Com. v. Kern, T.

J-A02030-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
TYLER BRENT KERN :
:
Appellant : No. 508 WDA 2021
Appeal from the Order Entered March 22, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County Criminal Division
at CP-10-CR-0000054-2019, CP-10-CR-0000082-2019,
CP-10-CR-0002252-2018
BEFORE: OLSON, J., MURRAY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED: FEBRUARY 9, 2022
Tyler Brent Kern (Appellant) appeals from the order denying his petition
purportedly filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.
The trial court summarized the relevant procedural history as follows:
[Appellant] was charged by three informations, one filed
February 4, 2019 [at docket 2252-2018 (case 2252 or 2252-
2018),] and two filed on February 22, 2019[, at dockets 0054-
2019 (case 0054) and 0082-2019 (case 0082)]. The charges
included aggravated assault, retail theft, receiving stolen
property, conspiracy, fleeing, and several vehicle code violations,
among various other charges. On the three cases, [Appellant]
pled guilty on July 10, 2019[, pursuant to written, negotiated
plea agreements explained infra,] to aggravated assault and
retail theft at case 2252 …; retail theft and fleeing/attempting to
elude police officers at case 0054 …; and disorderly conduct at
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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case [] 0082…. [During the plea proceedings, Appellant was
represented by Attorney Bobette Magnusen (plea counsel).]
[Appellant] was sentenced on August 8, 2019 to undergo
imprisonment for not less than 16 months nor more than 32
months[, followed by] 36 months of probation, at case
2252…. At case 0054 … [Appellant] was sentenced to 3 to 6
months of [concurrent] incarceration, for which he was
immediately paroled, followed by 36 months of probation, to
run “concurrent with the probation at 2252/18.” At [case 0082,
Appellant] was found guilty of disorderly conduct without further
punishment.
Trial Court Opinion, 6/9/21, at 1-2 (emphasis added; footnotes and some
capitalization omitted).
Pertinently, there is a handwritten notation on the plea agreement at
case 0054 stating: “*Concurrent with 2252-2018.” Appellant’s Brief,
Appendix D (plea agreement, 7/10/19). Further, the written plea agreements
at cases 0054 and 2252 indicate that probation would be determined by the
trial court at sentencing. See id. Appellant did not file a direct appeal.
In February 2020, Appellant sent correspondence to plea counsel, which
was eventually filed with the trial court and treated as a timely first petition
under the PCRA. See Amended PCRA Petition, 6/1/20, Exhibit H
(correspondence filed 2/18/20); see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1) (PCRA
one-year time bar). Appellant claimed his aggregate sentence breached the
terms of the above plea agreements, which purportedly called for probation
“to run concurrent with [Appellant’s] state sentence” of incarceration.
Correspondence, 2/18/20 (emphasis added). In other words, Appellant
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asserted his entire probationary term was to run concurrent with his
incarceration, at all case numbers, and all counts.
The trial court appointed counsel, who filed an amended PCRA petition
on June 1, 2020. Counsel argued the terms of the plea agreements were
ambiguous, and the court should thus consider parol evidence to clarify the
ambiguity. Counsel asserted: “[T]he phrase “[c]oncurrent with … 2252-2018”
(‘the phrase’) appears on the bottom of the plea agreement for the matter [in
case] 0054…. The phrase is vague, unclear, and fails to clearly indicate what
terms are concurrent.” Amended PCRA Petition, 6/1/20, ¶ 15 (citation to
exhibit omitted); see also id. ¶ 17 (arguing the court improperly “omitted a
term of [Appellant’s] plea agreements.”).
