M.K. v. S.K.

J-S20041-16 & J-S20042-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
M.K. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
S.K.,
Appellant No. 1475 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Order August 10, 2015
in the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County
Domestic Relations at No.: 35 DR 2010
J.K., IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
S.K.,
Appellant No. 1476 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Order August 10, 2015
in the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County
Domestic Relations at No.: 27 DR 1998
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., OLSON, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED APRIL 08, 2016
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S20041-16 & J-S20042-16
In these two related appeals, Appellant, S.K. (Father), appeals pro se
from the trial court’s orders of August 10, 2015 setting Father’s monthly
income at $1,500.00 per month for purposes of child support.1 For the
reasons discussed below, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for
further proceedings.
We take the underlying facts and procedural history in these matters
from our independent review of the certified record.
Father and Appellee, J.K. (Mother I), have two children, one of whom
is emancipated and the other is nearly age fourteen. Father and Mother I
married in 1996, separated in 1997, reconciled in 1998, and permanently
separated in 2003. It is not readily apparent from the record whether they
divorced.
Father and Appellee, M.K. (Mother II), are the parents of two children
ages ten and eight. Father and Mother II never married and separated in
2010.
As it relates to the orders that are the genesis of these appeals, on
May 18, 2015, the Mercer County Domestic Relations Office (Domestic
Relations) requested a review of these cases due to the pending
emancipation of Father’s oldest child. (See Petition for Modification of an
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1
Appellant filed a single brief in these appeals. The trial court filed a single
opinion. Because the issues are identical in both cases, in the interest of
judicial economy, we will address the matters in one memorandum.
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J-S20041-16 & J-S20042-16
Existing Support Order, 5/19/15, at 2). Following a support conference, on
June 23, 2015, the conference officer issued two Summar[ies] of Trier of
Fact, noting Father’s long history of failing to supply financial documents,
being unable to explain the financial documents he did supply, and
continually starting and dissolving companies, resulting in declarations of no
more than minimal income to pay child support. (See Summary of Trier of
Fact [J.K. v. S.K.], 6/23/15, at 2-3; Summary of Trier of Fact [M.K. v. S.K.],
6/23/15, at 2-3). The conference officer specifically noted that Father was
paying more on his monthly car payment than he was for the support of four
children and had done little to mitigate his income deficit. (See id. at 3).
The conference officer recommended that Father pay $343.16 per month,
plus thirty-four dollars in arrears for the support of his remaining minor child
with Mother I; and $693.65 per month, plus seventy dollars in arrears for
the support of his two children with Mother II. (See id. at 3).
Father sought de novo review. On August 7, 2015, the trial court held
a hearing on both cases. All parties appeared pro se. At the hearing, over
Father’s objections, Mother II presented a series of documents in an effort to
show that Father was living above his declared means and hiding income
through his many companies. (See N.T. Support Hearing, 8/07/15, at 8-
22). Father claimed all the evidence presented by Mother II were company
expenses, paid through the company. (See id. at 23). Father’s attempts to
explain where the profit draws from his partnership went and how he was
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paying his expenses were evasive and contradictory. (See id. at 23-27; see
also id. at 27, 45 (claiming that he paid his parents rent but they did not
pay his expenses and claiming he borrowed money from his parents to pay
his bills)). Ultimately, the trial court had Father estimate his monthly
expenses and fixed that amount, $1,500.00 per month, as his income. (See
id. at 28-37). The trial court ordered that he pay child support in the
amount of $252.00 per month for his child with Mother I and $253.00 per
month per child for his two children with Mother II. (See id. at 45-46).
On August 27, 2015, Father sought reconsideration. The trial court
denied the motion on August 28, 2015. The instant, timely appeal followed.
On September 20, 2015, the trial court ordered Father to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Father filed a timely Rule 1925(b) statement on October 9, 2015. On
October 21, 2015, the trial court issued an opinion. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
On appeal, Father raises the following issues for our review:
1. [Did t]he [trial c]ourt commit[] an abuse of discretion and an
error of law by reaching a net income level that is not
supported by the evidence and testimony given in this case[?]
2. [Did t]he [trial c]ourt commit[] an abuse of discretion and an
error of law by attributing income to [Father] that [did] not
meet the definition requirements under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §
4302[?]
3. [Did t]he [trial c]ourt commit[] an abuse of discretion and an
error of law by failing to apply the “Self Support Reserve”
where the support amount set by the [trial c]ourt will clearly
take [Father’s] net income below the established amount set
forth[?]
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4. [Did t]he [trial c]ourt commit[] an abuse of discretion and an
error of law by failing to grant [Father’s] timely objections to
evidence provided via email transmission by [Mother II]
directly to the [trial c]ourt prior to the commencement of the
hearing[?]
(Father’s Brief, at 4).
