Yocabet, M. v. UPMC

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2015 PA Super 132MICHAEL J. YOCABET, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
UPMC PRESBYTERIAN AND UNIVERSITY
OF PITTSBURGH PHYSICIANS,
APPEAL OF: UPMC PRESBYTERIAN
SHADYSIDE,
Appellant
CHRISTINA L. MECANNIC,
Appellee
v.
UPMC PRESBYTERIAN AND UNIVERSITY
OF PITTSBURGH PHYSICIANS,
APPEAL OF: UPMC PRESBYTERIAN
SHADYSIDE,
Appellant No. 569 WDA 2014
Appeal from the Order March 11, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Civil Division at No(s): G.D. NO. 11-19112, G.D. NO. 11-19113
MICHAEL J. YOCABET, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
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UPMC PRESBYTERIAN AND UNIVERSITY
OF PITTSBURGH PHYSICIANS,
APPEAL OF: UPMC PRESBYTERIAN
SHADYSIDE,
Appellant
CHRISTINA L. MECANNIC,
Appellee
v.
UPMC PRESBYTERIAN AND UNIVERSITY
OF PITTSBURGH PHYSICIANS,
APPEAL OF: UPMC PRESBYTERIAN
SHADYSIDE,
Appellant No. 1230 WDA 2014
Appeal from the Order June 26, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Civil Division at No(s): G.D. NO. 11-19112, G.D. NO. 11-19113
BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
OPINION BY BOWES, J.: FILED JUNE 5, 2015
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside (“UPMC”) has filed these two appeals
from pretrial discovery orders. Since the orders involve common issues of
fact and law, we have consolidated them for disposition. UPMC maintains
that both orders, one dated March 11, 2014, and the other one dated June
26, 2014, require it to produce materials that are confidential under the Peer
Review Protection Act, 63 P.S. §§ 425.1-425.4 (the “Peer Review Act” or
“Act”). We will generally refer to this privilege as the peer review privilege.
UPMC also invokes the attorney-client privilege as to the materials ruled
discoverable in the June 26, 2014 order.1 We affirm the March 11, 2014
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1
We conclude that we have jurisdiction herein, even though the orders in
question are non-final. When a party is ordered to produce materials
purportedly subject to a privilege, we have jurisdiction under Pa.R.A.P. 313,
which outlines the collateral order doctrine. Pa.R.A.P. 313(b) (“A collateral
order is an order separable from and collateral to the main cause of action
where the right involved is too important to be denied review and the
question presented is such that if review is postponed until final judgment in
the case, the claim will be irreparably lost.”); see Dodson v. DeLeo, 872
A.2d 1237 (Pa.Super. 2005) (where trial court ordered party to produce
materials allegedly protected by the Peer Review Protection Act, order was
collateral order); Law Office of Douglas T. Harris, Esquire v.
Philadelphia Waterfront Partners, LP, 957 A.2d 1223 (Pa.Super. 2008)
(Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 313, where appealing party makes colorable claim
that attorney-client privilege applies, we will review merits of order requiring
disclosure). In Ben v. Schwartz, 729 A.2d 547 (Pa. 1999), our Supreme
Court ruled that orders refusing to apply a claimed privilege were
immediately appealable as collateral orders. In Commonwealth v. Harris,
32 A.3d 243, 252 (Pa. 2011), our Supreme Court re-affirmed that “orders
overruling claims of privilege and requiring disclosure are immediately
appealable under Pa.R.A.P. 313” despite the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Mohawk Industries, Inc. v. Carpenter, 558 U.S. 100 (2009),
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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order. We reverse the June 26, 2014 order and remand for the conduct of in
camera review in order to determine whether either privilege invoked by
UPMC applies to the materials involved therein.
These appeals stem from two civil cases involving allegations of, inter
alia, medical malpractice. At lower court docket number GD 11-19112,
Michael J. Yocabet instituted a lawsuit against UPMC and University of
Pittsburgh Physicians, and at lower court docket number GD 11-19113,
Christina L. Mecannic filed a civil action against the same entities. The two
lawsuits pertain to the same event, a kidney transplant. We summarize the
allegations contained in the complaints. Mr. Yocabet was on the kidney
transplant waiting list at UPMC awaiting a new kidney due to damage to that
organ caused by his Type I diabetes. Ms. Mecannic was Mr. Yocabet’s
significant other and the mother of his son. Ms. Mecannic volunteered to
undergo the necessary testing to determine if her eligibility to be a kidney
donor for Mr. Yocabet.
Mr. Yocabet did not have Hepatitis C prior to the kidney transplant
surgery. On January 26, 2011, Ms. Mecannic underwent blood test
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(Footnote Continued)
which disallows such appeals in the federal system. See also
Commonwealth v. Williams, 86 A.3d 771 (Pa. 2014) (reviewing propriety
of order from PCRA court compelling Commonwealth to produce materials
that it contended were protected under work product doctrine); In re
Thirty-Third Statewide Investigating Grand Jury, 86 A.3d 204, 215 (Pa.
2014) (reviewing orders that purportedly violated attorney-client privilege
and other statutory privileges).
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screening, and that testing revealed that she had Hepatitis C. Having
Hepatitis C renders a person ineligible to be a kidney donor under federal
guidelines and UPMC policies. Follow-up testing was recommended, but
none was ordered.
