Com. v. Cobbett, R.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
RAYMOND GEORGE COBBETT, JR.,
Appellant No. 708 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Order Entered April 7, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-16-CR-0000053-2016
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
RAYMOND GEORGE COBBETT, JR.,
Appellant No. 1541 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 24, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-16-CR-0000053-2016
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED AUGUST 23, 2018
Appellant, Raymond George Cobbett, Jr., appeals from the order
designating him as a Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) under Pennsylvania’s
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§
9799.14-9799.42, as well as the judgment of sentence of 20 to 60 months’
incarceration, imposed after he was convicted of several sexual offenses
committed against two separate, minor victims.1 Appellant challenges the
legality of his designation as an SVP, the discretionary aspects of his sentence,
and the adequacy of the criminal information regarding certain charges. After
careful review, we vacate the order designating Appellant as an SVP, affirm
his judgment of sentence in all other respects, and remand for further
proceedings.
The trial court summarized the facts and procedural history of
Appellant’s case, as follows:
[Appellant] was charged with thirteen counts of sexual
offenses committed against his paramour’s two nieces, including
one count [of] Aggravated Indecent Assault, 18 Pa.C.S.[] §
3125(a)(8), two counts of Corruption of Minors, 18 Pa. C.S.[] §
6301(a)(1)(ii), two counts of Indecent Assault pursuant to 18
Pa.C.S.[] § 3126(a)(8), four counts of Indecent Assault pursuant
to 18 Pa.C.S.[] § 3126(a)(1), and four counts of Attempted
Indecent Assault, 18 Pa.C.S.[] § 901(a). The offenses occurred
when the two victims, Al.D.R. and An.D.R., were visiting their
aunt’s home, and [Appellant] was living with their aunt.
At trial, Al.D.R. testified that on several occasions,
[Appellant] would grab or slap her on the buttocks while giving
her a hug or when she walked past him. She testified that she was
under the age of sixteen on four or five of these occasions. She
further testified that [Appellant] attempted to touch her upper
chest and breast area two or three times, but did not succeed.
An.D.R. testified that [Appellant] touched her in much the same
way, including slapping and groping her on the buttocks on several
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1 Appellant filed a motion to consolidate his two appeals, which this Court
granted by per curiam order filed on January 5, 2018.
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occasions. He also grabbed her breasts while she walked past him
and touched her vaginal area over her clothes. She testified that
[Appellant] groped her breasts eight or nine times over the course
of two years, and touched her buttocks twenty to twenty-five
times. An.D.R. testified that on one occasion, [Appellant] followed
her into the kitchen in the house and asked for a hug. When
An.D.R. hugged him, [Appellant] allegedly put his hand in her
shorts and penetrated her vagina with his finger.
The jury returned a mixed verdict, finding [Appellant] guilty
of Corruption of Minors against Al.D.R.; guilty of one count of
Indecent Assault of a Person Less than 16 Years of Age against
An.D.R.; guilty of two counts of Indecent Assault without Consent
against An.D.R. and one count of Indecent Assault without
Consent against Al.D.R.; and guilty of two counts of Attempted
Indecent Assault against Al.D.R. Notably, the jury found
[Appellant] not guilty of Aggravated Indecent Assault against
An.D.R., which charge was based on the alleged incident of digital
penetration.
Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 12/27/17, at 1-2.
Following Appellant’s conviction, the trial court conducted an SVP
hearing and, on April 7, 2017, it issued an order deeming him an SVP.
Appellant filed a premature notice of appeal from that order. Then, on May
17, 2017, the trial court sentenced Appellant to the aggregate term stated
supra. Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion, which was denied on
September 19, 2017. He then filed a timely notice of appeal on October 19,
2017, which, as stated supra, was consolidated with his April 7, 2017 appeal.
Appellant timely complied with the trial court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, and the trial
court filed an opinion on December 27, 2017.
Herein, Appellant raises five issues for our review:
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A. Whether the trial court’s designation of [Appellant] as an [SVP]
is in error and should therefore be vacated because SORNA is
unconstitutional[?]
B. Whether the trial court’s designation of [Appellant] as an SVP
is in error and should therefore be vacated because it is based
upon insufficient, inaccurate and inadmissible evidence[?]
C. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by sentencing
[Appellant] based, in part, upon inaccurate and inadmissible
evidence[?]
D. Whether the jury’[s] verdict should be overturned and the trial
court’s sentence be vacated on Count 3 because the
Commonwealth failed to identify a victim in the information[?]