The Commonwealth filed an answer in opposition on July 2, 2020. The
court convened a hearing on February 2, 2021, at which Appellant and plea
counsel testified. The court denied the petition by order entered March 22,
2021. Appellant timely appealed.1 Both Appellant and the trial court have
complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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1 Though Appellant filed a single notice of appeal that contained multiple
docket numbers, he did not violate Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 A.3d
969, 971 (Pa. 2018) (“where a single order resolves issues arising on more
than one docket, separate notices of appeal must be filed for each case.”);
see also Pa.R.A.P. 341(a). The order denying relief does not state that
Appellant would need to file separate notices of appeal at each docket. See
Commonwealth v. Larkin, 235 A.3d 350, 354 (Pa. Super. 2020) (en banc)
(declining to apply Walker where order informed appellant he had 30 days to
file “an appeal,” and misled appellant by suggesting one notice of appeal was
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Appellant presents four issues for our review:
I. Whether the global plea agreement drafted by the
Commonwealth was ambiguous, as a matter of law[?]
II. Whether [Appellant] adduced sufficient evidence at the
February 2, 2021 hearing to show that the plea agreement
was ambiguous[?]
III. Whether the trial court’s denial of parol evidence deprived
[Appellant] from presenting material evidence of the
surrounding circumstances involved in his plea
negotiations[?]
IV. Whether the cumulative weight of these errors in finding that
there was no ambiguity in the global plea agreement and
denying [Appellant’s] parole [sic] evidence deprived
[Appellant] of receiving a sentence in accord with the terms
of the agreement he entered into with the Commonwealth[?]
Appellant’s Brief at 4.
Preliminarily, we recognize that “a collateral petition to enforce a plea
agreement is regularly treated as outside the ambit of the PCRA and under
the contractual enforcement theory of specific performance.”
Commonwealth v. Kerns, 220 A.3d 607, 611-12 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(emphasis added). However, we may address the merits of a challenge to the
denial of a collateral petition to enforce a plea agreement. See id. at 612;
Commonwealth v. Walston, 256 A.3d 29, at *5 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2021)
(unpublished memorandum) (citing Kerns); see also Commonwealth v.
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sufficient) (emphasis added); see also Commonwealth v. Stansbury, 219
A.3d 157, 160-61 (Pa. Super. 2019).
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Katona, 191 A.3d 8, 16 (Pa. Super. 2018) (en banc) (this Court may affirm
on any basis, and we are not limited by a trial court’s rationale).
Next, we address Appellant’s first two issues together because they are
related. Appellant argues the aggregate sentence imposed by the trial court
does not comport with the negotiated plea agreement, where the
Commonwealth agreed that Appellant’s probation should run concurrent with
his incarceration. See Appellant’s Brief at 13-19. Appellant contends the
wording, “*concurrent with 2252-2018,” contained in the plea agreement at
case 0054, is vague, ambiguous, and subject to more than one reasonable
interpretation. See id.“[E]ven though a plea agreement arises in a criminal context, it remains
contractual in nature and is to be analyzed under contract law standards.”
Commonwealth v. Hainesworth, 82 A.3d 444, 449 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en
banc) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “Contract interpretation is a
question of law, so [o]ur standard of review over questions of law is de novo
and to the extent necessary, the scope of our review is plenary.” Kerns, 220
A.3d at 612 (citation and quotations omitted)).
We have explained:
The fundamental rule in contract interpretation is to ascertain the
intent of the contracting parties. In cases of a written contract,
the intent of the parties is the writing itself. When the terms of a
contract are clear and unambiguous, the intent of the parties is to
be ascertained from the document itself. When, however, an
ambiguity exists, parol evidence is admissible to explain or clarify
or resolve the ambiguity, irrespective of whether the ambiguity is
patent, created by the language of the instrument, or latent,
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created by extrinsic or collateral circumstances. A contract is
ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible of different
constructions and capable of being understood in more than one
sense.
Harley v. Healthspark Found., 2021 WL 4768157, at *18 (Pa. Super. 2021)
(citation omitted).
With regard to plea agreements, “it is critical that [they] are enforced,
to avoid any possible perversion of the plea bargaining system.”
