In Re: M.E.M., Appeal of: S.M.M., mother

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN RE: M.E.M. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: S.M.M., NATURAL :
MOTHER :
:
:
:
: No. 532 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Decree Entered March 13, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County
Orphans’ Court at No(s): O.A. No. 51 of 2016
IN RE: P.R.M. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: S.M.M., NATURAL :
MOTHER :
:
:
:
: No. 533 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Decree Entered March 13, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County
Orphans’ Court at No(s): O.A. No. 52 of 2016
BEFORE: DUBOW, SOLANO, and FITZGERALD*, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 29, 2017
S.M.M. (“Mother”) appeals from the decrees granting the petitions filed
by S.A.M. (“Father”), involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental rights
to her minor daughters, M.E.M., born in September of 2004, and P.R.M.,
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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born in September of 2006 (collectively “Children”), pursuant to sections
2511(a)(1), (2) and (b) of the Adoption Act.1 After careful review, we
affirm.
Mother and Father (collectively, “Parents”) are the natural parents of
Children.2 Parents were married, but later divorced. Father married his
current spouse (“Stepmother”) in September of 2015. Children reside with
Father and Stepmother, along with Stepmother’s three children from a
previous relationship. Mother currently resides with her sister and Mother’s
three-year-old daughter from another relationship.
In 2002, Mother was involved in a car accident, which left her
permanently disabled. N.T., 1/3/2017, at 10-11, 22. Because of her injury,
Mother was prescribed pain medication. Id. at 22. Mother became addicted
to the pain medication and subsequently began abusing heroin and alcohol.
Id. at 40. Mother’s drug addiction led her to have a lengthy criminal
history, which began in 2004. Mother’s last arrest was in 2012 or 2013.
N.T. at 15. In all, Mother has ten separate convictions and has been
incarcerated a total of twenty-nine months over eight years for various
crimes, including driving under the influence, retail theft, simple assault, and
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1On April 17, 2017, this Court sua sponte consolidated Mother’s two appeals
– each challenging the decrees terminating Mother’s parental rights to her
daughters – for a single decision. See Pa.R.A.P. 513.
2 Mother also has three children from other relationships.
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several drug-related offenses. See Petitioner’s Exhibit 4 (Butler County
Criminal Docket); N.T. at 15. Mother is currently on probation until 2028.
N.T. at 6. On March 10, 2015, Mother entered treatment for her drug and
alcohol addiction and is currently in remission.
Additionally, Mother has been diagnosed with multiple mental health
issues, including bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, post-
traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. See Petitioner’s Exhibit 5;
N.T. at 56. Since 2010, Father has filed two Protection from Abuse (“PFA”)
petitions against Mother, which the court granted on September 14, 2010
and September 24, 2013, respectively. N.T. at 74. Both PFA orders were in
effect for three years. Under the terms of the original PFA, Father was
granted exclusive custody of Children. See Petitioner’s Exhibit 2. In 2012,
however, Father petitioned the court to modify the PFA in order to permit
Mother to contact Father regarding custody of the children. N.T. at 37.
For the six years following the implementation of the original PFA,
Mother had one, one-hour visit with Children at a nearby park. Id. at 69.
Mother never sent letters, made phone calls to Children, sent gifts, or
financially supported Children in any way. Id. at 10. Mother made two
attempts to contact Father regarding visitation with Children through her
various probation officers. Id. at 19. On both occasions, Father denied
Mother visitation.
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On July 15, 2016, Father filed a petition to involuntarily terminate
Mother’s parental rights to Children.3 On October 19, 2016, counsel was
appointed for Children. Following a continuance, a hearing on Father’s
petition was held on January 3, 2017. On March 13, 2017, the orphans’
court entered its findings of facts and decrees terminating Mother’s parental
rights. On April 4, 2017, Mother filed her notice of appeal along with a
concise statement of errors complained of pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(i)
and (b).