On January 26, 2011, Dr. Mark Sturdevant, a UPMC transplant
surgeon, documented that he reviewed Ms. Meccanic’s laboratory work,
which would have included the positive results for Hepatitis C. He
recommended her as an excellent kidney donor candidate. That same day,
UPMC nephrologist Dr. Nirav Shah documented that he reviewed Ms.
Meccanic’s laboratory work. Dr. Shah indicated that she appeared to be a
reasonable donor candidate. On January 31, 2011, UPMC physician Dr.
Jennifer L. Steel reviewed Ms. Meccanic’s records, which would have
included the positive results for Hepatitis C. Dr. Steel approved Ms.
Meccanic as a donor and found no contraindications for donation.
UPMC Transplant Selection Committee meetings were held on February
17, 2011, and March 23, 2011. Ms. Meccanic’s qualifications and test results
were discussed at those meetings, where she was approved as a donor. If
anyone during these five review processes had noticed Ms. Meccanic’s
positive test for Hepatitis C, she would not have been approved as a kidney
donor for Mr. Yocabet. In a March 24, 2011 letter to Ms. Meccanic, Mimi
Funovitis, a nurse and UPMC’s transplant coordinator, informed Ms. Meccanic
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that, after a review of Ms. Meccnic’s evaluation test results and interviews,
Ms. Meccanic was medically approved to be a kidney donor.
On March 29, 2011, Ms. Mecannic underwent additional blood testing
ordered by Dr. Henkie Tan. That testing also included a screening for
Hepatitis C, and the results indicated that there was an insufficient quantity
of blood to perform the ordered testing. Those results were faxed to Ms.
Funovitis. Ms. Funovitis documented that Ms. Mecannic’s blood had to be re-
drawn, but UPMC did not secure more blood from Ms. Meccanic. On April 1,
2011, Dr. Tan, the lead surgeon on the transplant team, completed a form
known as a transplant surgery consultation, wherein he noted Ms. Mecannic
was a suitable candidate for donation.
One of Ms. Mecannic’s kidneys was transplanted into Mr. Yocabet on
April 6, 2011. At some unknown time after the surgery, UPMC personnel
discovered that they had transplanted a Hepatitis C infected kidney into Mr.
Yocabet. On April 22, 2011, UPMC obtained another blood sample from Ms.
Meccanic without telling her the blood analysis was being performed solely
to determine her level of Hepatitis C infection and was not standard donor
testing following transplant surgery. On May 6, 2011, UPMC personnel
informed Ms. Meccanic that she had Hepatitis C.
Mr. Yocabet subsequently contracted Hepatitis C from Ms. Mecannic’s
donated kidney. An infectious disease doctor informed Mr. Yocabet that the
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Hepatitis C treatment would eventually result in kidney failure and death.
Ms. Meccanic underwent surgery that should not have been performed and
was left with one kidney.
After the complaints were filed, these two actions were consolidated at
GD 11-019112 for purposes of discovery. The plaintiffs submitted
interrogatories and a request for production of documents and then a motion
to compel. Due to the complexity of the discovery issues, the matter was
referred to a special master, Roslyn M. Litman, Esquire.
The following facts are pertinent to the issues involved in these
appeals. After the transplant at issue occurred, the Pennsylvania
Department of Health (“Department of Health”), on behalf of the Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services, conducted an investigation of the UPMC
transplant program (“CMS/DOH investigation”). The Centers for Medicare
and Medicaid Services is a federal agency within the United States
Department of Health and Human Services. It administers the Medicare and
Medicaid insurance programs and collaborates with state governments to
administer Medicaid, a social services program that provides health
insurance for individuals and families with low income and limited financial
resources. During discovery, the plaintiffs sought the communications,
which consisted of documents and interviews, submitted by UPMC to the
Department of Health for purposes of the CMS/DOH investigations. UPMC
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claimed that the requested materials were confidential under the Peer
Review Act.
The master opined that the documents and interviews submitted to
the Department of Health were not confidential since it was not conducting
peer review during the CMS/DOH investigation. UPMC filed objections to the
master’s conclusion that the plaintiffs could obtain the documents and
interviews reviewed for purposes of the CMS/DOH investigation. In a March
11, 2014 order, the trial court affirmed the master’s conclusion that the peer
review privilege did not apply to the materials submitted by UPMC to the
Department of Health during the CMS/DOH investigation. The appeal at 569
WDA 2014 followed. The issue raised therein is: “Whether documents and
communications generated as a result of the CMS/DOH investigation of the
medical treatment at issue are protected from discovery by the Pennsylvania
Peer Review Protection Act (63 P.S. § 425.1 et seq.)?” Appellant’s brief (569
WDA 2014) at 5.
The June 26, 2014 order on appeal at 1230 WDA 2014 concerns the
following facts. The plaintiffs requested information about a May 11, 2011
meeting of the Board of Directors of UPMC (“May 11, 2011 Board meeting”).
UPMC objected to that request and claimed that the information sought was
shielded from discovery by both the Peer Review Act and the attorney-client
privilege. The master recommended that the attorney-client privilege be
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held applicable; concomitantly, she did not reach the peer review issue. The
plaintiffs objected to this recommendation as well as a number of the
master’s other discovery conclusions.
On June 26, 2014, the plaintiffs’ objections were granted in part, and
the trial court, without reviewing the board minutes to determine whether a
privilege applied, ordered UPMC to produce the information that the plaintiffs
had requested about the May 11, 2011 Board meeting. The trial court
concluded that the attorney-client privilege was inapplicable; it did not
address whether the confidentiality provision outlined in the Peer Review Act
applied. The appeal at 1230 WDA 2014 followed. The issues raised therein
are:
A. Whether the trial court erred in ruling that documents and
other information regarding a board meeting following the
incident at issue are not protected from discovery by the
attorney-client privilege?
