Com. v. Pahountis, L.

J-A21020-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
LOUIS NICHOLAS PAHOUNTIS,
Appellant No. 1555 WDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered October 5, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Washington County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-63-CR-0001469-2014
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OLSON, J., and STABILE, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 14, 2017
Appellant, Louis Nicholas Pahountis, appeals from the order entered on
October 5, 2016, denying his motion to dismiss the charges filed against him
based upon double jeopardy. Upon careful consideration, we affirm.
The trial court summarized the facts and procedural history of this
case as follows:
[Appellant] was charged with two counts of aggravated assault
of a child, and one count each of indecent assault of a person
less than 13 years of age and endangering the welfare of
children[,] arising from allegations that between 2000 and 2003,
[Appellant] had on several occasions sexually assaulted the
victim, his daughter, C.P., then a minor child between [four] and
[six] years old.
The Commonwealth filed the instant charges against [Appellant]
on April 7, 2014. [Appellant] had his preliminary hearing on
June 17, 2014, and all charges were held for court. [Appellant]
waived his formal arraignment, and on August 1, 2014, the
Commonwealth filed the criminal information, charging
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[Appellant] with the same offenses as were in the criminal
complaint.
[Appellant’s] jury trial was held from September 15, 2015
through September 17, 2015. After counsel presented their
closing arguments and the court delivered its instructions, the
jury retired to deliberate. Following approximately four hours of
deliberation, the jury asked for clarification on the instructions
relating to the charge of endangering the welfare of children.
The court reinstructed the jury on that charge, and the jury
returned to its deliberations. A short time after returning to its
deliberations, the jury delivered a note to the court staff stating
that it was unable to reach a decision on any of the charges.
The court brought the jury back into the courtroom, and
questioned the foreperson on the record as to whether further
deliberations would be helpful in reaching a verdict. The jury
foreperson answered that no amount of deliberations would aid
the jury in reaching a verdict. The court then consulted counsel,
and defense counsel stated that the defense “would yield to the
court’s decision.” The court then proceeded to question the
foreperson further, and after the foreperson reiterated that no
amount of further deliberation would aid the jury in coming to a
unanimous decision, the court declared a mistrial and dismissed
the jurors.
[After the Commonwealth refiled the original charges, Appellant]
then filed [a] motion to dismiss on September 28, 2015, and
subsequently filed briefs in support of the motion on February 8,
2016 and July 14, 2016, claiming that the trial court’s
declaration of a mistrial was improper and that retrying
[Appellant] on these charges would violate his constitutional
right against “double jeopardy.”
Trial Court Opinion, 10/6/2016, at 1-2 (superfluous capitalization omitted).
On October 3, 2016, Appellant filed a motion for a hearing on his
motion to dismiss. The trial court held a hearing on October 6, 2016. The
trial court denied Appellant relief by order and opinion entered on October 6,
2016. Appellant thereafter filed a timely notice of appeal on October 12,
2016. On December 23, 2016, the trial court issued a second opinion which
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also explained that Appellant was not entitled to relief on his motion to
dismiss, but also declared for the first time that Appellant’s double jeopardy
argument was frivolous.
On appeal, Appellant presents the following issues for our review:
I. Whether the trial court improperly denied [Appellant’s]
motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds where the
trial court sua sponte granted a mistrial late at night, after
only four hours of heavily-interrupted jury deliberation and
without considering less drastic alternatives?
II. Whether this Court should consider the trial court’s
December 23, 2016 opinion, where the trial court lacked
jurisdiction to enter such opinion, and where the interests
of justice require this Court to consider the merits of
[Appellant’s] claim regardless of which opinion controls?
Appellant’s Brief at 3 (superfluous capitalization omitted).
We will examine Appellant’s second issue first, because it implicates
our jurisdiction. Appellant argues that this Court should not consider the
trial court’s second opinion that was issued on December 23, 2016 because
the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter it. Id. at 35. Appellant posits that
“[a] defendant can immediately appeal as of right from an order denying a
non-frivolous motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds” but, “if the trial
court enters a finding that the defendant’s double jeopardy claim is frivolous,
the defendant may seek preliminary review of that determination via a
petition filed under [Pa.R.A.P.] 1573.”1 Id., citing Commonwealth v. Orie,
____________________________________________
1
Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1573 provides, “[a]ny party
seeking review of a frivolousness determination by a court of common pleas
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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33 A.3d 17 (Pa. Super. 2011); Pa.R.Crim.P. 587(B); Pa.R.A.P. 313;
Pa.R.A.P. 1511-1573. In this case, Appellant maintains that the trial court’s
“second opinion [declared Appellant’s] motion [to dismiss] frivolous and
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
under Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 587 shall file a petition for
review in the appellate court having jurisdiction over the matter.” Pa.R.A.P.