Father’s first three issues concern the trial court’s award of child
support. A parent’s financial obligation to his children is absolute, “and the
purpose of child support is to promote the child’s best interests.” Morgan v.
Morgan, 99 A.3d 554, 557 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal denied, 113 A.3d 280(Pa. 2015) (citation omitted). Our scope and standard of review are as
follows:
In reviewing an order entered in a support proceeding, an
appellate court has a limited scope of review. The trial court
possesses wide discretion as to the proper amount of child
support and a reviewing court will not interfere with the
determination of the court below unless there has been a clear
abuse of discretion. The function of the appellate court is to
determine whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the
order of the hearing judge. An abuse of discretion is not merely
an error of judgment; rather, it occurs when the law is
overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is
manifestly unreasonable or the result of partiality, bias or ill-will.
Style v. Shaub, 955 A.2d 403, 406-07 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation omitted).
In his first issue, Father claims that the trial court abused its discretion
and committed an error of law by “reaching a net income level that is not
supported by the evidence and testimony[.]” (Father’s Brief, at 12).
Specifically, Father avers that the trial court failed to “ensure it had before it
all relevant forms of income documentation.” (Id.). Further, Father
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maintains that the trial court applied an unapproved method of income
calculation (see id.); failed to review properly his income tax returns, (see
id. at 13); and failed to credit that Father borrowed his living expenses,
(see id. at 14). For the reasons discussed below, we find that Father
waived his first claim.
In his Rule 1925(b) statement, Father enunciated this claim thusly,
“[t]he [c]ourt committed an abuse of discretion and an error of law by
reaching a net income level that is not supported by the evidence and
testimony given in this case.” (Concise [S]tatement of [Errors C]omplained
of on [A]ppeal, Pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure [§]
1925(b), 10/09/15, at unnumbered page 1). It is settled that “[A]ppellant’s
concise statement must properly specify the error to be addressed on
appeal.” Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 415 (Pa. Super. 2011),
appeal denied, 32 A.3d 1275 (Pa. 2011) (citation omitted). A Rule 1925(b)
statement must “concisely identify each ruling or error that the appellant
intends to challenge with sufficient detail to identify all pertinent issues for
the judge.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii). “[A] [Rule 1925(b) s]tatement which
is too vague to allow the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is the
functional equivalent of no [Rule 1925(b) s]tatement at all.” Lineberger v.
Wyeth, 894 A.2d 141, 148 (Pa.Super. 2006); see also
Pa.R.A.P.1925(b)(4)(vii) (“Issues . . . not raised in accordance with the
provisions of this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.”).
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Here, it is impossible to discern from Appellant’s vague and general
Rule 1925(b) statement that he was making the very specific arguments
raised in his brief. We have stated that, when a trial “court has to guess
what issues an appellant is appealing, that is not enough for meaningful
review.” Commonwealth v. Dowling, 778 A.2d 683, 686 (Pa. Super.
2001) (citation omitted). Father’s first claim as raised in his Rule 1925(b)
statement lacks the requisite specificity required by our rules of court.
Father does not identify how the court abused its discretion in the ruling, or,
indicate how the Rules of Civil Procedure and the Domestic Relations Code
were misapplied. Therefore, Father waived his first claim. See
Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 39 A.3d 406, 411 (Pa. Super. 2012),
appeal denied, 63 A.3d 1244 (Pa. 2013) (waiving claim where Appellant
failed to specify error alleged); see also Hansley, supra at 415.
Further, Father’s argument is undeveloped. His legal argument on this
issue consists of a single cite to boilerplate law. (See Father’s Brief, at 12).
It is long-settled that failure to argue and to cite any authority supporting
the argument constitutes a waiver of the issue on appeal. See Jones v.
Jones, 878 A.2d 86, 90 (Pa. Super. 2005). This Court will not act as
counsel and will not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant. See
Bombar v. West Am. Ins. Co., 932 A.2d 78, 94 (Pa. Super. 2007). When
deficiencies in a brief hinder our ability to conduct meaningful appellate
review, we can dismiss the appeal entirely or find certain issues to be
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J-S20041-16 & J-S20042-16
waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101. Because Father has failed to develop his first
issue, he waived it on this basis as well.2 See id.; see also Bombar,
supra at 94; Jones, supra at 90.
Moreover, it would not merit relief. In this issue, Father devotes much
time to complaining that the trial court should have in essence litigated his
claim for him by rectifying Father’s failure to supply relevant documentation.
(See Father’s Brief, at 12-14) Further, he argues that the trial court should
have assumed that Father was borrowing money to pay his expenses. (See
id.). Father’s remaining argument is simply a sometimes sarcastic critique
of the trial court’s findings and a reiteration of his claim, rejected below, that
he has no income. (See id.). Father does not point to any misapplication of
law on the part of the trial court. Father’s argument is, in essence, a claim
that we should reevaluate the evidence in front of the trial court and weigh it
in a manner more favorable to him. It is not this Court’s place to do so.