Mother now presents the following claim for our review: “Whether the
[orphans’] [c]ourt erred in finding that [Father] presented clear and
convincing evidence sufficient to justify terminating the parental rights of
[Mother], where [Father] had put obstacles in [Mother’s] way, and [Mother]
displayed reasonable firmness in overcoming those obstacles?” Mother’s
Brief at 3.
We review an appeal from the termination of parental rights in
accordance with the following standard.
[A]ppellate courts must apply an abuse of discretion
standard when considering a trial court’s determination of
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3 The Adoption Act required Father in his petition to involuntarily terminate
Mother’s parental rights to Child to “aver that an adoption is presently
contemplated [and] that a person with a present intention to adopt exists[,]”
and the record reflects that he complied with this requirement. See 23
Pa.C.S. § 2512(b); In re E.M.I., 57 A.3d 1278, 1285 (Pa. Super. 2012);
see also Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights, 7/15/16, ¶
11.
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a petition for termination of parental rights. As in
dependency cases, our standard of review requires an
appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility
determinations of the trial court if they are supported by
the record. In re: R.J.T., 608 Pa. 9, 9 A.3d 1179, 1190
(Pa. 2010). If the factual findings are supported, appellate
courts review to determine if the trial court made an error
of law or abused its discretion. Id.; [In re] R.I.S., 36
A.3d 567[, 572 (Pa. 2011) (plurality opinion)]. As has
been often stated, an abuse of discretion does not result
merely because the reviewing court might have reached a
different conclusion. Id.; see also Samuel Bassett v.
Kia Motors America, Inc., 613 Pa. 371[, 455], 34 A.3d
1, 51 (Pa. 2011); Christianson v. Ely, 838 A.2d 630, 634
(Pa. 2003). Instead, a decision may be reversed for an
abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Id.As we discussed in R.J.T., there are clear reasons for
applying an abuse of discretion standard of review in these
cases. We observed that, unlike trial courts, appellate
courts are not equipped to make the fact-specific
determinations on a cold record, where the trial judges are
observing the parties during the relevant hearing and often
presiding over numerous other hearings regarding the
child and parents. R.J.T., 9 A.3d at 1190. Therefore,
even where the facts could support an opposite result, as
is often the case in dependency and termination cases, an
appellate court must resist the urge to second guess the
trial court and impose its own credibility determinations
and judgment; instead we must defer to the trial judges so
long as the factual findings are supported by the record
and the court’s legal conclusions are not the result of an
error of law or an abuse of discretion. In re Adoption of
Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064, 1066 (Pa. 1994).
In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012).
Termination of parental rights is governed by statute, 23 Pa.C.S. §
2511, which requires a bifurcated analysis. First, the orphans’ court must
examine the parent’s conduct. See, e.g., In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326, 339
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(Pa. Super. 2002). The burden of proof is on the petitioner to establish by
clear and convincing evidence the existence of grounds for termination
under section 2511(a). In re J.L.C. 837 A.2d 1247, 1251 (Pa. Super.
2003). If termination is found by the orphans’ court to be warranted under
section 2511(a), it must then turn to section 2511(b), and determine if
termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest. In re
Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 508 (Pa. Super. 2006). If the orphans’
court’s decision is supported by competent evidence, this Court must affirm
the decision “even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In
re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa. Super. 2003).
Here, the orphans’ court terminated Mother’s parental rights based on
sections 2511(a)(1), (2) and (b), which provide as follows:
(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a
child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
following grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of
at least six months immediately preceding the filing
of the petition either has evidenced a settled purpose
of relinquishing parental claim to a child or has
refused or failed to perform parental duties.
(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child
to be without essential parental care, control or
subsistence necessary for his physical or mental
well-being and the conditions and causes of the
incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will
not be remedied by the parent.
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(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the
rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare
of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated
solely on the basis of environmental factors such as
inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and
medical care if found to be beyond the control of the
parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant to
subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider
any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to
the giving notice of the filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), and (b). We need only agree with the
orphans’ court as to any one subsection of section 2511(a), as well as
section 2511(b), in order to affirm. In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa.
Super. 2004) (en banc). We will therefore examine the facts under section
2511(a)(1).