1573(a). The Rule also sets forth the content requirements of a petition for
review, the effect of filing the petition, and the effects of granting or denying
a petition for review. The note to Pa.R.A.P. 1573 states:
The trial court's determination and the procedure for determining
a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds is set forth in
Pa.R.Crim.P. 587. If a trial court denies such a motion without
expressly finding that the motion is frivolous, the order is
immediately appealable by means of a notice of appeal under
Pa.R.A.P. 313. If, however, the trial court finds the motion to be
frivolous, appellate review can be secured only if the appellate
court grants a petition for review. If the Superior Court does not
grant the petition for review, the defendant may file a petition
for allowance of appeal with the Supreme Court.
Where the petition for review of the determination of
frivolousness is granted, the grant automatically initiates a
separate appeal on the merits from the order denying the
pretrial motion seeking dismissal of criminal charges on double
jeopardy grounds.
A party may seek (or a court may sua sponte issue) a stay of the
trial court proceedings pending review of the frivolousness
determination. Otherwise, the trial court may proceed while the
petition for review is pending. See Pa.R.A.P. 1701(d). Where the
petition for review of the determination of frivolousness is
granted, the grant automatically stays further proceedings in the
trial courts.
Pa.R.A.P. 1573 note (case citations omitted).
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made a belated effort to comply with [the rules of court].” Id. Appellant
contends that he is entitled to relief for the following reasons:
First, the [t]rial [c]ourt lacked jurisdiction to file the December
23 opinion, and justice requires that the [t]rial [c]ourt not be
given multiple opportunities to comply with the Rules of Criminal
Procedure. Second, courts have consistently acknowledged that
an explicit frivolous finding is not necessary to secure appellate
review. Third, even if this Court does consider the December 23
opinion, the record is sufficient to treat [Appellant’s] brief as a
petition for review, find that his claims are not frivolous, and
consider the merits of his appeal.
Id. at 36.
Upon our review, the trial court’s December 23, 2016 opinion states:
Although the court did not expressly state that [Appellant’s]
motion [to dismiss] was frivolous in its original order denying the
motion, the court asserts that it is clear by the very nature of
[his] claim that it is frivolous.
* * *
While the trial court also did not specifically state the
requirements of Rule of Appellate Procedure 1573 following the
denial of [Appellant’s] motion [to dismiss], including informing
[Appellant] of his appellate rights, [Appellant] immediately
appealed the court’s decision, and the court asserts that based
on the frivolous nature of [Appellant’s] original motion, that
[Appellant] is not entitled to direct review, and asserts that he
should be required to file a petition for review to the Superior
Court complying with the requirements of Pa.R.A.P. [] 1573.
Trial Court Opinion, 12/23/2017, at 4.
Initially we note that the trial court did not follow the rules of court, or
explain them to Appellant, and then left Appellant in a situation of guessing
which appellate procedure to follow. We caution the trial court to comply
with the procedural rules to ensure that litigants may properly perfect their
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appeals. We agree with Appellant that the trial court’s December 23, 2016
opinion was filed after the notice of appeal divested the trial court of
jurisdiction. “[A]fter an appeal is taken or review of a quasi[-]judicial order
is sought, the trial court or other government unit may no longer proceed
further in the matter.” Pa.R.A.P. 1701. “The effect of this provision is that
once a party has properly appealed a decision of the trial court, the trial
court lacks jurisdiction to act further on the case.” Commonwealth v.
Moore, 715 A.2d 448, 453 (Pa. Super. 1998). Thus, we will not consider the
December 23, 2016 opinion.
