Commonwealth v. Hannah

Opinion bt

Watkins, P. J.,

This is an appeal from the judgment of sentence of the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Philadelphia County by the defendant-appellant, John Hannah, after conviction before a judge without a jury of burglary, larceny and receiving stolen goods. Post-trial motions were denied and he was sentenced to a term of one and one-half (1 y2) to five (5) years in a correctional institution.

The defendant was charged with the burglary of the Delmonico Sound Equipment Warehouse in Philadelphia. At the time of the incident, he was a Philadelphia police officer in uniform. After his arrest, he was questioned by other officers who gave him appropriate Miranda Warnings and also warned him pursuant to the requirements of the Philadelphia Home Rule Charter that he would lose his job if he refused to cooperate fully with the investigation.

The defendant filed a motion to suppress a written confession given on the ground that the “charter warnings vitiated the Miranda Warnings.” The court below suppressed the confession. An appeal to this Court was filed in October Term, 1973. On October 4, 1973, an order of judgment of Non Pros, was entered for failure to prosecute the appeal. Thereafter the court below permitted this appeal, nunc pro tunc.

The serious question raised by this appeal is whether the suppressed confession of the appellant may be used by the Commonwealth for cross-examination as to prior inconsistent statements.

The same question was raised in Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222, 91 S. Ct. 643, 28 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1971). In that case, the defendant was charged with sales of heroin to an undercover agent. After his arrest, he made statements that were suppressed owing to the failure of proper Miranda Warnings. The defendant took the stand and denied having sold narcotics to the undercover agent. “On cross-examination, petitioner was asked seriatum whether he had made specific statements to the police immediately following his arrest on January 7 — Statements that partially contradicted petitioner’s direct testimony at trial.” The trial judge cautioned the jury to consider the statements so used for purposes of impeachment, and not as substantive evidence. On these facts, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed, holding that it is permissible to cross-examine a defendant upon his prior inconsistent statements, even though they were obtained in violation of Mvramda and suppressed.

In the instant case, the appellant denied having received any merchandise from the warehouse, but testified that the only merchandise he placed in his patrol car were the two stereos reported by the police officers. He testified that these were unclaimed property which he and his co-defendant had found in the parking lot; that there were no other boxes, and thus, his intention was to take them to district headquarters to make up a property report after his co-defendant had completed his assignment. He was then asked on cross-examination whether or not he had given a statement which contradicts some of his testimony as follows: “Do you recall giving a statement to Detective Fry on December 25, 1971, in which you stated: ‘Policeman Triplett and I proceeded into the warehouse, and we observed some boxes of televisions on the floor to the left of the door, and approximately 50 feet to 75 feet from the platform. Officer Triplett along with myself picked up two boxes apiece and took them to the area of the platform. We did this approximately two or three times stacking up approximately eight televisions. At this time, Triplett left the platform and proceeded to open the trunk of Radio Patrol Car 396. I remained on the platform inside the warehouse. Then I began to hand the televisions to Triplett who then placed them into the trunk of the radio patrol car. This happened approximately eight television sets.’ ”

Counsel for the defendant vigorously objected to the question asked and moved for a mistrial. The court overruled the objection and dismissed the motion. The defendant admitted that he gave the statement to the police. The court indicated in argument that he gave the statement to the police. The conrt indicated in argument that the testimony was admitted solely for impeachment purposes and not as substantive evidence. As this was a waiver of jury trial, we can conclude that the court below followed his own precept. Commonwealth v. Moore, 443 Pa. 364, 279 A. 2d 179 (1971). Since the suppressed statements were used in the same identical manner as approved in Harris v. New York, supra, we find no error. The Supreme Court in Harris, supra, said at 225-226: “every criminal defendant is privileged to testify in his own defense, or to refuse to do so. But that privilege cannot be construed to include the right to commit perjury. Having voluntarily taken the stand, petitioner was under an obligation to speak truthfully and accurately, and the prosecution here did no more than utilize the traditional truth-testing devices of the adversary process. Had inconsistent statements been made by the accused to some third person, it could hardly be contended that the conflict could not be laid before the jury by way of cross-examination and impeachment. The shield provided by Miranda cannot be perverted into a license to use perjury by way of a defense, free from the risk of confrontation with prior inconsistent utterances. We held, therefore, that petitioner’s credibility was appropriately impeached by use of his earlier conflicting statements.”

And as contended by the Commonwealth: “Moreover, none of Miranda’s purposes have been impaired by the use of this appellant’s statements for impeachment. It is uncontested that appellant was fully aware of his rights at the time he gave his statement, since he was himself an experienced police officer. The statement was not unreliable; suppression was granted because inconsistent warnings were given, not because of any coercion of a sort which is likely to elicit a false confession. It was not and cannot be under Harris used as substantive evidence. Harris impeachment can never shore up a weak Commonwealth ease, nor be used as a basis for conviction. It may only be used to prevent the defendant using the Fifth Amendment as a tool to defraud the fact-finder at trial.”

It is possible, of course, that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has the power to refuse to follow Harris, supra, by the exercise of its supervisory powers and hold that the use of uncounseled statements are barred for use for any purpose but no such action has yet been taken. Cases cited by the appellant are grounded in federal constitutional law. In Harris, supra, it was made crystal clear that: “Some comments in the Miranda opinion can indeed be read as indicating a bar to use of an uncounseled statement for any purpose, but discussion of that issue was not at all necessary to the Court’s holding and cannot be regarded as controlling. Miranda barred the prosecution from making its case with statements of an accused made while in custody prior to having or effectively waiving counsel. It does not follow from Miranda that evidence inadmissible against an accused in the prosecution’s case in chief is barred for all purposes, provided of course that the trustworthiness of the evidence satisfies legal standards.”

It is clear, therefore, that prior Pennsylvania cases were based on the federal Constitution and are superseded by Harris, supra. If the Pennsylvania Supreme Court wishes to institute a stricter state rule, it must promulgate one. So far, after two years, it has not done so. In the meanwhile, the following States’ Supreme Courts have followed Harris, supra: Wisconsin, Arkansas, Colorado, Massachusetts, Washington, Florida, Illinois, North Carolina and Louisiana.

Two eyewitnesses testified that they observed the handing out of the television sets from the warehouse by the defendant to his co-defendant.

One of the eyewitnesses was the service manager of Delmonico and the other was a police officer who also testified that the appellant offered him a television set. This testimony and the testimony of the appellant made easy the finder of fact’s determination of credibility.

An examination of the trial judge’s opinion indicates clearly that his credibility determination was based on the consistency of the Commonwealth’s testimony coupled with the sheer unbelievability of the defendant’s testimony. The Commonwealth’s evidence was abundantly sufficient to convict without the impeaching testimony.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.