See Vargo v. Schwartz, 940 A.2d 459, 471 (Pa. Super. 2007) (“As an
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2
We recognize that Father is proceeding pro se.
Although this Court is willing to liberally construe materials filed
by a pro se litigant, pro se status confers no special benefit upon
the appellant. To the contrary, any person choosing to represent
himself in a legal proceeding, must, to a reasonable extent,
assume that his lack of expertise and legal training will be his
undoing.
Wilkins v. Marsico, 903 A.2d 1281, 1284 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal
denied, 918 A.2d 747 (Pa. 2007) (citations omitted).
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appellate court, we do not reweigh the evidence, and we do not substitute
our judgment for that of the trial court.”). We have reviewed the record in
this matter and find no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court.
See Style, supra at 406-07. Even it Father had not waived his first issue, it
would lack merit.
In his second issue, Father claims that the trial court abused its
discretion and/or committed an error of law “by attributing income to [him]
that do[es] not meet the definition requirements under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §
4302[.]” (Father’s Brief, at 14). Specifically, Father avers that the trial
court counted debts as income. (See id.). Father’s second issue suffers
from the same fatal flaws as his first issue. His Rule 1925(b) statement with
respect to this issue is vague. (See Concise [S]tatement of [Errors
C]omplained of on [A]ppeal, Pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate
Procedure [§] 1925(b), 10/09/15, at unnumbered page 1). Father’s six-
sentence argument on this issue is devoid of any legal citations or citations
from the record. (See Father’s Brief, at 14-15). It is impossible to discern
the specific nature of his complaint. (See id.). Accordingly, Father waived
his second claim. See Hansley, supra at 415; see also Bombar, supra at
94; Jones, supra at 90.
In his third issue, Father complains that the trial court erred “by
failing to supply the ‘Self Support Reserve’ (SSR) where the support amount
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. . . will clearly take [Father’s] net income below the established amount. . .
.” (Father’s Brief, at 15). We agree.
“[T]he support guidelines set forth the amount of support which a
spouse or parent should pay on the basis of both parties’ net monthly
incomes . . . and the number of persons being supported.” Pa.R.C.P.
1910.16–1(a)(1). There is a rebuttable presumption that the guideline
amount of child support is the correct amount. See Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16–
1(d). Further, in low income cases, the guidelines provide for a self-support
reserve so that a party has sufficient income for basic necessities. The
support guidelines provide that an obligor, after payment of all child (and
spousal) support obligations, should retain a livable net income, currently
$931 per month. See Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16–2(e)(1). Under the guidelines,
the livable net income, or SSR, applies in “low income cases” and “multiple
family” situations. Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16–2(e)(1) and 1910.16–7(c).
Here, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court acknowledges that its
current support order leaves Father’s monthly net income below the SSR.
(See Trial Court Opinion, 10/21/15, at 5-6). The trial court asks that we
remand the matter for entry of “appropriate orders” changing the monthly
support amount. (Id. at 6). We will therefore remand this matter for entry
of new support orders.
In his final issue, Father claims that the trial court erred in admitting
into evidence certain unspecified documents, apparently relating to a credit
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card, that Mother II sent to the court ex parte. (See Father’s Brief, at 15-
19). We disagree.
Admission of evidence is within the sound
discretion of the trial court and we review the trial
court’s determinations regarding the admissibility of
evidence for an abuse of discretion. To constitute
reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only
be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to
the complaining party. For evidence to be
admissible, it must be competent and relevant.
Evidence is competent if it is material to the issue to
be determined at trial. Evidence is relevant if it
tends to prove or disprove a material fact. Relevant
evidence is admissible if its probative value
outweighs its prejudicial impact. The trial court’s
rulings regarding the relevancy of evidence will not
be overturned absent an abuse of discretion.
. . . [A] court sitting as trier of fact is presumed to
disregard inadmissible evidence and consider only relevant and
competent evidence.
Conroy v. Rosenwald, 940 A.2d 409, 417 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations
omitted).
Here, while the trial court did admit the packets of documents from
Mother II into evidence, (see N.T. Support Hearing, 8/07/15, at 9), it did
not consider them in rendering its decision. (See Trial Ct. Op., at 6). Thus,
even assuming, arguendo, that the trial court erred in admitting the packets,
Appellant has not demonstrated that the admission harmed or prejudiced
him. Therefore, his final claim is meritless and must fail. See Conroy,
supra at 417.
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Accordingly, for the reasons discuss above we affirm the orders of
August 10, 2015 in part, vacate in part, and remand for the entry of new
orders correcting the support amount.
Orders affirmed in part and vacated in part. Case remanded.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/8/2016
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