Hainesworth, 82 A.3d at 449 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Plea bargains which are entered knowingly and voluntarily are
viewed with favor in this Commonwealth. If a trial court accepts
a plea bargain, the defendant who has given up his constitutional
right to trial by jury must be afforded the benefit of all promises
made by the district attorney. Specific enforcement of valid plea
bargains is a matter of fundamental fairness.
Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). Further, “disputes over any
particular term of a plea agreement must be resolved by objective standards.
A determination of exactly what promises constitute the plea bargain must be
based upon the totality of the surrounding circumstances and involves a case-
by-case adjudication.” Kerns, 220 A.3d at 612 (citation omitted). “Any
ambiguities in the terms of the plea agreement will be construed against the
Government. Nevertheless, the agreement itself controls where its language
sets out the terms of the bargain with specificity.” Id. (citation omitted); see
also Pass v. Palmiero Auto. of Butler, Inc., 229 A.3d 1, 5 (Pa. Super.
2020) (an ambiguity does not exist “if it appears that only a lawyer’s ingenuity
has made the language uncertain.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).
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Here, the court found the plea agreements were not ambiguous, stating:
[T]he plea agreement at [case 00]54 …, dated July 10,
2019, includes the handwritten phrase “*concurrent with 2252-
2018” located at the bottom of the page. The agreed
recommended sentence in the plea agreement at [case] 2252 …
stated that [Appellant] would serve 16 to 32 months incarceration
on count two, and probation as set by the court on count 4.[2] In
these set of circumstances, the phrase “concurrent with 2252-
2018” logically only makes sense if [Appellant’s] probation time is
to run concurrent on both cases. [Appellant] was sentenced to
both a term of imprisonment and a term of probation on both
cases [0054 and 2252]. If probation on a case is to run
concurrently with a prison sentence on another sentence,
there would be no purpose to have the probation on the
first case. [Appellant] would serve his probation while
undergoing more serious supervision while imprisoned.
The phrase “concurrent with 2252-2018” is thus clear. The
two terms of imprisonment are to run concurrently[, i.e., at
cases 0054 and 2252], and the two terms of probation are
to run concurrently on their own. Otherwise, there would be
no functional use for the probation assigned by the court at [case
00]54 …. As a result, there was no ambiguity in the plea
agreements at either case, and the plea agreement is valid as
written.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/22/21, at 3-4 (footnote and emphasis added; some
capitalization omitted).
The record supports the trial court’s rationale, and we agree with its
conclusion. Under the totality of the circumstances, the terms of the plea
agreements are subject to only one objectively reasonable interpretation, such
____________________________________________
2 As stated above, Appellant was sentenced at case 2252 to 36 months of
probation, consecutive to the sentence of incarceration at that case.
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that there are no ambiguities in the writings. See Kerns, supra. Accordingly,
Appellant’s first two issues lack merit.
Appellant next contends the court erred in denying his request to
introduce parol evidence to clarify the purported ambiguity in the plea
agreements. See Appellant’s Brief at 19-21; see also Harley, supra (parol
evidence is admissible to explain or clarify an ambiguous contract). Appellant
argues, “[w]ithout considering [parol] evidence, the trial court failed to
consider relevant conflicting evidence capable of clarifying the [p]hrase,” i.e.,
the notation in the plea agreement at case 0054, “*concurrent with 2252-
2018.” Appellant’s Brief at 21.
As we have determined there is no ambiguity in the plea agreements,
the court properly declined Appellant’s request to admit parol evidence. See
Pass, 229 A.3d at 6 (“Because there was no ambiguity, the trial court properly
declined to admit parol evidence.”). Nevertheless, the court competently
addressed and rejected this claim, stating:
Pennsylvania’s Superior Court has stated that “the purpose
of the parol evidence rule is `... to preserve the integrity of written
agreements by refusing to permit the contracting parties to
attempt to alter the import of their contract through the use of
contemporaneous (or prior) oral declarations.’” LeDonne v.
Kessler, 389 A.2d 1123, 1126 (Pa. Super. 1978), citing Rose v.
