DocketNumber： 1767
Judges： Cirillo, Sole, Kelly
Filed Date： 5/22/1992
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 10/19/2024
This is a Commonwealth appeal from a judgment of sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia. We vacate and remand for resentencing.
Darryl Brown was convicted of aggravated assault and possession of an instrument of crime. 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702(a)(1); 907. On January 10, 1989, Brown stabbed his former girlfriend ten times with a dry-wall saw. At the time of the attack the victim was seven months pregnant with Brown’s child. Brown entered a guilty plea to both charges.
At sentencing, the court refused to apply the deadly weapon enhancement of the Sentencing Guidelines. See
This court’s majority opinion in Brown, authored by Judge Popovich, held:
While we may affirm a sentence that is outside the guidelines provided it is reasonable, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(c)(3), it is imperative that the sentencing court determine the correct starting point in the guidelines before sentencing outside them____ Instantly, we find that the lower court did not first correctly determine the*537 appropriate sentence under the guidelines____ If, upon remand, the court finds it appropriate to deviate from the proper sentencing range, it may do so by placing sufficient reasons on the record, subject to later review by this court____ Presently, it is clear that [defendant’s] conviction for aggravated assault (causes serious bodily injury), 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1), carries a gravity offense score of “9,” not “8.” Thus, it is readily apparent that the trial court did not correctly determine the appropriate sentencing range for [defendant]____ It is also clear that application of the deadly weapon enhancement to appellant’s aggravated assault conviction does not violate the principles of double jeopardy---- Moreover, it is important to remember that a sentencing court may, at its discretion, impose a sentence below that suggested by enhanced guidelines ranges____
Id,., 402 Pa.Superior Ct. at 372-74, 587 A.2d at 7-9 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
On April 26, 1991, pursuant to this court’s order, the defendant was resentenced to 20 to AO months imprisonment for the aggravated assault conviction; the sentence for the possession of an instrument of crime conviction was “suspended by virtue of merger.” The Commonwealth filed a motion for reconsideration of sentence, which was denied. This appeal followed.
Initially, we find that the Commonwealth has raised a substantial question that the sentence imposed is inappropriate under the Sentencing Code,
1. Did the lower court erroneously construe the sentencing guidelines in concluding that the deadly weapon enhancement provision could not be applied to defendant’s aggravated assault sentence if defendant was separately sentenced to possessing an instrument of crime?
2. Did the lower court err in failing to give reasons for its deviation from the recommended guidelines sentence?
3. Was defendant’s aggravated assault sentence, nineteen months below the bottom of the recommended guidelines mitigated range, unreasonably lenient under the circumstances of this case?
The Commonwealth argues that the sentencing court, upon remand, ignored the relevant law and the law of the case as stated in this court’s February 20,1991 opinion. On remand, the court imposed the same sentence which had
In Brown, this court held that “application of the deadly weapon enhancement to appellant’s aggravated assault conviction does not violate the principles of double jeopardy.” 402 Pa.Super. at 373, 587 A.2d at 8. Upon resentencing, the court applied the deadly weapon enhancement to the applicable guideline range for the aggravated assault conviction. The court then determined that it could not sentence separately for both the enhanced aggravated assault charge and the possession of an instrument of crime charge. At resentencing the court stated:
The application of the deadly weapons enhancement makes inappropriate a sentence on the [possession of an instrument of crime] charge. Because once you add the deadly weapons enhancement, you cannot sentence then on the instrument of crime charge because that is the very basis for adding the enhancement---- [I]f you apply the deadly weapons enhancement, then you cannot also sentence on a weapon’s charge____ In any event, the sentence of this court will be on the aggravated assault, the sentence will be a minimum of 20 months and a maximum of forty months. That sentence is to be served in the Philadelphia County Prison. The sentence on the possessing an instrument of crime charge is suspended by virtue of merger, it having been used to enhance the aggravated assault guidelines.
R.R. 145a (Resentencing Hearing). We agree with the Commonwealth that the sentencing court has erroneously interpreted the guidelines.
Recently, in Commonwealth v. Burkhardt, 526 Pa. 341, 586 A.2d 375 (1991), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court commented on the relationship between double jeopardy and
In the context of protecting defendants against simultaneous multiple punishments for the “same offense,” the concepts of double jeopardy, greater and lesser included offenses and merger are related but separate legal concepts. See Commonwealth v. Tarver, 493 Pa. 320, 426 A.2d 569 (1981)____ [W]e now hold that in the context of simultaneous convictions of multiple offenses, [footnote omitted] pursuant to guilty pleas or trial verdicts, the trial court may sentence separately for each distinct statutory crime of which the defendant is convicted, limited only by express legislative intent to the contrary.
