Commonwealth v. Moran

OPINION BY

BENDER, J.:

Fred Charles Moran appeals the judgment of sentence imposed following his conviction of Bribery in Official and Political Matters, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4701. Moran contends that the evidence adduced was not legally sufficient to establish that he acted with criminal intent and/or to gain an unlawful benefit as required by the statute. In addition, he contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying counsel’s requests to instruct the jury on culpability in conformity with 18 Pa.C.S. § 302. Upon review, we find the evidence more than ample to sustain Moran’s conviction. Moreover, in view of the measure of intent inherent in the language of the bribery statute and the overwhelming nature of the evidence of intent in this case, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury in conformity with 18 Pa.C.S. § 302.

The trial judge, the Honorable Harold A. Thompson, Jr., S.J., ably summarized the facts of this case in his Opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a):

Defendant was a well-known politician in Haverford Township (“Township”), Delaware County, Pennsylvania. He had served for many years as a Township Commissioner. Several years ago, the Commonwealth sold its interests in a several hundred acre parcel located entirely within the Township and formerly operated as the Haverford State Mental Hospital, to the Township for its use. The Township’s proximity to Philadelphia, the relative lack of undeveloped land within the Township, and availability of undeveloped open space in the parcel made this sizeable realty transfer a very valuable asset. The Township examined many opportunities and options to determine the best use for the real estate consistent with its obligation to the people of the Township both as stewards of its development and as conservators of open space for the greater good.

In February 2003, the Township Commissioners, by a 5-to-4 vote, decided to retain the services of a consultant ... to supervise the disposition of the parcel.... [The consultant] prepared and issued a Request for Proposals to solicit bid proposals for the property. In December 2003, the developer Goldenberg-Pohlig, doing business as Haverford Hills, L.P. (“HH”), was selected to develop the ground and the Township preliminarily agreed to sell about 61 acres for about $30.65 million dollars.

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The original sale arrangement became unworkable when [Commissioner Andrew] Lewis discovered, in September of 2004, that HH planned on using 74 acres of the Haverford Hospital grounds (including roads) even though the agreement only called for a transfer of a 61 acre parcel. [Commissioners] Lewis and D’Emilio commenced informal discussions with HH. On November 15, 2005, the Township’s Commissioners officially voted to rescind the prior agreement and approved formal renegotia-tions with HH. New discussions took place which resulted in new terms. A restructured arrangement, negotiated in November 2005 and approved at [the] Board of Commissioners meeting the following month involved the transfer of slightly less than 40 acres and a price tag of $17 million. It contemplated the development of 198 age-restricted condominiums, 100 age-restricted carriage houses and 80 single family dwellings. These units would only be made available to people 55 years or older and allowed no school-age children to live there on a permanent basis. In addition, the revised arrangement made practical the prospect of including 6 ball-fields in the development (a component of the prior arrangement but which was not possible on the steep slopes as specified in the plans under the original proposal).

After the major aspects of the new arrangement were the subject of an agreement in principal [sic] (but before the terms were memorialized in writing), the Township’s Commissioners convened a special budget meeting to address a potential budget shortfall for the following calendar year. Several proposals were discussed. One, suggested by Defendant, sought to accelerate the collection of real estate taxes by seeking HH’s cooperation in prepaying about a half million dollars in realty taxes to cover the budget. Commissioner D’Emilio posed the critical question: why would HH agree to such an arrangement? Defendant responded that HH might be accommodating if the Township could accelerate the development process. Lewis then suggested that he and [Defendant] could make a presentation to Todd Pohlig, a principal at Goldenberg-Pohlig (the development partnership), on a telephone call. However, Lewis did not ask [Defendant] what [he] intended to say.

Just before the Township meeting in mid-December, where the new arrangement was to be presented and ratified, a final negotiation took place where the Township agreed to drop the age-restricted designation (to age-targeted) for the condominium units in exchange for HH’s agreement to increase the cash consideration by $500,000 and a concession to eliminate the single family homes and increase the number of condominiums. The additional half-million dollars was couched as a contribution to Haver-ford Township to be used exclusively towards construction of a nature center or walking trails. This arrangement was accepted by the parties.