Furthermore, this Court’s decision in Moore is instructive herein:
[T]he Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that an order denying
a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds is immediately
appealable, and thus will stay the proceedings in the trial court,
unless, “the hearing court has considered the motion and made
written findings that the motion is frivolous.” [Commonwealth
v. Brady, 508 A.2d 286, 341 (Pa. 1986).] See
also Commonwealth v. Breeland, 664 A.2d 1355, n.1 (Pa.
Super. 1995)(noting that orders denying claims seeking to
dismiss on double jeopardy grounds are immediately appealable,
but such appeals will be quashed after the hearing court has
made a written finding that the appeal is frivolous).
* * *
Contrary to the Commonwealth's suggestion, the requirement of
such a finding is not a mere formality. It is a “specific procedure,
designed to balance the double jeopardy rights of a criminal
defendant with the significant interest of the public in securing
prompt trials for the criminally accused.” Commonwealth v.
Gains, 556 A.2d 870, 874 (Pa. Super. 1984)(en banc)(holding
that where the trial court made no written finding that
appellant's double jeopardy claim was frivolous, this Court would
exercise its jurisdiction over the appeal without remanding to
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afford the trial court an opportunity to determine whether such a
finding should be made on the record).
Moore, 715 A.2d at 453 (emphasis in original). “In the absence of an
‘express determination’ by the trial court that an appeal based on double
jeopardy grounds is clearly and obviously without merit, the order denying
such relief is appealable.” Id.Having determined that we will not consider the trial court’s December
23, 2016 opinion, we are left with no express, written determination by the
trial court that Appellant’s motion to dismiss was frivolous. Thus, for the
same reasons this Court stated in Moore, we conclude that the order
denying Appellant relief herein was immediately appealable and that we
have jurisdiction to entertain his claim. Thus, we now turn to the merits of
Appellant’s first issue.
In his first issue presented, Appellant argues that “[t]he trial court
erred when it sua sponte declared a mistrial after jurors had deliberated for
fewer than four hours, late into the evening, and without utilizing less drastic
methods for obtaining a verdict.” Appellant’s Brief at 14. Appellant
maintains that manifest necessity (as required when the trial court declares
a mistrial sua sponte) did not exist, in light of the complexity of the case,
the time of day [when deliberations were terminated], and the [trial court’s]
actions immediately before [t]he declared mistrial.” Id. at 18. Appellant
claims that actual deliberations were potentially cut short by all of the
interruptions and that the long day on the last day of trial and immediate
start of deliberations “well after normal working hours” left jurors fatigued
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“to the point where they were unable to properly exercise their duties.” Id.
at 22-23. Appellant further contends there were less drastic alternatives to
declaring a mistrial, “including giving a deadlocked jury instruction, allowing
the jurors to start fresh in the morning, individually polling the jurors about
the extent of the deadlock, or engaging in a thorough analysis of the facts.”
Id. at 24. Appellant claims that after jeopardy attached, the trial court
failed to find a manifest necessity and that Appellant did not consent when
the trial court declared a mistrial. Id. at 14. According to Appellant, “the
[t]rial [c]ourt never indicated that it intended to declare a mistrial, and as
such never solicited the parties’ opinions about doing so.” Id. at 29.
Appellant argues that when he said he would yield to the trial court’s
decision on how to handle the deadlocked jury, the parties had only
contemplated giving a deadlocked jury charge and ordering further
deliberations. Id. at 34. Appellant also takes issue with the trial court’s
subsequent “attempt[] to blame [Appellant] for failing to object to the
court’s sua sponte decision” to declare a mistrial. Id. at 31. In sum,
Appellant alleges, “the [t]rial [c]ourt acted in a hasty manner that resulted
in reversible error” and, therefore, “all charges against [Appellant] should be
dismissed.” Id. at 35.
Our standard of review regarding a mistrial is as follows:
[The declaration of] a mistrial is within the discretion of the trial
court.
* * *
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On appeal, our standard of review is whether the trial court
abused that discretion.
* * *
When the discretion exercised by the trial court is challenged on
appeal, the party bringing the challenge bears a heavy burden.
It is not sufficient to persuade the appellate court that it might
have reached a different conclusion if, in the first place, it was
charged with the duty imposed on the court below; it is
necessary to go further and show an abuse of discretionary
power. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of
judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or
misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will
as shown by the evidence of record, discretion is abused. We
emphasize that an abuse of discretion may not be found merely
because the appellate court might have reached a different
conclusion.