B. Whether the trial court erred in ruling that documents and
other information regarding a board meeting following the
incident at issue are not protected from discovery by the peer
review privilege?
Appellant’s brief (1230 WDA 2014) at 5.
I. Standard and Scope of Review and
Burden of proof
In these appeals, we are called upon to determine whether the Peer
Review Act’s confidentiality provision protects from discovery the materials
sought with respect to the CMS/DOH investigation and the May 11, 2011
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Board meeting. We thus engage in an interpretation of its provisions.
Where “the issue is the proper interpretation of a statute, it poses a question
of law; thus, our standard of review is de novo, and the scope of our review
is plenary.” Phoenixville Hosp. v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Bd.
(Shoap), 81 A.3d 830, 838 (Pa. 2013); accord In re Thirty-Third
Statewide Investigating Grand Jury, 86 A.3d 204, 215 (Pa. 2014) (if an
appellant invokes a statutory privilege, appellate review is plenary). We
must review the applicability of the attorney-client privilege with regard to
the May 11, 2011 Board meeting. “Whether the attorney-client privilege or
the work product doctrine protects a communication from disclosure is a
question of law.” In re Thirty-Third Statewide Investigating Grand
Jury, supra at 215. Thus, the same standards apply with respect to both
privileges.
The “party invoking a privilege must initially set forth facts showing
that the privilege has been properly invoked[.]” Red Vision Systems, Inc.
v. National Real Estate Information Services, L.P., 108 A.3d 54,
62 (Pa.Super. 2015) (attorney-client privilege); accord In re T.B., 75 A.3d
485 (Pa.Super. 2013) (statutory privilege applicable to communications to
psychiatrist and psychologists). Once the invoking party has made the
appropriate proffer, then the burden shifts to the party seeking disclosure to
set forth facts showing that disclosure should be compelled either because
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the privilege has been waived or because an exception to the privilege
applies. Red Vision Systems, Inc., supra; In re T.B., supra.While there are no exceptions to the peer review privilege articulated
in the case law thus far, in the attorney-client context, there are a number.
The attorney-client privilege will not be upheld when the client has attacked
the honesty or professionalism of the attorney, when the advice was sought
for the purpose of committing a crime, and where nondisclosure would have
the sole effect of frustrating the administration of justice. Red Vision
Systems, Inc., supra. Additionally, “if the private good of protection from
the harm that could come with disclosure of attorney-client communications
is not furthered by application of the privilege, it is inapplicable.” Id. at 62.
Thus, for purposes of these appeals, we must examine whether UPMC, as
the party with the initial burden of proof, has presented sufficient facts to
bring the asserted privilege into play.
II. Appeal 569 WDA 2004
CMS/DOH Investigation: Peer Review Privilege
In this appeal, the claimed privilege is the one outlined in the Peer
Review Act. Our primary focus in determining whether the peer review
privilege applies is “directed to the plain language of the provisions” of the
statute in question. In re Thirty-Third Statewide Investigating Grand
Jury, supra at 215.
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We have observed that the purpose of the Peer Review Act’s
confidentiality provision is to “to facilitate self-policing in the health care
industry.” Dodson v. DeLeo, 872 A.2d 1237, 1242 (Pa.Super. 2005).
Since the Peer Review Act embodies the legislature’s belief that the “medical
profession itself is in the best position to police its own activities,” the Peer
Review Act is designed to encourage “comprehensive, honest, and
potentially critical evaluations of medical professionals by their peers.” Id.As we more specifically delineated in Sanderson v. Frank S. Bryan, M.D.,
Ltd., 522 A.2d 1138, 1139 (Pa.Super. 1987):
The medical profession exercises self-regulation. The most
common form of such regulation in the health care industry is the
peer review organization. Hospital peer review organizations are
usually composed of physicians who review and evaluate other
physicians' credentials and medical practices. Generally, hospital
peer review findings and records are protected from public
scrutiny either legislatively, or by court decision. The purpose for
such protection is to encourage increased peer review activity
which will result, it is hoped, in improved health care.
The report issued after the CMS/DOH investigation is publicly
available. A review of the report reveals that the purpose of the CMS/DOH
investigation was to determine if UPMC’s kidney transplant program was in
compliance with the requirements of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services and thus eligible to continue to participate in the Medicare/Medicaid
program. Exhibit 4, Master’s Report and Recommendations Re Discovery
Disputes Resulting from Plaintiff[s’] Motion to Compel, 10/22/13. The
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Department of Health stated in its report that it conducted an “unannounced
Medicare complaint survey” at UPMC on June 7 and June 8, 2011. Id. at 1.
The Department of Health personnel met with the hospital’s administrators
and transplant program staff.
The report noted that a transplant center located within a hospital that
has a Medicare provider agreement must meet “the conditions of
participation specified in § 482.72 through § 482.104 in order to be granted
approval from [the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services] to provide
transplant services.” Id. at 2. The report continued that, in addition to
meeting those conditions, “a transplant center must also meet the conditions
of participation specified in § 482.1 through § 482.57.” Id.
