a relative or befriended the family, so that
the family trusted him enough to allow him to live with the
family and allowed him access to the child unsupervised and
that he performed these sex acts on the child.” The [c]ourt
also noted that it was a “certified copy of the factual proffer.
[Appellant] signed that, his attorney signed it and we have
the sentence of the court.” The court indicated that [it]
would give a limiting instruction to reduce the risk of
prejudicing the jury and did give such instruction. The
[c]ourt also did not permit the exhibits to go out with the
jury. Finally, while Rule 404(b) evidence typically involves
what is commonly known as “prior bad acts,” the rule is clear
that “evidence of a crime, wrong or other act is not
admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show
that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance
with the character,” but such evidence “may be admissible
for another purpose, such a proving motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of
mistake or lack of accident.”
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* * *
Finally, this [c]ourt balanced the probative value of the
evidence and found it outweighed its potential for unfair
prejudice.
As the evidence was probative of a common scheme or
plan, this court did not err and the admission of [Appellant’s]
conviction and factual proffer in support of the guilty plea
was proper.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 17–19 (record references, footnotes, and
internal citations omitted).
We agree with the trial court that the District of Columbia conviction and
the related proffer were not offered solely to prove Appellant’s character “in
order to show that on a particular occasion [Appellant] acted in accordance
with the character.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1). Instead, as the trial court properly
held, the conviction and proffer were highly relevant to show Appellant’s
common scheme, plan, or design under Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). First, the two
incidences occurred within ten months of one another. Additionally, in both
instances, Appellant was a guest in a home where the victims resided and the
sexual abuse took place therein. The victims were young males and the abuse
took the form of anal penetration by Appellant’s finger or penis. Given the
shared characteristics of each occurrence, the evidence fell within the purview
of Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Aikens, 990 A.2d 1181,
1185-1186 (Pa. Super. 2010) (allowing evidence of earlier rape of older
daughter in trial for rape of younger daughter where victims were of like ages
at time of assault, both were the defendant’s daughters, the assaults occurred
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during overnight visits in his apartment, and the defendant began by showing
the victims pornographic movies); Commonwealth v. O’Brien, 836 A.2d
966, 970 (Pa. Super. 2003) (finding a common scheme and allowing evidence
of prior assaults where each assault was on a white boy between the ages of
eight and eleven; the boys met the defendant because he was friends with
their parents; each crime was committed in the defendant’s home, and
defendant showed pornography to his victims.). Accordingly, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence from the District of
Columbia conviction under Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).
We also agree with the trial court’s finding that the probative value of
the District of Columbia conviction outweighed its potential for prejudice. In
every case under Rule 404(b), a court must balance the potential prejudicial
impact of the evidence with such factors as “the degree of similarity
established between the incidents of criminal conduct, the Commonwealth’s
need to present evidence under the common plan exception, and the ability
of the trial court to caution the jury concerning the proper use of such evidence
by them in their deliberations.” Tyson, 119 A.3d at 359 (quoting G.D.M., Sr.,
926 A.2d at 987). Here, the District of Columbia conviction was, as explained
above, extremely relevant to show Appellant’s common scheme, plan, or
design in befriending, and then assaulting, I.H. Further, the Commonwealth
had a need for this evidence because Appellant denied I.H.’s allegations.
Therefore, the Commonwealth’s case against Appellant depended, in large
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measure, upon I.H.’s credibility and evidence that Appellant engaged in a
common scheme, plan, or design with the District of Columbia victim tended
to corroborate I.H.’s version of the events. Thus, although detrimental to
Appellant, the District of Columbia conviction did not pose the risk of
duplicative evidence which could muddle the issues or mislead the jury. On
this point, the potential prejudice from the admission of the challenged
evidence was lessened by the trial court’s pointed jury instruction on the
matter: this is because “when examining the potential for undue prejudice, a
cautionary jury instruction may ameliorate the prejudicial effect of the
proffered evidence.” Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 666 (Pa.
2014) (quoting Pa.R.E. 403 cmt) (noting that jurors are presumed to follow
the court's instructions). Herein, the court emphasized that the evidence of
the conviction and proffer was before the jury for the limited purpose:
of tending to show a common scheme or plan by [Appellant].
This evidence must not be considered by you in any way
other than for that purpose that I just stated. You must not
regard this evidence as showing that [Appellant] is a person
of bad character or criminal tendencies from which you might
be inclined to infer guilt in this case.
N.T., 8/9/19, at 286–287. As a jury is presumed to follow jury instructions,
this lessened the prejudicial effect of the statements. Accordingly, we
conclude that Rule 404(b) militates in favor of admission of Appellant’s
subsequent child sexual abuse conviction.