Food Fair Stores, Inc., 262 A.2d 851, 853 (Pa. 1970). The Court
went on to state that
[w]here the alleged prior or contemporaneous oral
representations or agreements concern a subject which
is specifically dealt with in the written contract, and the
written contract covers or purports to cover the entire
agreement of the parties, the law is now clearly and well
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settled that in the absence of fraud, accident or mistake
the alleged oral representations or agreements are
merged in or superseded by the subsequent written
contract, and parol evidence to vary, modify or
supersede the written contract is inadmissible in
evidence.
Id. at 1126-27.
The Superior Court has stated that “[t]he law of
Pennsylvania is that if a mistake is not mutual, but unilateral, and
is not due to the fault of the party not mistaken, but to the
negligence of the one who acted under the mistake, it affords no
basis for relief, unless the party not mistaken has good reason to
know of the unilateral mistake.” Com., Dep’t of Educ. v. Miller,
466 A.2d 791, 792 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1983), citing McFadden v.
Am. Oil Co., 257 A.2d 283, 288 (Pa. Super. 1969).
Additionally, the Superior Court “further note[s] that `to
justify reformation of a contract on the basis of mutual mistake,
evidence of the mistake must be clear and convincing.’” Jones v.
Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 856 A.2d 838, 844 (Pa. Super.
2004). Also, “extrinsic evidence is generally admissible for the
purpose of showing that by reason of a mutual mistake, a written
instrument does not truly express the intention of the parties.”
McFadden, 257 A.2d at 287.
Here, it is unclear what parol evidence [Appellant] alleges
was denied. At the hearing regarding [Appellant’s petition to
enforce plea agreement], the [c]ourt permitted almost all the
testimony to be entered. Several documents were entered into
the record, including the plea agreement itself, the sentence
orders at the three cases, a transcript of the sentencing, and an
affidavit by [plea] counsel. N.T. [], 02/02/2021 at 4-5.
[Appellant] testified to his beliefs and understanding regarding the
plea agreement.
The only testimony excluded at that hearing was [plea]
counsel’s response to a question posed [by Appellant’s counsel]
as follows: “is it your belief at the time [Appellant] entered into
his plea agreement at issue here that he believed his probation
would run — .” [Id.] at 26-27. An answer was not permitted for
this question because it called for the witness to state her beliefs
of the beliefs of some other person. Id. After this issue was
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resolved, [c]ounsel for [Appellant] had no further questions for
that witness.
The plea agreement was the final contract for the purposes
of the parol evidence rule. No evidence of prior or
contemporaneous agreements may be entered unless fraud,
accident, or mistake are proven. No fraud or accident was alleged.
While [Appellant] seems to be alleging mistake, it appears to be
unilateral, with no allegations of fraud. Under Miller, supra,
there is no relief available in this case under those circumstances.
No evidence was introduced to show that any alleged
mistake was mutual. The Commonwealth appears to have
understood the terms of the plea agreement, and [Appellant] does
not contend that the Commonwealth was mistaken. Therefore,
any alleged denial of parol evidence, if it existed, was proper.
Trial Court Opinion, 6/9/21, at 4-6 (some citations modified). Accordingly,
Appellant’s third issue does not merit relief.
Finally, Appellant argues “the cumulative weight of [the court’s] errors
in finding that there was no ambiguity in the global plea agreement and
denying [Appellant’s] parole [sic] evidence deprived [Appellant] of receiving
a sentence in accord with the terms of the agreement he entered into with the
Commonwealth.” Appellant’s Brief at 21 (bold omitted). We disagree. There
is no merit to Appellant’s underlying claims, and “[n]o number of failed claims
may collectively warrant relief if they fail to do so individually.”
Commonwealth v. Flor, 259 A.3d 891, 936 (Pa. 2021) (citation and brackets
omitted); Commonwealth v. Bomar, 104 A.3d 1179, 1216 (Pa. 2014)
(same). Our review reveals no error or abuse of discretion by the court in
denying Appellant’s collateral petition to enforce plea agreement.
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 02/09/2022
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