E. Whether the jury’[s] verdict should be overturned and the trial
court’s sentence be vacated on Count 9 because the victim in
[the] verdict does not match the information[?]
Appellant’s Brief at 6-7 (unnecessary emphasis and capitalization omitted).
Appellant first contends that his designation as an SVP is illegal under
our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Muniz, 164 A.3d 1189(Pa. 2017) (holding that SORNA’s registration provisions constitute criminal
punishment that cannot be retroactively applied to a defendant whose crimes
were committed prior to SORNA’s enactment), and this Court’s subsequent
holding in Commonwealth v. Butler, 173 A.3d 1212 (Pa. Super. 2017)
(concluding that SORNA’s SVP provision, which requires the trial court to
determine if an individual is an SVP based on clear and convincing evidence,
is unconstitutional under Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99 (2013)).2
We need not discuss this issue in depth, as the Commonwealth concedes that
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2We recognize that SORNA was amended on February 21, 2018, by H.B. 631,
202 Gen. Assem., Reg. Sess. (Pa. 2018), Act 10 of 2018.
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Butler renders Appellant’s SVP designation under SORNA illegal. We agree
with both parties that Butler controls. Therefore, we vacate the April 6, 2017
order deeming Appellant an SVP under SORNA, and remand for the trial court
to determine what registration requirements apply to Appellant, and to
provide him proper notice thereof.3
In Appellant’s next issue, he challenges the discretionary aspects of his
sentence, arguing that the trial court considered “impermissible information
in imposing sentence, i.e., the SVP designation, and … failed to fully consider
mitigating information[,]” such as his cooperation with police, apology to the
victims and their family, lack of any criminal record, and lengthy employment
history. Appellant’s Brief at 33, 37-38.
Preliminarily, we recognize that,
[c]hallenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not
entitle an appellant to review as of right. Commonwealth v.
Sierra, 752 A.2d 910, 912 (Pa. Super. 2000). An appellant
challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence must invoke
this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:
We conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether
appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P.
902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly preserved
at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant’s
brief has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether
there is a substantial question that the sentence appealed
from is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
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3 In light of this disposition, we need not address Appellant’s second issue
regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to support his SVP designation.
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Commonwealth v. Evans, 901 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa. Super. 2006),
appeal denied, 589 Pa. 727, 909 A.2d 303 (2006). Objections to
the discretionary aspects of a sentence are generally waived if
they are not raised at the sentencing hearing or in a motion to
modify the sentence imposed. Commonwealth v. Mann, 820
A.2d 788, 794 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal denied, 574 Pa. 759, 831
A.2d 599 (2003).
The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must
be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Commonwealth v. Paul,
925 A.2d 825, 828 (Pa. Super. 2007). A substantial question
exists “only when the appellant advances a colorable argument
that the sentencing judge’s actions were either: (1) inconsistent
with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary
to the fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing process.”
Sierra, supra at 912–13.
Commonwealth v. Griffin, 65 A.3d 932, 935 (Pa. Super. 2013) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010)).
We also note that, when an appellant presents a substantial question
for our review, we assess it with the following in mind:
The imposition of sentence is vested in the discretion of the
trial court, and should not be disturbed on appeal for a mere error
of judgment but only for an abuse of discretion and a showing that
a sentence was manifestly unreasonable.
The rationale behind such broad discretion and the
concomitantly deferential standard of appellate review is
that the sentencing court is in the best position to determine
the proper penalty for a particular offense based upon an
evaluation of the individual circumstances before it. Simply
stated, the sentencing court sentences flesh-and-blood
defendants and the nuances of sentencing decisions are
difficult to gauge from the cold transcript used upon
appellate review. Moreover, the sentencing court enjoys an
institutional advantage to appellate review, bringing to its
decisions an expertise, experience, and judgment that
should not be lightly disturbed.
The proper standard of review for an appellate court is to focus on
the pertinent statutory provisions in the Sentencing Code,
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specifically 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(c) and (d), and 42 Pa.C.S. §
9721(b). … Section 9721(b) provides in pertinent part as follows:
[T]he court shall follow the general principle that the
sentence imposed should call for confinement that is
consistent with the protection of the public, the gravity of
the offense as it relates to the impact on the life of the victim
and on the community, and the rehabilitative needs of the
defendant.
42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b).