Appellant’s third and fourth issues are also connected. Appellant asserts
that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial based on an
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altercation outside the courtroom observed by some of the jurors. Appellant’s
Brief at unnumbered 15. He further avers that the trial court abused its
discretion when it discharged Juror Number Two who witnessed the incident.
Id. at 17.
As described by the trial court, the following occurred on the first day of
trial:
On August 8, 2019, the first day of the trial testimony, during
the lunch hour, an altercation involving members of [Appellant’s]
family and the victim’s family occurred. An in camera hearing was
held for the jurors who indicated that they saw or heard something
unusual. Juror number 2 testified that he observed “an altercation
between [the victim’s mother],” and “what appeared to be
relatives of hers on the sidewalk.” “I heard N.H. walk up to one
of those people and say ‘your son is a rapist.’ They had words
with each other. There was some pushing and shoving.” He
testified the police arrived and separated the parties. He did not
hear what the woman said in reply. He did not discuss it with any
of the other jurors and believed he could still be fair and impartial
after witnessing the incident. Juror number 3 testified that she
was walking down the street from lunch back to the courthouse
and she “actually heard more than saw the confusion that was
across the street.” She saw the “mom,” who “seemed to be yelling
with siblings.” She “was yelling her son is a rapist.” When asked
whether she understood whatever N.H. yelled or did not yell would
be her own personal thoughts, having nothing to do with the
evidence in this trial, [J]uror number 3 responded, “I have
siblings. I understand.” She testified that, given what she saw
and heard, she believed that she could still be fair and impartial
as a juror. Juror number 5 testified that she was “just sitting
outside in the front” and heard and saw arguments between the
I.H.’s mother and I.H. was “just trying to stop her from shouting.”
She did not hear what she was shouting. She observed [N.H.] run
across the street and verbally fight with other people who were
sitting outside. [Juror number 5] was sitting with other jurors
when this occurred, but did not discuss it with them. She testified
that she could be a fair and impartial juror after what she observed
and that she could disregard it, knowing that it was the emotion
of one witness. Juror number 7 testified that she was sitting with
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other jurors out front of the courthouse when she saw I.H. and his
mother, sifting on the bench. She observed the mother saying
something and I.H., covering her mouth, “trying to quiet her,” and
“there was a little bit of commotion directly across the street.”
She did not hear “any specific words.” She believed that she could
be a fair and impartial juror and disregard what she saw. Juror
number 9 testified that she was sitting at a table with some of the
other jurors when she saw “N.H. on the corner, screaming at some
people in front of the restaurant we just came out. You couldn’t
understand anything. . . . [S]he went across and there was a
scuffle.” The jurors she was with “just got up, came in. . . [.]”
She testified that she could still be a fair and impartial juror. Juror
number 11 testified that she was sitting on a bench outside and
the woman who had just testified “started to scream across the
road to four other people eating lunch that they support a
pedophile and a rapist.” She “eventually stood up and walked
across the street.” “They were yelling and screaming at each
other.” Juror number 11 testified that she could still be a fair and
impartial juror. Juror number 12 testified that he was walking
back to the courthouse and “didn’t really see much of anything.”
He “just heard some really loud noises, some commotion coming
to my right.” Shortly thereafter, he was walking into the
courthouse and heard sirens and saw a police car pull up. He
didn’t see or hear who was involved or what they were saying. He
testified that he could still be a fair and impartial juror. Juror
number 14 testified that she was sitting at a table outside of the
courthouse with another juror. She heard yelling and saw N.H.
walking across the street. “There was more yelling and they
started fighting so we came inside.” The only thing she was able
to make out was “I believe you should be ashamed of yourself.
That’s the only thing I heard.” She testified that she could
continue to be a fair and impartial juror. Counsel for [Appellant]
moved for a mistrial at the conclusion of the in camera hearing,
which was denied.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 8–11 (record references omitted).
“The decision to declare a mistrial is within the sound discretion of the
court and will not be reversed absent a flagrant abuse of discretion.”
Commonwealth v. Manley, 985 A.2d 256, 266 (Pa. Super. 2009) (quotation
omitted). A trial court will grant a mistrial only “where the incident upon
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which the motion is based is of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to
deprive the defendant of a fair trial by preventing the jury from weighing and
rendering a true verdict.” Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 176, 30 A.3d
381, 422 (Pa. 2011).
When a trial court becomes aware that a juror has been exposed to
extraneous information which may affect a juror’s deliberation, the trial court
must assess the prejudicial effect of the outside influence. Commonwealth
v. Pope, 14 A.3d 139, 145 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v.