Id., 526 Pa. at 344-45, 586 A.2d at 377-78. In Burkhardt, the defendant pled guilty to attempted murder and possession of an instrument of crime. The sentencing court imposed separate consecutive sentences for each conviction. On appeal to this court, Burkhardt argued that consecutive sentences violated double jeopardy, and that since the crimes “necessarily involve” each other, they should have been merged for sentencing purposes. Id., 526 Pa. at 343, 586 A.2d at 376. This court rejected both arguments. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, acknowledging the fragmented and confusing decisions in this area, affirmed the judgment of sentence and concluded that separate consecutive sentences were within the discretionary powers of the sentencing court. The court reasoned that the.relevant statutes did “not express a legislative intent that the offenses merge,” and added that “if the Legislature intends that certain crimes be subsumed by, or merged into, other crimes that intention will be expressly stated.” Id., 526 Pa. at 344, 586 A.2d at 378.
The test enunciated by Justice McDermott departed from the tests set forth in Commonwealth v. Leon Williams, 521 Pa. 556, 559 A.2d 25 (1989) and Commonwealth v. Weakland, 521 Pa. 353, 555 A.2d 1228 (1989), and did not
The relevant statutes provide:
§ 2702. Aggravated Assault
(a) Offense defined.—A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he:
(1) attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or causes such injury intentionally, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life[.]
18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1).
§ 907. Possessing instruments of crime
(a) Criminal instruments generally.—A person commits a misdemeanor of the first degree if he possesses any instrument of crime with intent to employ it criminally.
(b) Possession of weapon.—A person commits a misdemeanor of the first degree if he possesses a firearm or other weapon concealed upon his person with intent to use it criminally.
18 Pa.C.S. § 907.
An examination of the statutes indicates that the legislature has not expressly intended that the crime of
The sentencing judge’s rationalization that possession of an instrument of crime merges into the enhanced aggravated assault is flawed. The purpose of the deadly weapon enhancement is to increase by 12 to 24 months the applicable guideline sentence range, enhancing the punishment for the underlying offense because it was committed with a deadly weapon.
In Commonwealth v. Dotzman, 403 Pa.Super. 325, 588 A.2d 1312 (1991), the defendant entered a guilty plea to four counts of robbery, three counts of possession of an instrument of crime generally, two counts of theft, unlawful taking and disposition, and two counts of illegal use of a computer. The sentencing court determined that the deadly weapon enhancement should not be applied to the defendant’s robbery convictions because “each of these robberies became a felony of the first degree because of the use of the weapon ... if the weapon had not been used, the robbery would have risen no higher than a felony of the third degree.” The sentencing court concluded, therefore, that “the use of the weapon ha[d] already been counted to raise the degree of the robbery and to raise the offense gravity score.” Id., 403 Pa.Superior Ct. at 330, 588 A.2d at 1315.
The Commonwealth appealed to this court and we vacated the judgment of sentence and remanded for resentencing. Id., 403 Pa.Superior Ct. at 333, 588 A.2d at 1317. Relying upon Brown, supra, we held that the deadly weapon enhancement was improperly excluded in determining the guideline sentence range. Id., 403 Pa.Superior Ct. at 331-34, 588 A.2d at 1316-1317. Although Dotzman is not dispositive of the precise issue before us, the principles espoused in that case offer some guidance here:
The constitutional protection against double jeopardy precludes one from being punished twice for the same offense____ [Section] 303.4 ... does not provide for sentencing the defendant twice for the same offense, but rather calls for an increase in the guidelines sentence range where a deadly weapon has been used____ [Section] 303.4 does not conflict with the prohibition against double jeopardy, [footnote omitted]. The double jeopardy clause ... “protects against multiple punishments for the*544 same offense.” [citations omitted]. An increase in the guideline sentencing range does not constitute multiple punishment for the same offense.
Id., 403 Pa.Superior Ct. at 330-31, 588 A.2d 1312, 1315-1316 (1991), citing Commonwealth v. Brown, 402 Pa.Super. 369, 587 A.2d 6 (1991).
Dotzman and Brown presented double jeopardy concerns in the sense that the underlying crime and the attached enhancement were interpreted, erroneously, as double punishments for the same offense. Brown, supra; Dotzman, supra. Cf. 204 Pa.Code 303.4(b). Here too, the sentencing court has mistakenly construed the deadly weapon enhancement as a separate sentence; the distinction in this case, however, is that as a result of the error the court found that double jeopardy barred sentencing on a separate crime, not the crime to which the enhancement attached, as was the case in Dotzman and our previous decision in Brown.
The distinction does not call for a different result because the source of the error in this case, as well as in Brown and Dotzman, is the same; in each case the trial court misconstrued the enhancement as a separate sentence. This point is critical to a clear understanding of the guideline enhancement and the concept of mérger. We conclude, therefore, that a proper application of the deadly weapon enhancement, see 204 Pa.Code § 303.4, does not bar a separate sentence on another conviction.
Judgment of sentence vacated; case remanded for resentencing. Jurisdiction relinquished.
. The Sentencing Guidelines provide, at 204 Pa.Code § 303.4(a):
When the court determines that the defendant possessed a deadly weapon, as defined in 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301 (relating to definitions), during the commission of the current conviction offense; at least 12 months and up to 24 months confinement shall be added to the guidelines sentence range which would otherwise have been applicable.