On December 20, 2005, Defendant and Lewis placed a phone call to Michael Lawry, development director for Gold-enberg Group[,] which was acting as the project manager for Goldenberg-Pohlig in connection with the Haverford State tract development. It was, by all accounts, a brief call. Lewis opened by saying the [Defendant] had something to ask. [Defendant] then said words to the effect, if the purchase price is increased by $500,000 the zoning process will be expedited. [Defendant] off-handedly used the word “extortion” during the call.[¹] Lawry responded that he would take the matter under advisement. Lawry was concerned by this prospect because in his prior dealings with [Defendant], it was apparent that [Defendant] wielded power in the Township and was “probably in a position to influence the [development] process.”

Lawry was also aware that anything which could slow the development process could adversely [e]ffect its financial viability. Unless and until local approvals were received, the actual construction could not begin. At least one such approval, a land use approval, would be secured through direct application through the Township’s Board. In addition, ... the property, while operated as a State Hospital, was in an area zoned for institutional use. The contemplated development would require the developer to secure relief from the existing zoning to accommodate the use of the grounds for residential purposes. This process could be handled either as a change of the local zoning ordinance or an application for a conditional use-either of which would also be considered by the Board. [T]he zoning issue could [also] be addressed by the developer through an application handled by the local zoning hearing [b]oard as a special exception or as a request for a variance. In the meantime, [however,] any delay would not abate the accruing costs and investment expenses incurred by HH as the project moved forward.

Shortly after the phone call, Lawry received another call. This time it was Lewis alone. Lewis explained that he did not know what [Defendant] was going to say and that he “disavowed any suggestion that the zoning in the Township was for sale.”

Trial Court Opinion, 2/2/09, at 2-7.

Following investigation by agents of the Attorney General’s Office, Moran was charged by grand jury presentment with, among other offenses, Bribery in Official and Political Matters, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4701. Moran waived his right to a speedy trial under Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, following which his case proceeded to a jury trial which commenced on July 2, 2007. The Commonwealth called, among others, Michael Lawry and Commissioner Lewis, both of whom attested to substantially the same conversation with Moran. In defense, Moran presented no evidence, electing neither to testify on his own behalf nor to call character witnesses. Moran’s counsel argued to the jury that although his client’s language was no doubt tactless, it reflected merely the defendant’s effort to assure the maximum sale price for the land in question thereby benefiting the public at large. Moreover, counsel asserted specifically that Moran did not solicit a personal benefit in exchange for the exercise of governmental authority and that, consequently, his conduct could not be deemed criminal. In accordance with his argument, counsel prompted the trial judge to instruct the jury that it could convict Moran only upon proof of the mens rea prescribed by 18 Pa.C.S. § 302, which provides “[g]eneral requirements of culpability⁵’ where an explicit mens rea is not otherwise stated. The court denied counsel’s request, however, concluding that in view the statutory language describing the bribery offense and the compelling evidence of Moran’s intent, instruction on section 302 was not necessary. Following deliberation, the jury found Moran guilty as charged and the trial court imposed a sentence of six months’ probation and a fíne of $10,000.² The trial court denied Moran’s post-sentence motion and Moran then filed this appeal raising the following questions for our review:

1. Was the evidence sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [Moran] was guilty of Bribery under 18 Pa.C.S. § 4701 in the respect that there was inadequate proof that [Moran] acted with criminal intent and/or to gain himself an unlawful benefit?

2. Did the trial judge abuse his discretion in refusing to grant [Moran’s] request that the jury be instructed that [Moran] cannot be convicted of Bribery unless the Commonwealth proves that [Moran] acted with criminal intent?

Brief for Appellant at 3.

Moran’s first question challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction. Brief for Appellant at 8. As a general matter, our standard of review of sufficiency claims requires that we evaluate the record “in the light most favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Widmer, 560 Pa. 308, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (2000).

“Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes each material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt.” Nevertheless, “the Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical certainty,” and may sustain its burden by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Significantly, “[we] may not substitute [our] judgment for that of the factfinder; if the record contains support for the convictions they may not be disturbed.”

Commonwealth v. Brewer, 876 A.2d 1029, 1032 (Pa.Super.2005) (citations omitted). Accordingly, “[t]he fact that the evidence establishing a defendant’s participation in a crime is circumstantial does not preclude a conviction where the evidence coupled with the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom overcomes the presumption of innocence.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Murphy, 795 A.2d 1025, 1038-39 (Pa.Super.2002)). So long as the evidence adduced, accepted in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, demonstrates the respective elements of a defendant’s crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, his convictions will be upheld. See Brewer, 876 A.2d at 1032. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances. See Commonwealth v. DiStefano, 782 A.2d 574, 582 (Pa.Super.2001).