In order to establish that the sentencing court abused its
discretion, Appellant must establish, by reference to the record,
that the sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised
its judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.
Commonwealth v. Williams, 69 A.3d 735, 740–41 (Pa. Super. 2013) (some
internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
In the present case, Appellant did not raise, in his post-sentence motion,
his argument that the trial court improperly considered his SVP designation at
sentencing because it is invalid under Muniz and Butler. However, because
Appellant’s post-sentence motion was filed before Muniz and Butler were
issued, we will not consider this argument waived. We will also consider
Appellant’s claim as constituting a substantial question for our review. See
Commonwealth v. McAfee, 849 A.2d 270, 274 (Pa. Super. 2004)
(concluding that an appellant presents a substantial question where he avers
that the trial court relied upon improper or incorrect factors when imposing
his sentence).
Notwithstanding, Appellant has failed to demonstrate an abuse of
discretion on the part of the trial court. In explaining the factors it considered
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in fashioning Appellant’s sentence, the court did not mention his SVP
designation. See N.T. Sentencing, 5/17/17, at 13-15. Instead, the court
focused on the sentencing guidelines; the facts of Appellant’s crimes; the
victims’ impact statements; the court’s conclusion that Appellant did not
“really recognize” the gravity of his crimes; the risk that Appellant poses to
the community; Appellant’s rehabilitative needs; and “the seriousness of the
crimes.” Id. at 13-14. Additionally, the trial court states in its Rule 1925(a)
opinion that it did not rely on Appellant’s SVP designation in fashioning his
standard-range term of incarceration. See TCO at 7. Accordingly, Appellant’s
speculative assertion that the trial court improperly considered his SVP
designation as a sentencing factor is wholly unsupported by the record, and
does not demonstrate an abuse of discretion by the trial court.
Appellant also challenges his sentence by claiming that the court failed
to consider mitigating circumstances. For instance, Appellant claims that the
court did not take into account that he “freely spoke with the police, without
counsel, and admitted his actions were wrong[;]” he “waived his right to a
preliminary hearing, and he did not testify at trial, much less claim that he did
not commit any of the crimes for which he was charged[;]” at sentencing, he
“apologized to the victims and their families and admitted that his actions
were in appropriate [sic][;]” and he has “limited intellect” and likely did not
“fully comprehend the gravity of his actions, until confronted with the
accusations.” Appellant’s Brief at 37-38. Our review of the record
demonstrates that Appellant did not raise the court’s purported failure to
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consider these mitigating factors in his post-sentence motion. Accordingly,
this argument is waived. See Commonwealth v. Bromley, 862 A.2d 598,
603 (Pa. Super. 2004) (“It is well settled that an [a]ppellant’s challenge to the
discretionary aspects of his sentence is waived if the [a]ppellant has not filed
a post-sentence motion challenging the discretionary aspects with the
sentencing court.”) (citations omitted).
However, Appellant did assert in his post-sentence motion, and
reiterates on appeal, that the court failed to consider his age (45 years old),
that he had no prior criminal history before the present offenses, and that he
has been gainfully employed by a construction company for 19 years.
Appellant also stresses that “the sentence imposed by the [c]ourt precludes
any type of work release for [Appellant], which would allow [Appellant] to
continue to meet his financial obligations, including child support obligations,
and continue to be a contributing member of society.” Appellant’s Brief at 39.
Initially, “[a]n argument that the sentencing court failed to adequately
consider mitigating factors in favor of a lesser sentence does not present a
substantial question appropriate for our review.” Commonwealth v.
Ratushny, 17 A.3d 1269, 1273 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations omitted).
However, even if Appellant’s argument did constitute a substantial question,
we would deem it meritless. As Appellant recognizes, the trial court imposed
a standard-range sentence, see Appellant’s Brief at 33, and it considered a
pre-sentence investigation report in fashioning that term of incarceration, see
N.T. Sentencing at 7. Thus, we “presume that the sentencing judge was aware
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of relevant information regarding the defendant’s character and weighed those
considerations along with mitigating statutory factors.” Commonwealth v.
Macias, 968 A.2d 773, 778 (Pa. Super. 2009). In addition to the pre-sentence
report, the trial court also heard defense counsel stress Appellant’s work
history, age, and lack of a criminal record. See N.T. Sentencing at 7. Defense
counsel also requested that the court permit Appellant to be on work release
so he could continue to meet his financial obligations. Id. at 9. After hearing
about and considering these mitigating factors now stressed by Appellant, the
court concluded that the impact of his offenses on the victims, the threat he
poses to the public, his rehabilitative needs, his failure to fully appreciate the
seriousness of his crimes, and the applicable sentencing guidelines called for
the standard-range term of incarceration that the court ultimately imposed.