The report stated, “Based on review of facility documents and
interview with staff,” the Department of Health concluded that the “Adult
Kidney Only (AKO) program [at UPMC] failed to ensure that the facility met
the conditions of participation specified in § 482.90 Patient and Living Donor
Selection.” Id. After finding multiple violations of § 482.90, the Department
of Health outlined an eleven-page plan of correction and assigned
responsibility for implementation of different aspects of the plan to different
staff members employed by UPMC. The plan of correction was designed to
bring UPMC into compliance with the conditions of participation specified in
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the § 482.90 so that it could continue to receive payments under Medicare
and Medicaid.
Hence, the report establishes that the purpose of the CMS/DOH
investigation was to determine whether UPMC had complied with conditions
and requirements to operate as a transplant center under applicable federal
guidelines and whether its adult kidney transplant program could continue to
participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
We conclude the confidentiality provision of the Peer Review Act does
not apply to the CMS/DOH investigation because the Department of Health is
not a professional health care provider and thus did not conduct peer review.
The peer review privilege provides that the “proceedings and records of a
review committee shall be held in confidence[.]” 63 P.S. § 425.4.2 A review
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2
The complete statutory text is as follows:
The proceedings and records of a review committee shall be
held in confidence and shall not be subject to discovery or
introduction into evidence in any civil action against a
professional health care provider arising out of the matters which
are the subject of evaluation and review by such committee and
no person who was in attendance at a meeting of such
committee shall be permitted or required to testify in any such
civil action as to any evidence or other matters produced or
presented during the proceedings of such committee or as to any
findings, recommendations, evaluations, opinions or other
actions of such committee or any members thereof: Provided,
however, that information, documents or records otherwise
available from original sources are not to be construed as
immune from discovery or use in any such civil action merely
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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organization is identified in the Act as “any committee engaging in peer
review[.]” 63 P.S. § 425.2.3 Peer review is defined as “a procedure for
evaluation by professional health care providers” of the quality and
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(Footnote Continued)
because they were presented during proceedings of such
committee, nor should any person who testifies before such
committee or who is a member of such committee be prevented
from testifying as to matters within his knowledge, but the said
witness cannot be asked about his testimony before such a
committee or opinions formed by him as a result of said
committee hearings.
63 P.S. § 425.4.
3
The full definition of “review organization” is
any committee engaging in peer review, including a hospital
utilization review committee, a hospital tissue committee, a
health insurance review committee, a hospital plan corporation
review committee, a professional health service plan review
committee, a dental review committee, a physicians' advisory
committee, a veterinary review committee, a nursing advisory
committee, any committee established pursuant to the medical
assistance program, and any committee established by one or
more State or local professional societies, to gather and review
information relating to the care and treatment of patients for the
purposes of (i) evaluating and improving the quality of health
care rendered; (ii) reducing morbidity or mortality; or (iii)
establishing and enforcing guidelines designed to keep within
reasonable bounds the cost of health care. It shall also mean
any hospital board, committee or individual reviewing the
professional qualifications or activities of its medical staff or
applicants for admission thereto. It shall also mean a committee
of an association of professional health care providers reviewing
the operation of hospitals, nursing homes, convalescent homes
or other health care facilities.
63 P.S. § 425.2.
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efficiency of services ordered or performed by other “professional health
care providers.” 63 P.S. § 425.2 (emphasis added).4 Thus, peer review
occurs only when one professional health care provider is evaluating another
professional health care provider.
UPMC is a professional health care provider, as defined by the Peer
Review Act, but neither the Pennsylvania Department of Health nor the
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is a professional health care
provider. Since the Department of Health and the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services are not professional health care providers, the Department
of Health did not engage in peer review during the CMS/DOH investigation.
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4
In full, “peer review”
means the procedure for evaluation by professional health care
providers of the quality and efficiency of services ordered or
performed by other professional health care providers, including
practice analysis, inpatient hospital and extended care facility
utilization review, medical audit, ambulatory care review, claims
review, and the compliance of a hospital, nursing home or
convalescent home or other health care facility operated by a
professional health care provider with the standards set by an
association of health care providers and with applicable laws,
rules and regulations. Peer review, as it applies to veterinarians,
shall mean the procedure for evaluation by licensed doctors of
veterinary medicine of the quality and efficiency of veterinary
medicine ordered or performed by other doctors of veterinary
medicine with the standards set by an association of doctors of
veterinary medicine and with applicable laws, rules and
regulations.
63 P.S. § 425.2.
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Thus, the records tendered by UPMC for purposes of the CMS/DOH
investigation are not, by the clear and unequivocal terms of the Peer Review
Act, subject to the peer review privilege. Our analysis follows.
The Peer Review Act sets forth that a “professional health care
provider”
means individuals or organizations who are approved, licensed,
or otherwise regulated to practice or operate in the health care
field under the law of the Commonwealth, including, but not
limited to, the following individuals or organizations:
(1) A physician.
(2) A dentist.
(3) A podiatrist.
(4) A chiropractor.
(5) An optometrist.
(6) A psychologist.
(7) A pharmacist.
(8) A registered or practical nurse.
(9) A physical therapist.
(10) An administrator of a hospital, a nursing or
convalescent home, or other health care facility.
(11) A corporation or other organization operating a
hospital, a nursing or convalescent home or other
health care facility.
63 P.S. § 425.2.
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The Department of Health and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services are not organizations approved, licensed, or otherwise regulated to
practice or operate in the health care field. Neither the Department of
Health nor the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services falls within any of
the enumerated eleven categories defining a professional health care
provider. Instead, the Department of Health is a state agency. Its “mission
is to promote healthy lifestyles, prevent injury and disease, and to assure
the safe delivery of quality health care for all Commonwealth citizens.”
http://www.health.pa.gov. The Department of Health does not itself provide
health care to people.