Commonwealth v. Tejeda, 834 A.2d 619, 623–624 (Pa. Super. 2003)
(internal citations, quotations, and brackets omitted).
Regarding double jeopardy,
The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
Article I, § 10 of the Pennsylvania Constitution provide that no
person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb. The constitutional prohibition against double
jeopardy was designed to protect an individual from being
subjected to the hazards of trial and possible conviction more
than once for an alleged offense.
The Double Jeopardy Clause protects against a second
prosecution for the same offense after an acquittal, a second
prosecution for the same offense after a conviction and multiple
punishments for the same offense. However, the constitutional
prohibition against double jeopardy does not apply unless
jeopardy attaches. In Pennsylvania, jeopardy attaches when a
defendant stands before a tribunal where guilt or innocence will
be determined. In a criminal jury trial, this occurs when
the jury is sworn.
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Although jeopardy attaches, and the constitutional protection
against double jeopardy applies when a jury is sworn, our courts
have held that the protection against double jeopardy does not
apply when the trial court grants a proper mistrial upon motion
of defense counsel, or by manifest necessity. This rule has been
codified in Pa.R.Crim.P. 605, which provides, in relevant part:
Rule 605. Mistrial
* * *
(B) When an event prejudicial to the defendant
occurs during trial only the defendant may move for
a mistrial; the motion shall be made when the event
is disclosed. Otherwise, the trial judge may
declare a mistrial only for reasons of manifest
necessity.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 605 (emphasis added).
The determination by a trial court to declare a mistrial after
jeopardy has attached is not one to be lightly undertaken, since
the defendant has a substantial interest in having his fate
determined by the jury first impaneled. A failure of the lower
court to consider less drastic alternatives before declaring
a mistrial creates doubt about the exercise of the court's
discretion and may bar re-prosecution because of double
jeopardy.
* * *
Mere silence by a defendant or lack of specific objection does not
amount to a waiver of the defendant’s constitutional protection
from double jeopardy.
* * *
There is no established test for determining the existence of a
manifest necessity. It is, however, recognized that a genuine
inability of a jury to agree constitutes a manifest necessity to
declare a mistrial over a defendant's objection without offending
the defendant's Fifth Amendment rights. A genuine inability of
a jury to agree upon a verdict occurs if it appears to the trial
court that there is no reasonable probability of agreement.
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Commonwealth v. Young, 35 A.3d 54, 58–60 (Pa. Super. 2011) (internal
case citations, quotations, footnote, and some emphasis in the original
omitted). We have previously determined that “the primary element in
judging whether a jury is really deadlocked is the firmness of its
communication to the court that it is deadlocked and the judge's belief that
such is the case.” Commonwealth v. Hoover, 460 A.2d 814, 816 (Pa.
Super. 1983) (citation omitted).
Our Supreme Court has stated that “the use of supplemental charges
to the jury has long been sanctioned.” Commonwealth v. Greer, 951 A.2d
346, 355 (Pa. 2008). Our Supreme Court “in [Commonwealth
v. Spencer, 275 A.2d 299 (Pa. 1971)] recognized that deadlocked juries are
a matter of concern to both the bench and bar[, but also] emphasized that a
conviction [could be coerced] by the court’s [supplemental deadlock]
charge.” Id. (original citation, brackets, and quotations omitted).
“In [] Spencer, [] our Supreme Court addressed judicial interaction
with deadlocked juries [] and cited with approval the American Bar
Association (“ABA”) guidelines governing jury deadlock.” Commonwealth
v. Marion, 981 A.2d 230, 235, (Pa. Super. 2009). The ABA guidelines
provide:
LENGTH OF DELIBERATIONS; DEADLOCKED JURY
(a) Before the jury retires for deliberation, the court may give an
instruction which informs the jury:
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(1) that in order to return a verdict, each juror must agree
thereto;
(2) that jurors have a duty to consult with one another and
to deliberate with a view to reaching an agreement, if it
can be done without violence to individual judgment;
(3) that each juror must decide the case for himself, but
only after an impartial consideration of the evidence with
his fellow jurors;
(4) that in the course of deliberations, a juror should not
hesitate to re-examine his own views and change his
opinion if convinced it is erroneous; and
(5) that no juror should surrender his honest conviction as
to the weight or effect of the evidence solely because of
the opinion of his fellow jurors, or for the mere purpose of
returning a verdict.