We discern no abuse of discretion in the court’s decision.
In Appellant’s third and fourth issues, he contends that the criminal
information was insufficient. Before addressing his underlying arguments, we
note that,
“[i]ndictments must be read in a common sense manner and are
not to be construed in an overly technical sense.”
Commonwealth v. Pope, 455 Pa. 384, 390, 317 A.2d 887, 890
(1974). See also United States v. Schoenhut, 576 F.2d 1010(3d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 964, 99 S.Ct. 450, 58
L.Ed.2d 421. The purpose of the indictment is “to provide the
accused with sufficient notice to prepare a defense, and to insure
that he will not be tried twice for the same act.” Commonwealth
v. Rolinski, 267 Pa. Super[.] … 199, 202, 406 A.2d 763, 764
(1979). See also Commonwealth v. Ackerman, 239
Pa.[]Super[.] … 187, 361 A.2d 746 (1976). Furthermore, a
variance is not fatal unless it “could mislead the defendant at trial,
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involves an element of surprise prejudicial to the defendant’s
efforts to prepare his defense, precludes the defendant from
anticipating the prosecution’s proof or impairs a substantial right.”
Commonwealth v. Pope, 455 Pa. at 391, 317 A.2d at 890
(footnotes omitted).
Commonwealth v. Ohle, 470 A.2d 61, 73 (Pa. 1983).
In attacking the adequacy of the criminal information, Appellant begins
by complaining that it was not sufficiently specific regarding the offense dates
of certain counts, where the Commonwealth only alleged that Appellant
committed those offenses “several times over a period of two years” beginning
on January 1, 2013. See Criminal Information, 2/1/16, at 1-2; see also
Amended Criminal Complaint, 9/1/16, at 1 (unnumbered). Appellant
acknowledges that there exists “precedent … [that is] not favorable to
[Appellant] on this issue, which affords the Commonwealth greater latitude in
cases involving claims of abuse of minors occurring over a period of time.”
Appellant’s Brief at 42 (citing Commonwealth v. Benner, 147 A.3d 915 (Pa.
Super .2016)). Curiously, Appellant makes no attempt to distinguish Benner
or offer any argument regarding why, even under the ‘greater latitude’
afforded to the Commonwealth, the criminal information was inadequate in
this case. He also does not discuss how the ostensible inadequacy of the
criminal information misled, surprised, or prejudiced him at trial. See Ohle,
supra. Instead, Appellant merely states that,
for the purpose of preserving the issue, … the Commonwealth
should have been much more specific in the [i]nformation as to
the dates of the alleged acts. The Commonwealth’s failure to do
so violated [Appellant’s] constitutional rights under the federal
and state constitutions, as enunciated more fully by the
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[S]upreme [C]ourt in [Commonwealth v.] Devlin, [333 A.2d
888 (Pa. 1975)].
Appellant’s Brief at 42-43. “We will not act as counsel and will not develop
arguments on behalf of an appellant.” In re R.D., 44 A.3d 657, 674 (Pa.
Super. 2012). Consequently, we consider Appellant’s underdeveloped
challenge to the adequacy of the date range provided in the criminal
information waived for our review. Id. (“[W]hen defects in a brief impede
our ability to conduct meaningful appellate review, we may dismiss the appeal
entirely or find certain issues to be waived.”).
Next, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the criminal information
regarding Count 3, which charged him with corruption of a minor. In setting
forth that charge, the Commonwealth failed to specify to which victim Count
3 pertained, i.e., Al.D.R. or An.D.R. Appellant maintains that this lack of
clarity caused “confusion and undermin[ed] the certainty of the jury’s verdict
on Count 3, in violation of [his] federal and state constitutional rights.”
