DocketNumber: No. 00234
Citation Numbers: 400 Pa. Super. 371, 583 A.2d 1162
Judges: Beck, Brosky, Rowley
Filed Date: 12/3/1990
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 2/18/2022
John Parker appeals from the judgment of sentence of the trial court entered March 6, 1990, revoking his parole and ordering him to complete the term of imprisonment imposed on April 3,1989. On March 13,1989, he pled guilty to driving under the influence of alcohol. On April 3, 1989, appellant was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of
Appellant claims on appeal that the trial court erred in revoking his May 26, 1989 parole. We affirm.
In an unrelated incident, on December 5,1989, appellant’s brother, Leslie Parker, shot appellant in the leg. Criminal charges were filed against Leslie. Appellant received a subpoena and appeared on December 21, 1989 for Leslie’s preliminary hearing; appellant was to testify as a Commonwealth witness. Appellant initially invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The District Attorney offered appellant a grant of immunity in exchange for his testimony.
Appellant specifically claims that pursuant to Commonwealth v. Kaye, 232 Pa.Super. 506, 335 A.2d 426 (1975), the trial court erred in rejecting appellant’s affirmative defense of estoppel to a finding that appellant violated his parole. The court in Kaye held that, “Perhaps ... assurances [that a person receiving immunity would not be prosecuted] would raise an estoppel, but estoppel is not a bar to prosecution; it is at most an affirmative defense, which a defendant may invoke on due process grounds.” Id., 232 Pa.Superior Ct. at 511, 335 A.2d at 428 (Emphasis added). Kaye cited Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536, 85 S.Ct. 453, 13 L.Ed.2d 471 (1965), and Raley v. Ohio, 360 U.S. 423, 79 S.Ct. 1257, 3 L.Ed.2d 1344 (1959), in support of the proposition that a defendant may invoke the defense on due process grounds. Appellant also avers that since he was unrepresented by counsel at his brother’s preliminary hearing, “it would not be realistic to attribute to a layman the ability to discern between use immunity and transactional immunity.” Appellant’s Brief at 9. We . must now
We note that appellant has admitted that he consumed alcohol in violation of his parole; we are only deciding if his reliance on a promise of “immunity” should estop a revocation of parole. We will give appellant the benefit of the doubt and assume that he did not know the difference between “use immunity” and “transactional immunity.” Let us assume that he believed that his testimony regarding alcohol consumption would not lead to a revocation of his parole.
Cox v. Louisiana, supra, and Raley v. Ohio, supra, cited in Commonwealth v. Kaye, supra, are distinguishable from the instant case. The United States Supreme Court in Cox reversed convictions of breach of the peace and obstructing public passages because of the vagueness and unlimited discretion granted to officials in the Louisiana statutes relied upon. In Raley, the same court reversed convictions of three defendants for refusal to answer questions at a state legislative inquiry; the defendants were previously informed by the state that they had the right to rely upon the privilege against self-incrimination but were not told that an Ohio immunity statute deprived them of the protection of the privilege. We do not see the relevance of Cox to the instant case. Raley is distinguishable since the defendants in that case were prosecuted solely because of their good faith reliance upon governmental assurances that they could assert the privilege against self-incrimination. In the instant case, there was no mention of appellant’s December 21, 1989 preliminary hearing testimony at the Gagnon II hearing. The evidence relied upon to revoke appellant’s parole came from sources independent of appellant’s testimony pursuant to the alleged grant of immunity. As mentioned, supra, appellant’s preliminary hearing testimony occurred on December 21, 1989. At the Gagnon II hearing Pennsylvania State Police Officer Anthony Morelli
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
. One of the conditions of appellant’s parole was that he "abstain absolutely from the use of alcohol____” Parole Order, May 26, 1989.
. Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973).
. Pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 5947, only the court (in the instant case a district magistrate) can issue an order granting "use immunity” (§ 5947 does not indicate that "transactional immunity” is available to witnesses in Pennsylvania). The order is issued in response to a request from the district attorney or Attorney General. In the instant case the district attorney never made such a request and the district magistrate never issued an immunity order to appellant. Therefore, the district attorney had no authority to grant appellant any type of immunity and wrongfully informed appellant that he was testifying pursuant to an immunity order. The district magistrate, who was not an attorney, was not aware that the district attorney did not possess the authority to grant immunity to appellant. The district magistrate believed that the grant of immunity was proper.
. Use immunity prohibits the use in any criminal proceeding of testimony or any other information compelled under an immunity order, or any information directly or indirectly derived from such testimony or information. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 507 Pa. 27, 487 A.2d 1320 (1985). Use immunity is distinguished from transactional immunity by the breadth of protection afforded the witness. Id. “Transactional immunity precludes prosecution for any transaction concerning which testimony was compelled, regardless of source. This is broader than the so-called ‘use’ immunity statute, which forbids further use of compelled testimony or its fruits but would still permit prosecution for the same transaction if the evidence was obtained independently of the compelled testimony.” Id., 507 Pa. at 30, n. 3, 487 A.2d at 1321-22, n. 3. Appellant averred in his appellate brief that he believed at the time of his brother’s preliminary hearing that he was offered the equivalent of transactional immunity, yet he has presented no evidence to support that position.