To meet the requirements of section 2511(a)(1), “the moving party
must produce clear and convincing evidence of conduct, sustained for at
least the six months prior to the filing of the termination petition, which
reveals a settled intent to relinquish parental claim to a child or a refusal or
failure to perform parental duties.” In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 730 (Pa.
Super. 2008) (citing R.J.S., 901 A.2d at 510). The court must then consider
“the parent’s explanation for his or her conduct” and “the post-abandonment
contact between parent and child” before moving on to analyze Section
2511(b). Id. (quoting In re Adoption of Charles E.D.M., 708 A.2d 88, 92
(Pa. 1998)).
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This Court has explained that a parent does not perform his or her
parental duties by displaying a “merely passive interest in the development
of the child.” In re B., N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004) (quoting
In re C.M.S., 832 A.2d 457, 462 (Pa. Super. 2003). Rather,
[p]arental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively
with good faith interest and effort, and not yield to every
problem, in order to maintain the parent-child relationship
to the best of his or her ability, even in difficult
circumstances. A parent must utilize all available
resources to preserve the parental relationship, and must
exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed
in the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship.
Parental rights are not preserved by waiting for a more
suitable or convenient time to perform one’s parental
responsibilities while others provide the child with his or
her physical and emotional needs.
Id. (citations omitted). Critically, incarceration does not relieve a parent of
the obligation to perform parental duties. An incarcerated parent must
“utilize available resources to continue a relationship with his or her child.”
In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 828 (discussing In re Adoption of
McCray, 331 A.2d 652 (Pa. 1975)).
Instantly, Mother argues that the orphans’ court erred by terminating
her parental rights because “she displayed reasonable firmness in her
attempts to overcome the obstacles created by Father.” Mother’s Brief at 6.
In particular, Mother asserts that her “fear of retaliation” by Father
prevented her from enforcing her parental right under the PFAs. Id. at 9.
Thus, Mother argues that her attempts to contact Father via her probation
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officer demonstrated her “reasonable firmness” in overcoming the obstacles
created by Father.
The orphans’ court explained its decision as follows:
The credible and undisputed facts indicate by clear and
convincing evidence that Mother has failed to perform
parental duties for at least six months preceding Father’s
filing of his Petition, in that she has not seen Child[ren]
since early 2012. Furthermore, Mother has failed to
perform any parental duties, in that she has neither made
contact with Child[ren] since 2012 nor provided Child[ren]
with any financial or emotional support. Mother’s only
attempts to reestablish a relationship with Child[ren]
occurred when she utilized her Parole Officers to contact
Father on two occasions in order to initiate visitation
between Child[ren] and Mother, which Father objected to
on both occasions. Despite Father’s objections, however,
Mother made no further attempt to reestablish a
relationship with Child[ren].
Orphans’ Ct. Op., 3/13/2017, at 4 (unpaginated).
We find that the orphans’ court did not abuse its discretion in
terminating Mother’s parental rights under section 2511(a)(1). Despite
Father’s obstructive behavior, Mother did very little in the face of these
barriers to fulfill her parental duties since her last contact with Children in
early 2012. Specifically, the record reveals that Mother utilized her
probation officer on only two occasions to attempt to contact Father about
visits with Children. Further, Mother never attempted to modify the PFA
order in order to have contact with Children. In fact, it was Father who
petitioned the court to modify the PFA in early 2012, thereby allowing
Mother the opportunity to enforce her parental rights.
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Moreover, Mother testified that she chose not to file for visitation until
after the expiration of the second PFA order “so [she] didn’t get in any
trouble.” N.T. at 38. However, “parental rights may not be preserved by
waiting for some more . . . convenient time for the performance of parental
duties and responsibilities,” In re D.J.S., 737 A.2d 283, 287 (Pa. Super.
1999), “while others provide the child with his or her immediate physical and
emotional needs.” In re Adoption of Godzak, 719 A.2d 365, 368 (Pa.
