In the Int. of: E.B.I. Appeal of: A.B.

J-S35005-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: E.B.I., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: A.B., MOTHER :
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: No. 397 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-AP-1090-2017
IN THE INTEREST OF: B.I., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: A.B., MOTHER :
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: No. 398 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-DP-0000975-2016
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.I., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: A.B., MOTHER :
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: No. 399 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-DP-0000974-2016
J-S35005-19
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.B.I., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: A.B., MOTHER :
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: No. 400 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-AP-1091-2017
IN THE INTEREST OF: C.B.I., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: A.B., MOTHER :
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:
: No. 401 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-AP-1089-2017
IN THE INTEREST OF: C.I., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: A.B., MOTHER :
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: No. 402 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-DP-0000950-2016
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BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and STRASSBURGER*, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 16, 2019
In these consolidated appeals, A.B. (“Mother”) appeals from the decrees
entered by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County on January 11,
2019, voluntarily relinquishing Mother’s parental rights to her three children,
C.I., a/k/a C.B.I., (“Child 1”) (a male, born in October of 2008), J.I., a/k/a
J.B.I. (“Child 2”) (a male, born in April of 2006), and E.I. a/k/a B.I. (“Child
3”) (a female, born in October of 2008) (collectively, “the Children”),
confirming her consent to adoption, pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 2504, and changing the permanency goals for the Children to adoption
pursuant to the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351.1 We affirm.
In its opinion, the trial court set forth the following factual and
procedural background:
[Philadelphia] Department of Human Services (“DHS”) [or (the
“Agency”)] became involved with this family on May 5, 2015, after
DHS received a General Protective Services (“GPS”) report
alleging that [the] family was active with the Delaware County
Children and Youth Department (“CYD”); in May 2014, Child 1 had
been found unsupervised in a hotel in Montgomery County,
Pennsylvania; police contacted Mother, who was believed to be
intoxicated; Mother failed to retrieve Child 1[,] and Child 1 had
been placed in foster care; Child 1 was scheduled to be reunified
with Mother that day; Child 1 was diagnosed on the autism
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 On January 11, 2019, J.I. (“Father”) voluntarily relinquished his parental
rights to the Children. Father is not a party to this appeal, nor has he filed a
separate appeal. See Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/19, at 3 n.2.
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spectrum and was nonverbal, although he was able to
communicate his wants and needs; Child [1] received care from
Behavioral Health Rehabilitation Services (“BHRS”) through
Devereaux; Mother had a history of drug use; in December 2014,
Mother tested positive for benzodiazepines; Mother had stated
that she had a prescription for the drug but failed to provide
documentation; Mother recently obtained housing; Mother was
employed; [and] Mother gave a negative drug screen on January
5, 2015. This GPS report was substantiated[,] and DHS
implemented Family Empowerment Services [(“FES”)].
On April 18, 2016, DHS received a GPS report alleging that on
April 15, 2016, Child 1’s teacher observed that Child 1 had
bruising on both of his thighs; Child 1 was examined by the school
nurse, who stated that Child 1 had bruising on his lower body,
legs, and buttocks; it appeared that Child 1 had been hit and that
the injuries were not self-inflicted; Child 1 was on the autism
spectrum and was nonverbal; Child 1 exhibited impulsive
behavior; [and] it was unknown as to how Child 1 was injured.
This report was indicated. On April 19, 2016, DHS visited Mother’s
home to investigate the allegations of the GPS report, but no one
was home[.] DHS left a notification letter advising Mother to
contact DHS. On April 20, 2016, DHS visited Child 1’s school to
speak with staff and examine photographs of Child 1’s injuries,
which DHS found to be substantial. School staff indicated to DHS
that Child 1 had come to school with a black eye [in] March []
2016. On that same day, DHS obtained an Order of Protective
Custody (“OPC”) for Child 1 and transported him to DHS.