In this case, Moran was convicted of Bribery in Official and Political Matters which the applicable statute defines, in pertinent part, as follows:

§ 4701. Bribery in official and political matters

(a) Offenses defined. — A person is guilty of bribery, a felony of the third degree, if he offers, confers or agrees to confer upon another, or solicits, accepts or agrees to accept from another:

(1) any pecuniary benefit as consideration for the decision, opinion, recommendation, vote or other exercise of discretion as a public servant, party official or voter by the recipient;

(2) any benefit as consideration for the decision, vote, recommendation or other exercise of official discretion by the recipient in a judicial, administrative or legislative proceeding; or

(3) any benefit as consideration for a violation of a known legal duty as public servant or party official.

18 Pa.C.S. § 4701. Although the statute premises a defendant’s conviction under subsection (a)(1) on his solicitation, acceptance, or agreement to accept a “pecuniary benefit,” subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3) require only a “benefit,” which need not be pecuniary in nature.³ While the statutory definition of “pecuniary benefit” offers no discussion of the extent to which a bribe must enrich a defendant directly, the definition of “benefit” establishes beyond doubt that a conviction premised upon it may be sustained indirectly by an advantage or gain “to any other person or entity in whose welfare [the defendant] is interested.” See 18 Pa.C.S. § 4501.

Moran challenges the foregoing distinction, arguing that “[t]he evidence only established that the Appellant was attempting to raise the purchase price of a property the township was selling, but that money, had it been paid, would not have gone to the Appellant but to the Township for which he served as a political officer.” Brief for Appellant at 6. Moran advocates, in addition, that:

as a matter of basic and fundamental policy in this Commonwealth, it is not acceptable to uphold the conviction of a public official for merely attempting to use his public position as an office holder to try to improve the financial arrangement of a real estate transaction that could benefit the political entity for whom he was working. We submit that § 4701 was never intended to punish overreaching politicians; rather it is manifest that this law was designed to protect the public from corrupt officials that were attempting to line their own pockets by conferring or withholding the exercise of their official discretion in exchange for pecuniary or economic gain for themselves.

Brief for Appellant at 12.

We find Moran’s argument untenable. It attempts, first, to minimize the evidence of the defendant’s intent in direct contravention of his own language; to be clear, Moran was not “merely attempting to use his public position as an office holder to try to improve the financial arrangement of a real estate transaction.” See id. Second, Moran’s argument attempts to recast the mandate of section 4701 by limiting its scope where no such limitation is apparent in the statutory language. Pennsylvania’s Statutory Construction Act, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921, focuses our review and negates any consideration of matters extraneous to the statutory language except in instances where such language is ambiguous. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b) (“When the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.”). In this case, Moran fails to assert that the statute is unclear; moreover, we discern no ambiguity in the language or the construction the legislature chose, either in stating the conduct prohibited, see 18 Pa.C.S. § 4701, or in prescribing an expansive class of beneficiaries whose receipt of a benefit may render an official’s conduct unlawful, see 18 Pa.C.S. § 4501. The statute is simple in form and content and its application is equally simple. Plainly put, no person in public service may solicit a benefit as a quid pro quo for his exercise of the official discretion he holds. Although that prohibition extends, as Moran concedes, to those who would enrich themselves, see Commonwealth v. O’Kicki, 408 Pa.Super. 518, 597 A.2d 152 (1991), it extends no less to those who, under color of government authority, extract a benefit payable to others, see Commonwealth v. Parmar, 672 A.2d 314, 318 (Pa.Super.1996). This much the statutes make facially clear. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 4501.

Equally significant, however, the statute creates no exception for those purporting to act in the public interest even where the benefit their conduct would extract does inure to the public. Indeed, the definition of “benefit” upon which conviction under section 4701(a)(2) and (3) necessarily depends, specifically contemplates the commission of bribery based on a defendant’s acceptance or solicitation of “anything regarded by the beneficiary as gain or advantage, including benefit to any other person or entity in whose welfare he is interested.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4501. To the extent that Haverford Township was “an entity in who’s welfare [Moran] [was] interested, (a proposition he does not contest), the sufficiency of the evidence to establish his guilt is clear. Such is the case here.