(b) If it appears to the court that the jury has been unable to
agree, the court may require the jury to continue their deliberations
and may give or repeat an instruction as provided in subsection (a).
The court shall not require or threaten to require the jury to deliberate
for an unreasonable length of time or for unreasonable intervals.
(c) The jury may be discharged without having agreed upon a verdict
if it appears that there is no reasonable probability of agreement.
Id. at 235-236 (emphasis omitted), citing ABA Standards for Criminal
Justice 15–5.4.
The parties have not cited, and we have not independently discovered,
case law requiring a trial court to issue a supplemental jury charge on
deadlocked juries as a prerequisite to declaring a mistrial on grounds that
there is no reasonable probability of agreement. In fact, the language in the
ABA guidelines plainly state that the trial court “may” give a deadlock
instruction “[b]efore the jury retires.” Id. (emphasis added). Thereafter,
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“[i]f it appears to the court that the jury has been unable to agree, the court
may require the jury to continue their deliberations and may give or repeat
an instruction[.]” Id. (emphasis added).
Upon review of the record, we discern no error or abuse of discretion
in granting a mistrial based upon the deadlocked jury and, thus, there was
no infringement upon Appellant’s constitutional double jeopardy rights. The
record reveals that at 5:30 p.m., on the last day of trial, the trial court sent
the jury out for deliberations. N.T., 1/25/2016, at 466. However, prior to
deliberations, the trial court gave its general charge to the jury which
included the five factors as set forth in the deadlocked jury instruction. In
particular, the trial court stated:
Your verdict must be unanimous. That means, in order to return
a verdict, each of you must agree. You have the duty to consult
with each other and deliberate with a view toward reaching an
agreement, if it can be done without doing any violence to your
independent judgment. Each of you must decide the case for
yourself, but only after there has been impartial consideration
with your fellow jurors.
In the course of your deliberations, each of you should not
hesitate to re-examine your own views and change your opinion
if you are convinced it is erroneous. However, no juror should
surrender an honest conviction as to the weight or the effect of
the evidence solely because of the opinion of your fellow jurors
or for the mere purpose of returning a verdict.
Id. at 463-464. Accordingly, the trial court had already properly instructed
the jury on how to handle a deadlock. See Marion, 981 A.2d at 235, citing
ABA Standards for Criminal Justice 15–5.4(a)(1-5). The jury was instructed
on dealing with deadlock and the jury is presumed to follow the court’s
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instructions. See Commonwealth v. Scott, 146 A.3d 775, 780
(Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted) (“Juries are presumed to follow the
trial court's instructions.”)
Moreover, in other contexts, this Court has not hesitated to find that
the timing of a jury instruction is immaterial if the trial court gave the
content of the instruction to the jury at some point during trial. See
Commonwealth v. Harley, 418 A.2d 1354, 1360 (Pa. Super. 1980) (in
prosecution for homicide and related offenses, court properly
charged jury with respect to right of self–defense and there was no need for
trial court to repeat instruction or give instruction at a different time); see
also Commonwealth v. Enders, 595 A.2d 600, 605 (Pa. Super. 1991)
(trial court's failure to give cautionary instructions at time of introduction of
codefendant's inculpatory statement, which implicated all defendants, was
not abuse of discretion, where trial court gave general cautionary instruction
to jury during testimony of victim and gave two instructions at close of all
evidence with respect to limitations of use of defendant's inculpatory
statement); see also Commonwealth v. Covil, 378 A.2d 841, 846 (Pa.
1977) (limiting instruction may be given either as evidence is admitted or as
part of the general charge). Hence, we reject Appellant’s claim that the jury
was not properly instructed.