On April 20, 2016, [the] Children’s maternal grandmother
(“Maternal Grandmother”) contacted DHS and stated that she was
willing and able to care for [the] Children. Maternal Grandmother
was determined to be an appropriate caregiver for [the] Children.
On that same day, DHS transported Child 1 to Maternal
Grandmother’s home. DHS developed a safety plan for [the]
Children in which Maternal Grandmother would ensure that [the]
Children attended school, [Maternal Grandmother would meet
the] Children’s basic daily needs, and Mother would not have any
unsupervised contact[] with [the] Children. Mother stated that
Child 1 sustained his injuries when he fell down the stairs and
[she] did not seek medical attention because she did not believe
his injuries were serious. Mother also indicated that Father was
an indicated perpetrator of sexual abuse against [the] Children.1
Later that day, DHS transported Child 1 to St. Christopher’s
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Hospital for Children (“Children’s Hospital”) for a medical
evaluation and treatment. Hospital staff indicated that Child 1’s
injuries were not consistent with Mother’s explanation.
On April 22, 2016, a shelter care hearing was held for Child 1. The
trial court lifted the OPC and ordered Child 1’s temporary
commitment to DHS to stand. DHS was also ordered to obtain an
OPC for Child 2 and Child 3 forthwith. Mother was ordered to
attend supervised, line-of-sight visits with Child 1 prior to the
adjudicatory hearing[,] and Mother was prohibited from visiting
Child 1 in Maternal Grandmother’s home. On that same day, DHS
obtained an OPC for Child 2 and Child 3. [The] Children remained
in the care of Maternal Grandmother. On April 25, 2016, a shelter
care hearing was held for Child 2 and Child 3. The trial court lifted
the OPC and ordered the temporary DHS commitment to stand.
On May 2, 2016, an adjudicatory hearing was held for [the]
Children. Mother was present for this hearing. The trial court
deferred the adjudication and ordered that the temporary
commitment to DHS stand. The trial court ordered that all
services for [the] Children continue[,] and that the Community
Umbrella Agency (“CUA”) follow up with any services for [the]
Children. The trial court granted the joint request of counsel for
a continuance for further investigation[,] and ordered that the
prior visitation order stand.
On May 14, 2016, a Single Case Plan (“SCP”) meeting was held
for [the] Children. Mother was present for this meeting. Mother’s
parental objectives were to continue to cooperate with CUA
services; follow up with the Achieving Reunification Center
(“ARC”) for appropriate services; comply with all court orders and
maintain visitation as allowed; follow up with the Autism Center
to secure all available services for Child 1; follow the Clinical
Evaluation Unit (“CEU”) recommendations; comply with three
random drug screens and participate in a dual diagnosis
assessment as well as monitoring; and attend a Parenting
Capacity Evaluation (“PCE”).
On June 6, 2016, [the] Children were adjudicated dependent and
fully committed to DHS. The trial court ordered that Mother be
referred to the CEU for a forthwith drug screen, three random drug
screens, a dual diagnosis assessment, and monitoring. The trial
court also ordered that Mother was prohibited from visiting [the]
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Children at the home of Maternal Grandmother[,] and that Mother
be referred for a PCE.
Between September 2016 and November 2017, six permanency
review hearings were held for [the] Children. Mother was present
for almost all [of the] permanency review hearings. On December
5, 2016, the trial court determined that Mother was in contempt
of court after violating the court order prohibiting contact with
[the] Children outside of supervised visitation. The trial court
ordered that Mother be detained for 30 days and that she was not
to be discharged until the case returned to court. The trial court
issued a stay-away order against Mother as to [the] Children.
Mother was released from incarceration on January 13, 2017.2
Mother’s visits with [the] Children have remained suspended since
December 5, 2016.
[The] Children have been in DHS care since April 18, 2016.
Mother [] failed to consistently comply with her objectives and
comply with court orders throughout the life of the case. Mother
continues to struggle with her addiction. DHS filed a petition to
involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental rights and change [the]
Children’s permanency goal to adoption on November 7, 2017.