Super. 1998) (citation omitted). Because Mother failed to act affirmatively
in order to maintain her relationship with Children, even under difficult
circumstances created by Father, as well as those she created herself, we
find that Father proved the statutory elements for termination under section
2511(a)(1). See B., N.M., 856 A.2d at 855 (explaining that a parent “must
exercise reasonable firmness in resisting the obstacles” which limit his or her
ability to maintain a parent/child relationship).
Thus, the record confirms that Mother refused or failed to perform
parental duties during the six months immediately preceding the filing of the
termination petition. It was within the court’s discretion to accept the
testimony of Father, and to conclude that Mother made no effort to contact
Children during the relevant six months. Accordingly, we discern no abuse
of discretion.
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We next consider whether the orphans’ court abused its discretion by
terminating Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(b). We have
discussed our analysis under Section 2511(b) as follows.
Section 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of
parental rights would best serve the developmental,
physical, and emotional needs and welfare of the child. As
this Court has explained, Section 2511(b) does not
explicitly require a bonding analysis and the term ‘bond’ is
not defined in the Adoption Act. Case law, however,
provides that analysis of the emotional bond, if any,
between parent and child is a factor to be considered as
part of our analysis. While a parent’s emotional bond with
his or her child is a major aspect of the subsection 2511(b)
best-interest analysis, it is nonetheless only one of many
factors to be considered by the court when determining
what is in the best interest of the child.
[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court
can equally emphasize the safety needs of the child,
and should also consider the intangibles, such as the
love, comfort, security, and stability the child might
have with the foster parent. Additionally, this Court
stated that the trial court should consider the
importance of continuity of relationships and whether
any existing parent-child bond can be severed
without detrimental effects on the child.
In re Adoption of C.D.R., 111 A.3d 1212, 1219 (Pa. Super. 2015) (quoting
In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa. Super. 2011)) (citations and quotation
marks omitted).
The orphans’ court concluded that terminating Mother’s parental rights
would best serve Children’s needs and welfare. The court found that
[Children do] not have a strong bond with Mother as
[they] last saw Mother in early 2012 when [they were]
seven [and five] years old[, respectively]. Child[ren] last
resided with Mother in August 2010 when Child[ren were]
only five [and three] years old. Mother’s history of
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incarceration and addiction has prevented the creation of a
meaningful bond with Child[ren]. The evidence would
support that there would not be any emotional harm to
Child[ren] in terminating the bond. Further, [Stepmother]
is willing, able, and eager to adopt Child[ren], and
Child[ren are] very close and bonded with [Stepmother].
Orphans’ Court Opinion, 3/13/2017, at 5 (unpaginated).
We again conclude that the record supports the orphans’ court’s
findings. A significant aspect in this case is that Children enjoy the
intangibles of love, comfort, security, and stability while in the custody of
Father and Stepmother. Based upon Mother’s difficulties with drug
addiction, mental health issues and the law, her relationship with Children, if
any, lacks security, stability, and safety. Moreover, as discussed above, the
orphans’ court found that the severance of Mother’s bond with Children
would not have a harmful effect on Children.
Although Mother’s love for Children is not in question, along with her
desire for an opportunity to serve as Children’s mother, “a parent’s own
feelings of love and affection for a child, alone, do not prevent termination of
parental rights.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010). “[A]
child’s life simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that [a parent] will
summon the ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting.” In re
Z.S.W., 946 A.2d at 732 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Rather,
“a parent’s basic constitutional right to the custody and rearing of his child is
converted, upon the failure to fulfill his or her parental duties, to the child’s
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right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of his or her potential in a
permanent, healthy, safe environment.” In re B., N.M., 856 A.2d at 856.
Instantly, the orphans’ court found that Mother has not provided for
Children’s developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare. As
there is competent evidence in the record that supports the orphans’ court’s
credibility and weight assessments regarding Children’s needs and welfare,
we conclude the orphans’ court did not abuse its discretion as to section
2511(b). As such, the orphans’ court properly granted Father’s petition to
terminate Mother’s parental rights to Children.
Decrees affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/29/2017
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