McClellan v. Health Maintenance Organization, 660 A.2d 97(Pa.Super. 1995), aff’d by an equally divided court, 686 A.2d 801 (Pa.
1996), is dispositive. In that case, the plaintiffs brought personal injury
lawsuits against a doctor and a health maintenance organization (“HMO”)
after the doctor failed to biopsy a malignant mole removed from plaintiffs’
decedent. The HMO was alleged to have engaged in corporate negligence
due to its failure to retain responsible doctors and to review its doctors to
ensure that the doctors provided competent health care. After the plaintiffs
filed a request for production of documents, the HMO claimed that those
items were subject to the peer review privilege. The trial court compelled
the HMO to produce the materials, and the HMO appealed. We concluded
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that the privilege did not apply because the HMO in question was not a
professional health care provider as defined in the Peer Review Act.
We delineated the following in McClellan. The structure of any HMO,
which provides both health insurance and health care, can widely vary, and
the diverse models change the degree to which the HMO acts as a direct
health care provider. A staff-model HMO provides health care services
through its own doctors and other health care professionals who are paid
employees. A staff-model HMO also owns or leases its own facilities, and
operates and oversees the administration of primary care services. A group-
model HMO involves contractual relationships between the HMO and
physician groups.
An independent practice association HMO “contracts for delivery of
services with a partnership, corporation, or association whose major
objective is to enter into contractual arrangements with health professionals
for the delivery of such health services.” Id. at 101 (citation omitted).
Those physicians contracting with this model of HMO typically practice in
their own office, own their own equipment and records, and are paid by the
HMO a fee for services rendered. Those types of HMOs largely operate as
providers of health insurance.
The HMO at issue was an independent practice association HMO, and
we concluded that the HMO was not a professional health care provider
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because it did not practice or operate in the health care field and was not
included within the eleven categories of people and organizations defined as
professional health care providers in the Peer Review Act. We refused to
read into the Peer Review Act’s definition of professional health care provider
any “medical institutions or groups . . . that are not specifically identified by
the legislature.” Id. at 102. Likewise, herein, the Department of Health
does not provide health care.
UPMC attempts to convert the Department of Health into a
professional health care provider by asserting that the Department of Health
personnel involved in the investigation were doctors and nurses, who are
defined as professional health care providers in the Peer Review Act. We
hold that an entity that is not itself a professional health care provider does
not become one merely because it hires a professional health care provider
to conduct its investigation.
The Department of Health is a fictitious entity that can only operate
through its agents and employees.5 The qualifications of a person hired by
the Department of Health does not alter either what it does or its purposes.
We find Piroli v. Lodico, 909 A.2d 846 (Pa.Super. 2006), instructive.
Therein, a billing manager was present during a peer review proceeding
conducted by a professional health care provider of a doctor credentialed at
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5
This legal precept is discussed in more detail in the text infra.
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its facility. We concluded that the “mere fact that the billing manager was
present, in addition to the health care professionals” on a committee
conducting peer review under the Peer Review Act, did “not serve to
eviscerate the protections that the legislature intended the [Peer Review
Act] to provide.” Id. at 852. We thus held that the peer review proceedings
remained confidential despite the fact that review occurred in the presence
of a person who was not a professional health care provider as defined in the
Peer Review Act. Conversely, in this case, the Department of Health did not
become a professional health care provider for purposes of the Peer Review
Act by virtue of the fact that it hired doctors and nurses to conduct its
investigation.
Additionally, providing confidentiality herein would not advance the
purpose of the Peer Review Act, which is designed “to facilitate self-policing
in the health care industry.” Dodson, supra at 1242. This review was
conducted by a state agency on behalf of a federal agency and did not, to
any extent, involve self-policing by the health care industry.
UPMC was not, by participating in the investigation, policing its own
activities nor was any medical professional doing so. Instead, UPMC was
reporting to a governmental body so that it could retain the right to receive
payment from programs covering a group of its patients. UPMC personnel
were aware that their interviews were being conducted by a governmental
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oversight organization and that UPMC’s status as an approved transplant
center for purposes of Medicare/Medicaid was in jeopardy. Thus, application
of the peer review privilege to the CMS/DOH investigation does not advance
the impetus behind the Act’s enactment.
UPMC insists, however, that there is another public policy reason for
upholding the peer review privilege. Appellant’s brief (569 WDA 2014) at
27. Rather than examine the rationale behind the Peer Review Act, which is
the law implicated herein, UPMC invokes the Right-To-Know Law. 65 P.S. §§
67.701, et seq. UPMC suggests that “the Department of Health documents”
would be exempt from public access under that statute. Id.
The Right-to-Know Law is completely irrelevant in this matter. The
plaintiffs are not requesting anything from the Department of Health. As the
plaintiffs aptly observe, they have “requested documents in UPMC’s
possession, directly from UPMC in a lawsuit against UPMC.” Appellees’ brief
(569 WDA 2014) at 18. This case does not involve a member of the public
who is requesting items from the Department of Health pursuant to a statute
granting public access to records in the possession of a “Commonwealth
agency, a local agency, a judicial agency or a legislative agency.” 65 P.S. §
67.701.