The evidence offers every indication that Moran attempted, in his own words, to “extort” a vast sum of money not to enrich himself but to enrich Haverford Township, of whose board of commissioners he was a member. He made the call in question in his official capacity expressly for the purpose of obtaining money from the Golden-berg Group in view of revelations at the township commissions’ budget meeting. Moran’s motivation beyond that is irrelevant; neither a personal benefit in enhanced political prestige nor a nefarious purpose for the use of the benefit sought is necessary to establish the elements prescribed by section 4701. It is the defendant’s conduct in soliciting or accepting the benefit under color of government authority that constitutes criminal wrongdoing, not the disposition or purpose of the benefit sought. Clearly, any benefit obtained at the expense of the public trust is rendered neither less real nor less illicit for having benefited the public treasury.

Nor is Moran relieved of responsibility for his actions by the statutory qualification that a benefit is “not an advantage promised generally to a group or class of voters as a consequence of public measures which a candidate engages to support or oppose.” See Brief for Appellant at 9, 12 n. 5. Indeed, his suggestion to a private real estate developer of favorable treatment in the zoning process is far removed from the “promise ... to a group or class of voters” specified by the statute. The Goldenberg Group was not merely a “group or class of voters,” but a commercial interest whose fortunes would rise or fall substantially relative to the decisions made by the Township’s board of commissioners and was thereby made particularly susceptible to government overreaching. Nor can favorable treatment in zoning be described as a legitimate public measure when it comes with a quid pro quo. It is in fact among many abuses of the public trust that the legislature sought to eliminate in framing the prohibitions of section 4701 and the related definitions of section 4501.

We conclude accordingly that the evidence adduced was readily sufficient to sustain Moran’s conviction for Bribery in Official and Political Matters. Both of the other parties to the December 2005 conference call attested that Moran expressly proposed to Michael Lawry that the Gold-enberg Group pay Haverford Township $500,000 for privileged treatment in the process of zoning the new development. See N.T., 11/19/07, at 112 (“And Mr. Moran said, ‘Call it extortion, call it what you will. We need $500,000, and we’ll accelerate the zoning. We’ll get you the zoning approvals you need and accelerate the process.’ ”) To the discerning ear, such a statement might suggest equally that in the absence of payment the process would be less expeditious, likely increasing Gold-enberg’s holding, legal, and development costs. We can scarcely conceive of a more audacious abuse of government power. The extent to which Moran’s statements solicited “[a] benefit as consideration for the decision, vote, recommendation or other exercise of official discretion by the recipient in a judicial, administrative or legislative proceeding” could not be more clear.⁴ Accordingly, the evidence is more than sufficient to establish the benefit element of the bribery charge.

The same testimony establishes Moran’s intent.⁵ Arguably, the measure of intent necessary for a finding of culpability under section 4701 is implicit in the language of that statute. As applicable to the conduct at issue here section 4701(a) specifies that “[a] person is guilty of bribery ... if he ... solicits, accepts or agrees to accept” an unlawful benefit as defined in section 4501. Each of the foregoing terms indicates that culpability under the statute depends upon evidence of a conscious mind, actively engaged in retaining the prohibited benefit. Solicitation, acceptance, and agreement to accept are inherently volitional; one cannot be said to have engaged in any of them without knowledge of the benefit to be conferred and intent to retain that benefit. Compare The Amerioan Heritage Dictionary, 787 (4th ed.2001) (“solicit Vv. 1. To seek or obtain.”) with id. at 5 (accept ►% 1. To receive willingly) and id. at 18 (“agree ►u 1. To grant consent; accede.”). Nevertheless, we acknowledge this Court’s previous pronouncement that “the bribery statute does not specify the level of culpability applicable to the material elements of this offense[,]” see Parmar, 672 A.2d at 318, and its consequent engrafting of the culpability standard of 18 Pa.C.S. § 302 as the applicable measure of intent under section 4701.

Section 302 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

§ 302. General requirements of culpability

(a) Minimum requirements of culpability. — Except as provided in section 305 of this title (relating to limitations on scope of culpability requirements), a person is not guilty of an offense unless he acted intentionally, knowingly, recklessly or negligently, as the law may require, with respect to each material element of the offense.