On November 9, 2017, a permanency review hearing was held for
[the] Children. Mother was present for this hearing. The trial
court determined that the stay[-]away order as to Mother was to
stand[,] and that Mother’s visitation remained suspended. On
December 11, 2017, Mother appealed the November 9, 2017
[order]. On September 7, 2018, [the] Superior Court of
Pennsylvania dismissed Mother’s appeal after [Attorney Mario
D’Adamo, III, former counsel for Mother (“Former Counsel”)]
failed to file a brief.
In 2018, five permanency review hearings were held for [the]
Children. Mother was present for most of these hearings. At these
hearings, the trial court ordered that visitation between Mother
and [the] Children [was] only to occur at the recommendation of
[the] Children’s therapists. At the November 13, 2018,
[termination of parental rights] hearing Mother indicated that she
was interest[ed] in voluntarily relinquishing her parental rights to
[the] Children. On that same day, Mother signed the voluntary
relinquishment of her parental rights (“VOLS”) [and consents to
adoption], and the trial court, nevertheless, heard evidence as to
the termination and goal change petitions. . . . The trial court
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entered continuance orders in the termination and goal change
matters, holding in abeyance its decisions as to termination [and
on the goal change petitions.] DHS filed [Mother’s] Petition for
VOLS [and consents to adoption] on November 21, 2018. On
December 18, 2018, Mother notified Former Counsel that she
wished to revoke her voluntary relinquishment[s and consents].
N.T. 01/11/19, at 13.
On January 11, 2019, the trial court, presided [over] by Judge
Joseph Fernandes, held the hearing to confirm the consent[s to
adoption] signed by Mother on November 13, 2018. The trial
court concluded that Mother knowingly and voluntarily signed the
voluntary relinquishments of her parental rights to [the] Children
[and consents to adoption] on November 13, 2018, and did not
revoke her signature within the 30 days, as prescribed by 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(1)(ii). [On January 11, 2019, the trial court
entered the decrees confirming Mother’s consents to adoption,
terminating Mother’s parental rights to the Children, and
withdrawing the petitions for involuntary termination (which
erroneously said voluntary termination); see N.T., 1/11/19, at 31.
On that same date, the trial court also entered the permanency
review orders changing the Children’s permanency goals to
adoption.]
___________________________________________________
1 On September 6, 2013, Father was arrested and charged with
two counts each of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse with a
child, unlawful contact with a minor - sexual offenses, sexual
assault, indecent assault of a person less than 13 years of age,
corruption of minors, and aggravated indecent assault of a child,
where Child 2 and Child 3 were the complainants. On October 27,
2014, the court granted a [m]otion for [n]olle [p]rosequi as to all
of the charges against Father[.]
2 From May 2, 2016 to March 19, 2018, the trial judge assigned
to these matters was the Honorable Lyris Younge. After June 22,
2018, these matters were assigned to the Honorable Joseph
Fernandes. Judge Fernandes presided over the proceedings
currently at issue.
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Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/19, at 1-5 (footnotes in original).2 On February 6,
2019, Mother timely filed separate notices of appeal, along with concise
statements raising six issues for each of the Children.3
In her counseled brief on appeal, Mother raises the six issues that follow:
A. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred by changing the [Children’s]
goal to adoption and terminating [the] parental rights of
Appellant Mother, under 23 Pa.C.S.A. [§] 2511(a)(1) and (2),
(5), and (8)[?]
____________________________________________
2 The trial court appears to use the terms “voluntary relinquishment” and
“VOLS” interchangeably with consents to adoption. However, in this matter
as discussed at length below, DHS proceeded on the consents for adoption
that Mother executed, and not the voluntary relinquishments that she signed.
See N.T., 1/11/2019, at 28-31.