Turning back to the facts of this case, at 6:55 p.m., after deliberating
for one hour and twenty-five minutes, the jury asked for clarification about
the endangering the welfare of a child charge, specifically asking whether
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they were only to consider the charge in the context of alleged sexual
contact or if they could consider other trial testimony of physical contact
with the child victim. N.T., 1/25/2016, at 469. At 9:20 p.m., the jurors
returned to the courtroom where the trial court told them that the
endangering the welfare of a child charge “ar[o]se out of the context of the
sexual assault” but reminded them that they were the sole judge of the facts
and had to decide what evidence to consider. Id. at 472. The jury was
excused to continue deliberations at 9:22 p.m. Id. at 473. At 9:30 p.m.,
the trial court received a note from the jury stating, “we cannot reach a
unanimous decision on any of the three charges [and] we do not see a
likelihood of reaching a unanimous decision given the time for further
deliberations.” Id. at 474. The trial court suggested that it would give the
jury “the instruction on a deadlock[ed] jury and ask the foreperson, is there
any additional instruction that will help and their reasonable probability of
reaching a verdict.” Id. at 473-474. The trial court then stated that “none
of us want to end up with no verdict” and then hesitated, ostensibly
contemplating that a mistrial might be warranted. Id. at 474.
However, when the jury was brought back into the courtroom at 9:55
p.m., the trial court did not read the deadlocked jury instruction as set forth
in the ABA guidelines above. Instead, the following exchange occurred:
The court: Good evening, ladies and gentlemen.
Good evening, counsel. Ladies and
gentlemen, you passed out this note at
9:30 p.m. stating, we cannot reach a
unanimous decision on any of the three
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charges. Further, we do not see a
likelihood of reaching a unanimous
decision given time for further
deliberations.
And, I remind you that in order to return
a verdict on any charge, you must agree
unanimously.
* * *
Mr. Foreperson, does the jury think that
any additional instructions or clarifying
instructions on the law, as it applies to
this case, would help?
Foreman: We do not believe so.
The court: In your judgment, is there a reasonable
probability of the jury reaching a
unanimous verdict tonight or with further
deliberations?
Foreman: No, Your Honor.
The court: The jury does understand that it must be
unanimous?
Foreman: Correct.
* * *
The court: […D]o you feel further deliberations
would be helpful? I don’t need you to
elaborate on i[t] better [-] it would or
wouldn’t be?
Foreman: No we do not.
The court: But you are satisfied that you are not
going to reach a verdict?
Foreman: That’s correct.
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The court: Regardless of how long you deliberate?
Foreman: That’s correct.
The court: Thank you, sir. Counsel?
[Defense counsel]: Obviously, your Honor, [w]e would
certainly like a verdict, but I would yield
to the [c]ourt’s direction. We would yield
to the [c]ourt’s decision.
The court: [Commonwealth?]
The Commonwealth: If the jury is convinced they are not
going to reach a verdict – would the jury
believe if we start fresh in the morning,
fresh and clear-minded, perhaps?
The court: Mr. Foreperson, do you think returning
tomorrow would be helpful?
Foreman: I do not believe so. We, specifically,
discussed that.
The court: That was discussed among the jurors?
Foreman: It was, yes.
* * *
The court: The [c]ourt then finds that the jury is
hopelessly deadlocked and declares a
mistrial.
Id. at 474-477.
Established law allows the trial court to grant a mistrial when there is a
manifest necessity or when it appears to the trial court that there is no
reasonable probability of juror agreement. See Young, 35 A.3d at 59-60.
Here, the jury foreman, in the presence of the other jurors, firmly
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communicated to the court that the jury was deadlocked and, after
additional questioning by the trial court, the judge believed that to be the
case and declared a mistrial. We discern no error or abuse of discretion.
See Hoover, 460 A.2d at 816; see also Marion, 981 A.2d at 236, citing
ABA Standards for Criminal Justice 15–5.4(c) (“The jury may be discharged
without having agreed upon a verdict if it appears that there is no
reasonable probability of agreement.”). The jury foreman indicated the jury
was deadlocked by written note to the court and then upon the record
following additional questioning by the trial judge. The foreman indicated
that there was no reasonable probability of unanimous jury agreement even
with further deliberations. The trial court agreed and then properly declared
a mistrial. We discern no abuse of discretion and there is no merit to
Appellant’s claim.
For all of the foregoing reasons, we discern no abuse of discretion in
granting a mistrial because the jury was deadlocked. Accordingly, there was
no abuse of discretion in subsequently denying Appellant’s motion to
dismiss.
Order affirmed.
Bender, J. joins this memorandum.
Stabile, J. concurs in result.
Judgment Entered.
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Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/14/2017
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