Messersmith, 860 A.2d 1078, 1085 (Pa. Super 2004)). We recognize that
“[a]n extraneous influence may compromise the impartiality and integrity of
the jury, raising the specter of prejudice.” Commonwealth v. Sneed, 45
A.3d 1096, 1115 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted). It is axiomatic that “[a]
defendant has the right to have his or her case heard by a fair, impartial, and
unbiased jury and ex parte contact between jurors and witnesses is viewed
with disfavor.” Commonwealth v. Tharp, 830 A.2d 519, 532 (Pa. 2003)
(citation omitted).
There is, however, no per se rule in this Commonwealth
requiring a mistrial anytime there is improper or inadvertent
contact between a juror and a witness. Whether such
contact warrants a mistrial is a matter addressed primarily
to the discretion of the trial court. A trial court need only
grant a mistrial where the alleged prejudicial event may
reasonably be said to have deprived the moving party of a
fair and impartial trial.
Id. at 532–533 (internal citations omitted).
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The relevant inquiry is whether the extraneous
influence caused a reasonable likelihood of prejudice. In
making the reasonable likelihood of prejudice determination,
the court must consider: (1) whether the extraneous
influence relates to a central issue in the case or merely
involves a collateral issue; (2) whether the extraneous
influence provided the jury with information they did not
have before them at trial; and (3) whether the extraneous
influence was emotional or inflammatory in nature. The
burden is on the party claiming prejudice.
Sneed, 45 A.3d at 1115 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
The trial court explained that the jurors’ observations of the altercation
outside the courthouse did not mandate a mistrial:
While the argument outside the courthouse was
unfortunate, the court carefully, out of the presence of the
remainder of the jury, individually, and, on the record,
interrogated each and every one of the jurors who had any
knowledge of the incident. The [c]ourt, after such
interrogation, was satisfied that each of the jurors had
candidly and forthrightly disclosed what he or she had
observed and, without reservation, affirmed his or her ability
to set it aside and decide the case according to the facts and
the law. Here the court properly exercised its discretion and
determined that a mistrial was not warranted.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 20.
Although Appellant acknowledges that the empaneled jurors questioned
about the incident represented that they could remain fair and impartial,
Appellant “believes that this incident, wherein a Commonwealth witness, the
mother of the alleged victim whom had just testified . . . attacked the mother
of the Appellant verbally and possibly physically on the street referring to the
Appellant as a rapist and pedophile, was an incident of such a severe nature”
that Appellant could not receive a fair trial. Appellant’s Brief at 17.
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Our review of the record compels us to disagree. We must defer to the
trial court’s credibility determinations. See Commonwealth v. Kennedy,
218 A.3d 420, 424–425 (Pa. Super. 2019) (“The trial court is in the best
position to gauge potential bias[,] and we defer to the trial court when the
grounds for the mistrial relate to jury prejudice.”) (quotation omitted). While
Appellant asks this Court to disturb the trial court’s credibility assessment of
the jurors, we may not do so under this record. The trial court interviewed
the jurors exposed to the extraneous influence individually and outside the
presence of any other jurors and was satisfied that the jurors could remain
impartial. The transcript of the in camera juror interviews clearly
demonstrates that Juror Numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 14 would be able to
set aside what they had witnessed and render a verdict that was fair and
impartial.3 See N.T., 8/8/19, at 137 (Juror Number 3 assuring the trial court
that she could remain impartial); id. at 139 (Juror Number 5 affirming that
she could be fair and impartial after what she observed); id. at 142 (Juror
Number 7 responding in same manner as Juror Number 5); id. at 144–145,
147–148 (Juror Numbers 9, 11, 12 and 14 representing that they could remain
impartial).
In Commonwealth v. Szakal, 50 A.3d 210 (Pa. Super. 2012), this
Court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying an
____________________________________________
3 The trial court’s interviews with Juror Number 2 are discussed infra.
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appellant’s motion for mistrial as a result of improper contact between jurors
and a Commonwealth witness. Id. at 220. Therein we reasoned as follows:
[T]he trial court conducted a colloquy of the jury to determine
what, if anything, each juror heard and whether the incident
affected his or her ability to be fair and impartial. The colloquy
revealed that only Juror No. 715 heard [the Commonwealth’s
witness’s] comments. Each juror, including No. 715, indicated that
his or her impartiality was not affected by the outburst. The trial
court found the jury’s assurances credible.
Id. We reach the same conclusion in the instant case.
Further, in his attempt to establish prejudice, Appellant offers only his
personal opinion that the jurors disingenuously represented to the trial court
that they could remain impartial. However, the trial court, as the judge of
their credibility, determined that the jurors were able to disregard anything
that they observed of the altercation and render a fair and impartial decision.