The plaintiffs seek materials submitted to the Department of Health by
UPMC for purposes of the CMS/DOH investigation rather than anything
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generated by the Department of Health. UPMC has insisted that it does not
have to reveal any materials that it tendered to the Department of Health
because those items are protected by the peer review privilege. The
privilege is not validly invoked with respect to materials that UPMC tendered
to the Department of Health because the Department of Health did not
conduct peer review as defined in the Act.
UPMC also points out that peer review can apply to investigations
performed “by outside entities.” Appellant’s brief (569 WDA 2014) at 14.
We agree with this proposition. However, under the unequivocal language
of the Peer Review Act, peer review can be initiated only by a professional
health care provider. An external committee formed or retained by a
professional health care provider to conduct peer review and composed of
professional health care providers outside its employ would qualify as a
review organization. However, the Department of Health is not a
professional health care provider; consequently, any committee formed by it
cannot be a review committee.
In conclusion, a review committee must be “engaging in peer review,”
and peer review is a “procedure for evaluation by professional health care
providers” of services performed by other professional health care providers.
63 P.S. § 425.2. The Pennsylvania Department of Health, acting on behalf
of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, did not, during the
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CMS/DOH investigation conduct peer review because it is not a professional
health care provider.6 Hence, the documents and interviews submitted by
UPMC for purposes of the CMS/DOH investigation are not protected by the
peer review privilege.
UPMC’s insistence that it does not have to provide any materials given
to the Department of Health for purposes of the CMS/DOH investigation is
flawed for a second reason. UPMC has invoked peer-review-privilege
protection for any document or record that it submitted to the Department
of Health during the CMS/DOH investigation. At oral argument, UPMC
represented that even an incident report would be confidential if used in
connection with a peer review process. This position is contrary to the terms
of the confidentiality provision of the Peer Review Act and applicable law.
The Peer Review Act provides in pertinent part that “proceedings and
records of a review committee shall be held in confidence and shall not be
subject to discovery.” 63 P.S. § 425.4. It continues that “information,
documents or records otherwise available from original sources are not to be
____________________________________________
6
In asserting that the peer review privilege applies herein, UPMC relies upon
a three-paragraph decision in Bush v. Wright, 222 A.D.2d 546, 635
N.Y.S.2d 87 (N.Y.A.D. 1995), wherein the Court held that the state
department of health’s investigation of a hospital incident was confidential
under a New York statute. UPMC, however, fails to analyze the New York
statute involved therein and does not establish that it contains provisions
analogous to those in the Act.
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construed as immune from discovery or use in any such civil action merely
because they were presented during proceedings of such committee[.]” Id.In Dodson, supra at 1242, we specifically held that the Peer Review
Act does not “protect non-peer review business records, even if those
records eventually are used by a peer review committee.” Thus, an incident
report is not protected by the peer review privilege, even when such reports
are reviewed by a peer review organization Atkins v. Pottstown
Memorial Med. Center, 634 A.2d 258 (Pa.Super. 1993). As we observed
in that case,
After careful review of the purposes to be achieved by the
statute, we conclude that the trial court erred when it excluded
evidence of the incident report. This document contained
information “otherwise available from original sources.” It was
not derived from nor part of an evaluation or review by a peer
review committee. It was, rather, a report of an incident based
on information also available to plaintiffs. As such, the report
did not come within the need for confidentiality which the statute
was intended to provide.
Id. at 260.
Accordingly, we reject UPMC’s assertion that a record or document
automatically is covered by the peer review privilege merely because it was
forwarded to a peer review committee. The Department of Health report
indicates that its findings were premised upon facility policies and
documents, medical records, and staff interviews. Since, in this appeal,
UPMC does not assert that any of the materials that UPMC submitted to the
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Department of Health were generated as a result of an internal peer review
process, we affirm the trial court’s refusal to apply UPMC’s blanket assertion
of confidentiality to the materials that UPMC gave to the Department of
Health for purposes of the CMS/DOH investigation. For the foregoing
reasons, we find that UPMC has not properly invoked the peer review
privilege, and we affirm the March 11, 2014 order.
III. Appeal at 1230 WDA 2014:
May 11, 2011 Board meeting
This appeal concerns two interrogatories disseminated to UPMC by the
plaintiffs wherein they sought the production of documents, communications
and other information relating to the May 11, 2011 Board meeting, as
follows:
23. Regarding a UPMC board meeting on May 11, 2011,
please: (a) produce any board minutes relating to this incident
and/or any investigation of the transplant program in 2011; (b)
identify and produce any documents provided to the board
relating to this incident; (c) state whether it is admitted that
Elizabeth Concordia mentioned that the test result for hepatitis C
was missed by two people on the transplant team during a dozen
steps in the process; (d) describe what Ms. Concordia told the
board; and (e) identify the individuals present for the May 11,
2011 board meeting.
24. It is admitted that - during a board meeting on May
11, 2011 – Elizabeth Concordia described this incident as a
"systematic" problem in the way protocols failed? If so: (a)
describe what Ms. Concordia was referring to as a systematic
problem; (b) identify and produce the protocols that Ms.
Concordia was referring to; and (c) identify the individuals
and/or documents that Ms. Concordia got her information from
regarding this incident prior to briefing the board.
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Plaintiff’s First Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production of
Documents Directed to Defendant UPMC Presbyterian, 12/16/11, at
interrogatories ## 23-24.