3 On February 6, 2019, Former Counsel filed a timely notice of appeal with a
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i) and (b) (“concise statement”) for each of the Children. Former
Counsel also filed a motion for leave to withdraw as counsel. On February 7,
2019, Former Counsel filed amended concise statements. On February 13,
2019, the trial court granted Former Counsel’s motion to withdraw, and
appointed Attorney Athena Dooley as counsel for Mother for appeal purposes,
only. See Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/19, at 1. On June 10, 2019, Attorney
Dooley filed a motion to withdraw as Mother’s counsel with this Court, citing
a conflict with Mother as to Mother’s desire to file a pro se reply brief to the
brief of the Philadelphia Department of Human Services (“DHS”). Attorney
Dooley also filed a motion for extension of time for Mother to file a pro se reply
brief. On June 24, 2019, this Court denied both motions. Mother did not
challenge our June 24, 2019 denial order; however, Mother retained Attorney
Mark R. Ashton who subsequently filed a reply brief on behalf of Mother, which
this Court, by order filed on July 22, 2019, deemed filed as of July 17, 2019.
In the same July 22, 2019 order, this Court denied Mother’s request for oral
argument on her counseled reply brief. Although we initially denied Attorney
Dooley’s motion to withdraw, by our order accepting Attorney Ashton’s reply
brief on behalf of Mother, we have effectively permitted Attorney Dooley to
withdraw and allowed the appearance of Attorney Ashton on behalf of Mother.
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B. Whether the [t]rial court erred in terminating [Mother’s]
parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. [§] 2511(a)(2), the
evidence having been insufficient to establish Mother caused
[the Children] to be without essential parental care, nor could
that not have been remedied[?]
C. Whether the [t]rial Court erred by finding, under 23 Pa.C.S.A.
[§] 2511(b), that termination of [Mother’s] rights best serves
the Child[ren]’s developmental, physical and emotional needs
and welfare[?]
D. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred by disallowing [Mot]her the
opportunity to voluntarily relinquish Appellant’s parental
rights[?]
E. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred by denying [Mother’s]
constitutional right to voluntarily give up [Mother’s] parental
rights under a substantive due process analysis[?]
F. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred by not accepting [Mother’s]
revocation of [her] voluntary relinquishment of parental
rights[?4]
Mother’s Brief, at 3.
Before we examine the merits of this case, it is necessary to explain the
confusing legal procedural framework surrounding this case. In this case, as
previously noted, Mother signed voluntary relinquishments of her parental
rights at the same time that she executed consents for adoption for all of the
Children. Pertinent to this appeal, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711 governs consents
necessary to adoption. Section 2711 provides in pertinent part as follows:
§ 2711. Consents necessary to adoption
____________________________________________
4 As will be explained below, although Mother frames this issue as one
involving the revocation of her voluntary relinquishment of parental rights,
the argument presented deals with Mother’s efforts to revoke her consent to
adoption. Because this issue is dispositive, we will address it first.
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(a) General rule.—Except as otherwise provided in this
part, consent to an adoption shall be required of the
following:
***
(3) The parents or surviving parent of an adoptee who
has not reached the age of 18 years.
* * *
(c) Validity of consent.—No consent shall be valid if it
was executed prior to or within 72 hours after the birth of
the Child. A putative father may execute a consent at any
time after receiving notice of the expected or actual birth of
the Child. Any consent given outside this Commonwealth
shall be valid for purposes of this section if it was given in
accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction where it was
executed. A consent to an adoption may only be
revoked as set forth in this subsection. The revocation
of a consent shall be in writing and shall be served upon
the agency or adult to whom the Child was relinquished.
The following apply:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3):
* * *
(ii) For a consent to an adoption executed by a
birth-mother, the consent is irrevocable more
than 30 days after the execution of the
consent.
(2) An individual may not waive the revocation period
under paragraph (1).
(3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the following
apply:
(i) An individual who executed a consent to an
adoption may challenge the validity of the
consent only by filing a petition alleging fraud
or duress within the earlier of the following time
frames:
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(A) Sixty days after the birth of the Child
or the execution of the consent, whichever
occurs later.