We will not disturb the trial court’s credibility determination that the jurors’
deliberations would not be compromised by what they witnessed outside of
the courthouse. See Commonwealth v. Cosby, 224 A.3d 372, 426–427
(Pa. Super. 2019), appeal granted in part, 236 A.3d 1045 (Pa. 2020) (We are
bound by the trial court’s credibility determination of juror’s testimony).
Accordingly, for the reasons expressed above, we discern no abuse of
discretion by the trial court in denying Appellant’s motion for a mistrial.
Finally, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
discharging Juror Number 2. This juror also witnessed the altercation outside
of the courthouse and indicated in his August 8, 2019 in camera interview that
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he could still be fair and impartial. N.T., 8/8/19, at 134. However, at the
conclusion of the trial testimony on the following day, Juror Number 2 asked
a member of the trial court’s staff if he could discuss what he observed the
preceding day. N.T., 8/9/19, at 254. The trial court held another in camera
hearing wherein Juror Number 2 testified that “based on what I saw yesterday,
I have drawn a conclusion that the testimony I heard was false.” Id. He did
not identify whose testimony he believed was false. However, the juror
confirmed to the trial court that he could “put it out of his mind.” Id. at 255.
Over Appellant’s objection, the trial court dismissed Juror Number 2 and
replaced him with Juror Number 13 because Juror Number 2 “made a
conclusion that some testimony was false today based on what [he] saw
yesterday.” Id. at 256. The trial court further explained:
In contradistinction to the jurors previously mentioned . . .,
Juror number 2 demonstrated that he could not set aside what
happened outside the courtroom and that the scenario he had seen
the day before was now driving his credibility determination in the
courtroom. This was not, and could not, be countenanced and the
juror was properly excused and an alternate inserted in his stead.
This court’s disqualification of Juror Number 2 in no way deprived
[Appellant] of a fair and impartial trial, and in fact was done so that
both the Commonwealth and [Appellant] would be assured of
fairness and impartiality.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/3/20, at 21–22.
Appellant maintains that the trial court abused its discretion in
discharging Juror Number 2 because “there is nothing in the record to indicate
that the juror’s ability to perform his duty was impaired.” Appellant’s Brief at
unnumbered 18. Appellant further asserts that it “does not stand to reason
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that while Juror 2 had said regarding two separate incidents that he could put
what he saw out of his mind and follow the [t]rial [c]ourt’s instructions and
decide the case on the facts presented and the [t]rial [c]ourt reached two
different conclusions.” Id. (record reference omitted).
“The decision to discharge a juror is within the sound discretion of the
trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion.”
Commonwealth v. Smith, 206 A.3d 551, 562–563 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(quotation omitted). “A finding regarding a juror’s impartiality ‘is based upon
determinations of demeanor and credibility that are peculiarly within a trial
[court]’s province . . . [Its] predominant function in determining juror bias
involves credibility findings whose basis cannot be easily discerned from an
appellate record.’” Id. at 562 (quoting Commonwealth v. Smith, 540 A.2d
246, 256 (Pa. Super. 1988)).
Contrary to Appellant’s position that there is no record evidence
indicating that Juror Number 2’s ability to deliberate fairly was compromised,
Juror Number 2’s own statement that he now believed the trial testimony was
false based on what he observed outside of the courthouse provides ample
support for the trial court’s decision to discharge him. Although Juror Number
2 subsequently indicated he could put the incident out of his mind, the trial
court, as the sole determiner of credibility, concluded that Juror 2 was unable
to be fair and impartial. There is no basis to disturb the trial court’s credibility
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determination. See Cosby, 224 A.3d at 426–427 (appellate courts bound by
the trial court’s credibility determination of juror’s testimony).
Additionally, we reject Appellant’s claim that the trial court’s decision
not to grant a mistrial was inconsistent with its decision to dismiss Juror
Number 2. The two results are readily reconcilable. On the basis of the jurors’
testimony during the first in camera interview, occurring immediately after
the incident, the trial court determined that the jurors were able to continue
serving as fair and impartial jurors. None of the jurors, Juror Number 2
included, indicated that his or her opinion of the case was influenced by the
incident. However, the following day, Juror Number 2 revealed that he had
made a conclusion as to the veracity of testimony given based on the incident
he witnessed. The trial court was well within its discretion to discredit Juror
Number 2’s representation that he could disregard the incident. Therefore,
the trial court properly exercised its discretion in removing Juror Number 2
and replacing him with an alternate; accordingly, this issue lacks merit.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/26/2021
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