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(c) Culpability required unless otherwise provided. — When the culpability sufficient to establish a material element of an offense is not prescribed by law, such element is established if a person acts intentionally, knowingly or recklessly with respect thereto.

18 Pa.C.S. § 302. Finding these provisions clear, we have applied the language of the state on its face, determining that “it is sufficient to show that a person acted intentionally, knowingly or recklessly with respect to the material elements of the crime.” See Parmar, 672 A.2d at 318 (citing 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(c)).

Applying the measure of culpability encompassed in section 302(c) as adopted in Parmar, we find the evidence of Moran’s intent unequivocally sufficient to sustain his conviction. Both of the other participants in Moran’s conference call related his language during the call, his express use of the word “extortion,” his omission of any other option, including the purchase of additional land or advance payment of taxes, and the brevity of the conversation. Compare N.T., 11/19/07, at 112 (“Call it extortion, call it what you will. We need $500,000, and we’ll accelerate the zoning. We’ll get you the zoning approvals you need and accelerate the process.”) with N.T., 11/20/07 at 93 (“I’m paraphrasing here ... I don’t know the exact words. If the purchase price for the property is increased by $500,000, the zoning process will be expedited. He said you can call this extortion if you will, but that’s what it’s going to be. Very brief telephone call.”). See also N.T., 11/19/07, at 112 (“Mr. Lawry, for clarification said, ‘is this, the $500,000, part of the $17.5 million, or is it in addition to it?’ And Mr. Moran said it was in addition to the $17.5 million.”).⁶ The evidence also shows that Moran acted expressly with the desire to extract more money from the Goldenberg Group notwithstanding his specific knowledge that the parties had already agreed on the essential terms of the price and the amount of land to be conveyed and the warning of other commissioners that the developer would not likely pay real estate taxes in advance. See id. at 98-105. These circumstances coupled with Moran’s own blunt and forceful language make his intent abundantly clear; as Mike Lawry related it at trial, “[C]all this extortion if you will, but that’s what it’s going to be.” N.T., 11/20/07 at 93.

Notwithstanding the palpably illicit nature of Moran’s conduct, he also challenges the trial court’s instructions to the jury contending that its omission to charge on the modest culpability standard of 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(c) fatally undermines his conviction and requires a new trial. Perhaps ironically, it is the very clarity of the evidence surrounding Moran’s activities that renders this claim specious. See Commonwealth v. Hall, 574 Pa. 233, 830 A.2d 537, 542 (2003) (quoting Commonwealth v. Meredith, 490 Pa. 303, 416 A.2d 481, 485 (1980) (“Where the intention of the actor is obvious from the act itself, the finder of fact is justified in assigning the intention that is suggested by the conduct.”)).

As we noted above, section 302(c) specifies that “[w]hen the culpability sufficient to establish a material element of an offense is not prescribed by law, such element is established if a person acts intentionally, knowingly or recklessly with respect thereto.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(c). Accordingly, an instruction to the jury based upon it would allow a conviction of bribery for merely reckless behavior, as opposed to the flagrantly intentional conduct that the evidence demonstrated here. We recognize, of course, that in view of this Court’s prior application of section 302 as the measure of culpability under the bribery statute, see Parmar, 672 A.2d at 318, trial courts are well-advised to instruct the jury in accordance with that provision in prosecutions for bribery. Nevertheless, its omission in this case is far from a source of reversible error. The trial court provided a comprehensive charge on the elements of the offense as established by section 4701 and the definition of benefit provided in section 4501. As we noted, supra, although those provisions do not state a standard of culpability directly, they do suggest that conviction must be based upon evidence of a conscious mind, actively engaged in retaining the prohibited benefit. See discussion, infra. A level of intent so implied in the substantive elements of section 4701, which exceeds the threshold enunciated by section 302, obviously satisfies section 302. Thus, the court’s repeated instructions to the jury based upon those elements were, at least on the basis of the evidence adduced here, ample to guide the jury’s deliberation. See Commonwealth v. Bellis, 252 Pa.Super. 15, 380 A.2d 1258, 1264 (1977) rev’d in part on other grounds, Commonwealth v. Bellis, 484 Pa. 486, 399 A.2d 397 (1979) (affirming conviction for bribery under statutory predecessor of section 4701 on the basis that reading bribery statute to the jury and stating elements of the bribery offense, including the fact that money must be received, solicited or taken as a quid pro quo, was sufficient instruction on the issue of intent). To the extent that the court should have instructed on section 302 and did not, its omission is, at most, harmless error which could have no demonstrable effect on the verdict. See Commonwealth v. Bullock, 590 Pa. 480, 913 A.2d 207, 218 (2006) (finding trial court’s failure to instruct jurors on criminal negligence necessary to sustain defendant’s conviction for voluntary manslaughter of an unborn child could not have contributed to the verdict and therefore amounted to harmless error where the evidence, considered in light of the instruction the court gave, demonstrated that the jurors found a degree of culpability of at least criminal negligence). Consequently, we find Moran’s challenge to the trial court’s jury instruction wholly without merit.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Moran’s judgment of sentence.