UPMC claimed the peer review privilege and the attorney-client
privilege applied to all of the information sought in these requests. In
support of the peer review privilege, UPMC maintained the following. The
transplant program and the incident at issue were discussed at this meeting.
The Board of Directors of UPMC also examined the activities of the transplant
program and the specifics of the kidney transplant at issue herein, including
the donor review process, and corrective actions to be taken in the
transplant program. Answers to Plaintiff's First Set of Interrogatories and
Request for Production of Documents Directed to Defendant UPMC
Presbyterian (Revised), 11/5/12, at answers ## 23-24.
UPMC also invoked the attorney-client privilege based on its averment
that one or more attorneys were present at the meeting so that the Board
could obtain legal advice. UPMC continued that some communications at the
May 11, 2011 Board meeting involved the kidney transplant program, the
kidney donation herein, and were made for purposes of securing legal
counsel from the attorney or attorneys. Id.The master recommended acceptance of UPMC’s position that the
attorney-client privilege applied to plaintiffs’ interrogatories 23 and 24. The
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trial court disagreed. It noted that the record indicated that, at the May 11,
2011 Board meeting, Elizabeth Concordia, UPMC’s Executive Vice-President,
presented information to the Board about the incident and that there was no
claim that she is a lawyer. The trial court concluded that “nothing in the
record . . . would permit a finding that Ms. Concordia’s presentation with
the Board of Directors was a discussion with legal counsel.” Trial Court
Opinion, 9/25/14, at 5. It characterized the “apparent purpose of the May
11, 2011 Board meeting” as one convened to “receive information from a
high ranking corporate officer, who is not an attorney, in order for the Board
to fulfill its responsibilities.” Id.The court continued, “If the Board was seeking legal advice from
counsel, counsel would have met privately with Ms. Concordia and
considered the information received in rendering a legal opinion” and that
even if “a lawyer for UPMC was present and offered legal advice, a non-
lawyer’s presentation to the Board of Directors meets none of the
requirements for an attorney-client relationship.” Id. It ordered that UPMC
divulge all of the materials outlined in interrogatories 23 and 24.
We first conclude that the attorney-client privilege can apply to a
meeting of the governing board of an organization with its executive vice-
president and that the attorney-client privilege potentially applies to the
information requested in these interrogatories. We also find that a board of
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directors of a professional health care provider can conduct peer review. We
remand for UPMC to produce for in camera review the information requested
in interrogatories 23 and 24 so that it can be determined to what extent
either asserted privilege applies to any of the requested information.
The attorney-client privilege is derived from the common law, In re
Thirty-Third Statewide Investigating Grand Jury, supra, but is also
codified at 42 Pa.C.S. § 5928, which states: “In a civil matter counsel shall
not be competent or permitted to testify to confidential communications
made to him by his client, nor shall the client be compelled to disclose the
same, unless in either case this privilege is waived upon the trial by the
client.” As we observed in In re Thirty-Third Statewide Investigating
Grand Jury, supra, “The attorney-client privilege is intended to foster
candid communications between counsel and client, so that counsel may
provide legal advice based upon the most complete information from the
client.” Id. at 216. Since the purpose of the attorney-client privilege “is to
create an atmosphere that will encourage confidence and dialogue between
attorney and client, the privilege is founded upon a policy extrinsic to the
protection of the fact-finding process.” Id. at 216-17. The actual
beneficiary of this policy is not only the client but also the justice system,
which “depends on frank and open client-attorney communication.” Id. at
217.
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For a party to invoke the privilege, the following elements must be
established:
1) The asserted holder of the privilege is or sought to become
a client.
2) The person to whom the communication was made is a
member of the bar of a court, or his subordinate.
3) The communication relates to a fact of which the attorney
was informed by his client, without the presence of strangers, for
the purpose of securing either an opinion of law, legal services or
assistance in a legal matter, and not for the purpose of
committing a crime or tort.
4) The privilege has been claimed and is not waived by the
client.
Red Vision Systems, Inc., supra at 62-63 (citation omitted). Additionally,
when “the client is a corporation, the privilege extends to communications
between its attorney and agents or employees authorized to act on the
corporation's behalf.” Id. at 60 (citation omitted).
Initially, we note that UPMC facially invoked this privilege in its
answers to interrogatories. While the trial court speculated that Ms.
Concordia’s presentation was merely to apprise the Board of the situation,
UPMC indicated the contrary in its answers to the two interrogatories. It
asserted that the Board meeting was called in part to review what happened
and seek legal advice. Although it did not identify the individuals by name,
UPMC maintained that a lawyer or lawyers were present. Given the gravity
of the situation and the inevitable filing of a lawsuit by Mr. Yocobet and Ms.
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Meccanic, it is reasonable and appropriate that the UPMC Board was eliciting
legal advice from its lawyers.
We reject the postulation that a corporate entity can obtain legal
advice only when one of its high-ranking officials meets privately with
counsel for advice on behalf of the corporation. As we noted in Petrina v.
Allied Glove Corp., 46 A.3d 795, 799 (Pa.Super. 2012) (citations omitted;
emphasis added),
A corporation is a creature of legal fiction, which can act or
“speak” only through its officers, directors, or other agents.
Where a representative for a corporation acts within the scope of
his or her employment or agency, the representative and the
corporation are one and the same entity, and the acts performed
are binding on the corporate principal.
Thus, the board of directors of a corporation, in addition to its officers, can
act on its behalf for purposes of application of the attorney-client privilege.