Appellant’s Brief at 44. He concludes that “[t]he Commonwealth’s
carelessness and omission should be fatal, with judgment arrested and [his]
conviction reversed on Count 3.” Id.In contending that Appellant essentially waived this challenge to the
criminal information, the Commonwealth presents several points for our
consideration. First, the Commonwealth notes that Appellant did not
challenge this purported inadequacy of the criminal information prior to,
during, or after trial; instead, he is presenting this issue for the first time on
appeal. Second, the Commonwealth stresses that Appellant was in possession
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of “complete discovery in this matter[,]” which alerted him to the fact that the
Commonwealth was alleging that he committed indecent assault and
attempted indecent assault against Al.D.R., and aggravated indecent assault
against An.D.R. Commonwealth’s Brief at 3. Therefore, because Count 3
charged Appellant with corruption of a minor based on his “repeatedly
commit[ing] offenses of indecent assault and [c]riminal [a]ttempt to commit
indecent assault[,]” he was on notice that that charge pertained to Al.D.R.
Criminal Information, 2/1/16, at 1. Third, the Commonwealth emphasizes
that at the start of trial, the court informed the jury that “Count 3, corruption
of a minor [was] against the second alleged victim, [Al.D.R.]” N.T. Trial,
9/1/16, at 11. Additionally, prior to the jury instructions at the close of trial,
defense counsel explicitly acknowledged that Count 3 involved Al.D.R. Id. at
92. The court also charged the jury that Count 3 pertained to conduct alleged
to have been committed against Al.D.R., and that point was again clarified in
response to a question by the jury. Id. at 126, 143-44. At no point during
any of these references to Al.D.R.’s being the victim of Count 3 did Appellant
express confusion about, or concern with, the criminal information not
specifically identifying Al.D.R. as the victim of that offense. Consequently, we
agree with the Commonwealth that Appellant “had sufficient time to prepare
a defense, and his attempt to overturn his conviction based on this claim
should fail.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 4.
For essentially the same reasons, we conclude that Appellant’s challenge
to the adequacy of the criminal information regarding Count 9 fails as well. In
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the original information, the Commonwealth set forth six charges (Counts 4
through 9) of indecent assault as defined by 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(A)(8). Each
of those six counts was identical in terms of the factual allegations, and each
named “ADR” as the victim of the crime, which could have referred to either
Al.D.R. or An.D.R. When the Commonwealth amended the complaint just
prior to trial, it changed Counts 6 through 9 to charge indecent assault as
defined by 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(1) (lack of consent), and named the victim
of those assaults as An.D.R. However, at the start of trial, and in charging
the jury, the court stated that the victim of Count 9 was Al.D.R. See N.T.
Trial at 11, 129. Additionally, when the jury returned with its verdict, it
explicitly convicted Appellant of Count 9 against Al.D.R. Id. at 151.
Appellant now claims that this variance between the verdict and the
criminal information warrants reversal. The entirety of his argument is as
follows:
The Commonwealth must prove the information, and
[Appellant] is entitled to be placed on fair notice in the
Information, as to what he must defend. In this regard, as
[Appellant] was not charged with a crime against Al.D.R., at Count
9 of the Amended Information, [Appellant] cannot be convicted of
a crime against Al.D.R. for Count 9. Therefore, [Appellant’s]
conviction should be reversed, judgment arrested and [Appellant]
acquitted of Count 9 - attempted indecent assault.[4]
Appellant’s Brief at 45.
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4 Appellant incorrectly states that Count 9 charged attempted indecent
assault. Rather, as stated supra, the amended Count 9 charged indecent
assault under 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(1) (lack of consent).
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Appellant’s cursory, and legally unsupported, argument is insufficient to
convince us that his conviction for Count 9 must be reversed. Notably,
Appellant does not explain how the Commonwealth’s mistake of naming
An.D.R. as the victim of that count in the amended criminal information misled
or surprised him at trial, or how his defense was hindered by that error. See
Ohle, supra. Moreover, it is apparent that Appellant was put on notice that
Count 9 referred to Al.D.R. through the court’s statement to the jury at the
start of trial, yet he at no point raised any issue concerning the fact that
An.D.R. was named as the victim of Count 9 in the amended information. He
also did not raise this claim when the jury was instructed that Al.D.R. was the
alleged victim of Count 9, or when the verdict sheet listed the same. Based
on these circumstances, we conclude that Appellant’s belated complaint about
the variance between the criminal information and the jury’s verdict - which
is unaccompanied by any explanation of how his defense at trial was hampered
- does not warrant reversal of his conviction at Count 9.
In sum, we vacate the April 7, 2016 order deeming Appellant an SVP,
but affirm his judgment of sentence in all other respects. We remand for
further proceedings for the court to determine Appellant’s registration
requirements and provide him notice thereof.
Order vacated. Judgment of sentence affirmed in all other respects.
Remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/23/2018
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