Judgment of sentence AFFIRMED.

Judge KELLY files a dissenting opinion.

1 . In his testimony at trial, Commissioner Lewis described the conversation as follows:

I — I introduced Mr. Lawry. I said we have some — some budget issues facing the township, and Mr. Moran has an idea that he would like to — to run by you. At that point I turned it over to Mr. Moran. And Mr. Moran said, “Call it extortion, call it what you will. We need $500,000, and we'll accelerate the zoning. We’ll get you the zoning approvals you need and accelerate the process.” Mr. Lawry, for clarification said, "is this, the $500,000, part of the $17.5 million, or is it in addition to it?” And Mr. Moran said it was in addition to the $17.5 million.

N.T., 11/19/07, at 112. In his own testimony, Lawry confirmed Lewis’s recollection of the conversation:

I received the telephone call from Commissioners Lewis and Moran. And Commissioner Lewis said, "Commissioner Moran has something to ask you.” Commissioner Moran said, if the — and I'm paraphrasing here ... I don't know the exact words. If the purchase price for the property is increased by $500,000, the zoning process will be expedited. He said you can call this extortion if you will, but that’s what it’s going to be. Very brief telephone call.

N.T., 11/20/07 at 93.

2 . Bribery in Official and Political Matters is a felony of the third degree carrying an Offense Gravity Score of 5. Assuming a defendant’s prior record score of zero, the recommended sentence under Pennsylvania’s Sentencing Guidelines is restorative sanctions to 9 months' imprisonment. See 204 Pa.Code § 303.16 (Basic Sentencing Matrix).

3 . Comparison of the chapter's definitions of both terms demonstrates the significance of this distinction. The respective definitions appear at 18 Pa.C.S. § 4501 as follows:

"Pecuniary benefit.” Benefit in the form of money, property, commercial interests or anything else the primary significance of which is economic gain.

"Benefit.” Gain or advantage, or anything regarded by the beneficiary as gain or advantage, including benefit to any other person or entity in whose welfare he is interested, but not an advantage promised generally to a group or class of voters as a consequence of public measures which a candidate engages to support or oppose.

4 . Contrary to Moran's assertion, the evidence does not sustain or even suggest the notion that Moran’s exercise in official arm-twisting was merely an effort to drive a hard bargain for the sale of the land and enhance the sale price for the benefit of the public. Moran’s proposal, as recounted by both his fellow commissioner and the developer's representative, was couched as one for the sale of favorable zoning treatment — not for an increase in the price of the land sold or for the sale of additional real estate. See N.T., 11/19/07, at 112 ("Mr. Lawry, for clarification said, 'is this, the $500,000, part of the $17.5 million, or is it in addition to it?’ And Mr. Moran said it was in addition to the $17.5 million.”). In point of fact, Moran did not offer additional land for sale and did not propose that Golden-berg should advance future real estate taxes. N.T., 11/20/07, at 5.

5 . We consider the sufficiency of the evidence to establish Moran’s intent in conjunction with Moran’s second question on appeal, which challenges the trial court's determination not to instruct the jury on the measure of intent specified in 18 Pa.C.S. § 302, which provides for culpability generally when no specific standard is otherwise established.

6 . Moreover, the character of the conversation was sufficiently coercive to prompt Commissioner Lewis to call the developer back immediately afterward to distance himself from Moran's demand: “The next thing I did is I picked up the phone and called Mike Lawry back, and said, I want no part of that conversation. Haverford Township is not in the business of selling zoning. He [Lawry] said, I'll act like it never happened.” See N.T., 11/19/07, at 113.