During the May 11, 2011 Board meeting, Ms. Concordia, a high
ranking official at UPMC, was discussing the kidney donor program and this
kidney transplant with its governing board. Since the meeting may well
have been called to seek legal advice from the lawyers present, it was
improper to reject outright the privilege without examination of the factual
basis for application of the privilege. The fact that Ms. Concordia was
communicating by making a presentation is of no consequence since in
Pennsylvania, “the attorney-client privilege operates in a two-way fashion to
protect confidential client-to-attorney or attorney-to-client communications
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made for the purpose of obtaining or providing professional legal advice.”
Gillard v. AIG Ins. Co., 15 A.3d 44, 59 (Pa. 2011).
Additionally, we find that UPMC facially invoked the peer review
privilege. As noted earlier, peer review consists of a “procedure for
evaluation by professional health care providers of the quality and efficiency
of services ordered or performed by other professional health care
providers.” 63 P.S. § 425.2. UPMC is a professional health care provider.
Id. (a professional heath care provider includes “a corporation or other
organization operating a hospital[.]”). Id. A review organization includes
“any hospital board, committee or individual reviewing the professional . . .
activities of its medical staff[.]” During its May 11, 2011 meeting, the Board
may have been engaging in peer review. UPMC, in its objections to
interrogatories 23 and 24, made the appropriate proffer as to the
applicability of the peer review privilege.
Thus, we conclude that UPMC was improperly ordered to reveal to the
plaintiffs all of the information sought in the two interrogatories. Rather, in
camera review7 of the minutes of the meeting, the information disseminated
____________________________________________
7
The plaintiffs claim that UPMC has refused to submit documents to in
camera review for purposes of determining whether a privilege prevents
their dissemination to plaintiffs. Specifically, they assert:
What is most interesting is that when the Special Master
indicated that she may review [certain] documents in camera,
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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by Ms. Concordia, and any documents8 submitted to the meeting attendees
is warranted.
In T.M. v. Elwyn, Inc., 950 A.2d 1050 (Pa.Super. 2008), Elwyn, the
appellant, asserted that a broadly-worded discovery order required it to
reveal documents protected by the attorney-client privilege and the attorney
work product doctrine and that the discovery order should have provided for
the exclusion of documents encompassed by either of the two privileges.
We noted that we could not determine, based upon the record, whether and
to what extent either privilege applied to the items ruled discoverable in the
order on appeal, and we reversed the discovery order. Significant herein is
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
UPMC threatened an immediate appeal. In any event, Plaintiffs
have a good-faith basis to believe that UPMC's narrative - that
this was a single isolated event — would be proven patently false
if UPMC ever has to produce any meaningful discovery
documents or information. To date, since UPMC has not
produced any of the requested documents, Plaintiffs are left with
nothing but UPMC's narrative and no way to substantively
challenge the same.
Appellees’ brief at 15 (appeal No. 1230 WDA 2014).
T.M. v. Elwyn, Inc., 950 A.2d 1050 (Pa.Super. 2008), as discussed in
the text, provides that in camera review is to be undertaken if such review is
needed to determine if a privilege is applicable to an item requested in
discovery. We remind UPMC that the case law mandates in camera review,
in appropriate circumstances, of items in a privilege log.
8
We refer to our discussion in the body of the text supra as to the types of
documents that have confidentiality for purposes of the Act. Documents
submitted at the May 11, 2011 Board meeting would not automatically be
privileged simply due to their submission to a peer review process.
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the fact that we concluded that Elwyn had to create a privilege log and that
the trial court had to issue a ruling as to the discoverability of each
document placed in the log and sought by the opposing party.
We reminded Elwyn that, “as the party invoking these privileges, it
must initially set forth facts showing that the privilege has been properly
invoked” before the burden shifted to the party asking for disclosure “to set
forth facts showing that disclosure will not violate the attorney-client
privilege, e.g., because the privilege has been waived or because some
exception applies.” Id. at 1063 (citation and quotation marks omitted). We
continued that if, “upon remand, Elwyn is able to identify certain materials
encompassed in the discovery request that are subject to the attorney-client
privilege or work product doctrine, then the trial court will be able to assess
whether those materials are discoverable.” Id. We remanded with the
notation that “the court may conduct in camera review of documents
identified by Elwyn to be subject to a privilege, to better analyze the
privilege issues, as needed.” Id.; see also Gocial v. Independence Blue
Cross, 827 A.2d 1216, 1223 (Pa.Super. 2003) (trial court improperly
required disclosure of all materials contained in a privilege log; trial court
had to “rule on the relevance of each item or explain why the privileges
raised were inapplicable;” in “some instances, in camera review may be
required”).
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As it applies to the present case, T.M. provides that, since UPMC
raised the appropriate allegations that the attorney-client privilege and/or
peer review privilege potentially applied, the trial court could not require
disclosure without examining the requested documents in camera to
determine whether and to what extent the privileges applied to
interrogatories numbered 23 and 24. We direct the creation of a privilege
log, as mandated by T.M. and any documents identified on said log must be
reviewed in camera by either the trial court or the master to determine
whether those materials are discoverable. Thus, at appeal number 1230
WDA 2014, the June 26, 2014 order is reversed and the matter is remanded
for proceedings consistent with this decision.
At 569 WDA 2014, the March 11, 2014 order is affirmed. At 1230
WDA 2014, the June 26, 2014 order is reversed. Case remanded.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Olson joins the opinion.
Judge Strassburger files a concurring and dissenting opinion.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/5/2015
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