204 Pa.Code § 303.4(a), reprinted following 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721 (emphasis added).
"Deadly weapon” is defined as
Any firearm, whether loaded or unloaded, or any device designed as a weapon and capable of producing death or serious bodily injury, or any other device or instrumentality which, in the manner in which it is used or intended to be used, is calculated or likely to produce death or serious bodily injury. (Emphasis added).
18 Pa.C.S. § 2301.
. The sentencing court noted that it fashioned the sentence so that Brown could serve his sentence at the county level; this would permit him to continue his psychotherapy. Apparently, Brown was suffering from anxiety and depression.
. We note that Section 303.4 of the Sentencing Guidelines, entitled "Deadly weapon enhancement,” provides that the enhancement shall not apply to section 2702(a)(4) aggravated assault. Brown was convicted of aggravated assault under section (a)(1), and therefore the enhancement was applicable to that conviction. See 204 Pa.Code § 303.4(b).
. The Commonwealth’s 2119(f) statement provides:
[D]efendant’s sentence was at least nineteen months below the recommended guidelines ranges. Although the lower court’s sentence clearly deviated from the sentencing guidelines, the lower court failed to admit it was deviating, offer any reasons for the deviation, or even bother to recite the recommended guideline*538 ranges____ Commonwealth v. Rich, 392 Pa.Super. 380, 383, n. 4, 572 A.2d 1283, 1284 n. 4 (1990)____ Moreover, the lower court ignored the brutal nature of defendant’s aggravated assault ... and disregarded the fact that defendant is not mentally ill, a drug addict, or a product of a disadvantaged background. Rather, in imposing sentence, the court was only concerned with ensuring that defendant would be able to continue seeing his private therapist for his "depression and anxiety.” ... Finally, a substantial question warranting this Court's review is also raised by the lower court’s erroneous construction of the guidelines. The lower court concluded that defendant’s sentence for possession of an instrument of crime merged with the enhanced aggravated assault sentence and suspended sentence on the possession of an instrument of crime charge____ Moreover, the deadly weapon enhancement provision is not even a crime, but a recommended increase in punishment for those who choose to use a weapon to accomplish the underlying offense.
Brief of the Appellant, at pp. 14-15.
. We note that the majority decision in Williams, authored by Justice Flaherty, was joined by Justices Zappala and Stout. Chief Justice Nix also joined the majority decision and filed a separate concurring opinion. Justice Papadakos filed a concurring and dissenting opinion, in which Justice Larsen joined. Justice McDermott filed a dissenting opinion, joined also by Justice Larsen. The Weakland decision, also authored by Justice Flaherty, was joined by Chief Justice Nix and Justices Zappala and Stout. Justice Papadakos filed a concurring and dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Larsen, and Justice McDermott filed a dissenting opinion, also joined by Justice Larsen.
. "Instrument of crime” is defined in section 907 as
(1) Anything specially made or specially adapted for criminal use; or
(2) Anything commonly used for criminal purposes and possessed by the actor under circumstances not manifestly appropriate for lawful uses it may have.
“Weapon" is defined as
*542 Anything readily capable of lethal use and possessed under circumstances not manifestly appropriate for lawful uses which it may have.
18 Pa.C.S. § 907(c).
. Compare 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1) (defined above) with 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(4) ("attempts to cause or intentionally or knowingly causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon"). We reiterate that Brown was convicted under subsection (a)(1).
. Section 303.4(b) provides that "there shall be no enhancement for convictions: ... under 18 Pa.C.S. § 907 (relating to possessing instruments of crime)!.]” 204 Pa.Code § 303.4(b).
. Although the enhancement must be applied in order to determine the correct guideline range, the guidelines as a whole are not mandatory. As the courts of this Commonwealth have repeatedly stated, the guidelines need only be consulted and considered; the sentencing judge may depart from the guidelines, provided an adequate explanation for such departure is included in the record. See Commonwealth v. Riggins, 474 Pa. 115,377 A.2d 140 (1977); Commonwealth v. Rivera, 338 Pa.Super. 199, 487 A.2d 923 (1985); Commonwealth v. Royer, 328 Pa.Super. 60, 476 A.2d 453 (1984).
. We find it unnecessary to address the Commonwealth’s remaining two claims, having disposed of this case on the merger issue. We reiterate, however, this court’s concerns in our previous decision in this case:
[Defendant’s] sentence of 12 months less one day to 24 months less one day for the aggravated assault is over two years less than even the mitigated range of the guidelines. Even if we consider [defendant’s] aggregate sentence of 18 months less one day to 40 months less one day, it is still almost two years less than the suggested sentence (mitigated range) for the aggravated assault alone. In choosing among the various sentencing alternatives, the lower court appears to have focused solely on the needs of Brown to the exclusion of other sentencing factors, including the gravity of the offense and its impact upon the victim. The sentence appears unreasonably lenient for the brutal stabbing, [citations omitted].
Id., 402 Pa.Superior Ct. at 375 n. 7, 587 A.2d at 9 n. 7.