***
(ii) A consent to an adoption may be invalidated
only if the alleged fraud or duress under
subparagraph (i) is proven by:
(A) a preponderance of the evidence in the
case of consent by a person 21 years of age
or younger; or
(B) clear and convincing evidence in all
other cases.
(d) Contents of consent.—
(1) The consent of a parent of an adoptee under 18
years of age shall set forth the name, age and marital
status of the parent, the relationship of the consenter to
the Child, the name of the other parent or parents of the
Child and the following:
I hereby voluntarily and unconditionally consent to the
adoption of the above named Child.
I understand that by signing this consent I indicate my
intent to permanently give up all rights to this Child.
I understand such Child will be placed for adoption.
I understand I may revoke this consent to permanently
give up all rights to this Child by placing the revocation
in writing and serving it upon the agency or adult to
whom the Child was relinquished.
***
If I am the Birth-mother of the Child, I understand that
this consent to an adoption is irrevocable unless I revoke
it within 30 days after executing it by delivering a written
revocation to (insert the name and address of the agency
coordinating the adoption) or (insert the name and
address of an attorney who represents the individual
relinquishing parental rights or prospective adoptive
parent of the Child) or (insert the court of the county in
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which the voluntary relinquishment form was or will be
filed).
I have read and understand the above and I am signing
it as a free and voluntary act.
(2) The consent shall include the date and place of its
execution and names and addresses and signatures of at
least two persons who witnessed its execution and their
relationship to the consenter.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711 (internal emphasis added).
“Section 2711 of the Adoption Act prescribes the requirements for
consent and the procedure and timeframes for the revocation of a voluntary
consent to adoption.” In re J.W.B., 2019 WL 3059772, at *4 (Pa. Super.
filed July 12, 2019), citing 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(a), (c), (d).
We have previously determined:
A party seeking to disturb a termination decree entered after a
consent to relinquishment must show that the consent given to
terminate parental rights was not intelligent, voluntary and
deliberate. Section 2504 provides an alternative procedure for
relinquishment as follows:
§ 2504. Alternative procedure for relinquishment
(a) Petition to confirm consent to adoption.—If the parent
or parents of the child have executed consents to an
adoption, upon petition by the intermediary or, where there
is no intermediary, by the adoptive parent, the court shall
hold a hearing for the purpose of confirming a consent to an
adoption upon expiration of the time period under section
2711 (relating to consents necessary to adoption). The
original consent or consents to the adoption shall be
attached to the petition.
(b) Hearing.—Upon presentation of a petition filed pursuant
to this section, the court shall fix a time for a hearing which
shall not be less than ten days after filing of the petition.
Notice of the hearing shall be by personal service or by
registered mail ... Notice of the hearing shall be given to the
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other parent or parents ... and to the parents or guardian of
a consenting parent who has not reached 18 years of age.
The notice shall state that the consenting parent's ... rights
may be terminated as a result of the hearing. After hearing,
which shall be private, the court may enter a decree of
termination of parental rights in the case of a relinquishment
to an adult or a decree of termination of parental rights and
duties, including the obligation of support, in the case of a
relinquishment to an agency.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2504(a)-(b).
* * *
Section 2711(c) unequivocally states that a consent to an
adoption may only be revoked as set forth in this subsection, and
the revocation of a consent shall be in writing and shall be served
upon the agency or adult to whom the child was relinquished. 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c).
* * *
An individual may not waive the revocation period. 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 2711(c)(2). Moreover, the statute precludes a challenge to the
validity of the consent to adoption after 60 days following the birth
of the child or the execution of the consent, whichever occurs
later, and only upon a petition alleging fraud or duress. 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(3)(i)(A)-(B).
This Court has held that Section 2711 renders a consent to
adoption irrevocable more than thirty (30) days after execution,
and the unambiguous language of the statute requires a trial court
to consider the timeliness of a petition to revoke consent before it
considers the merits. If the revocation is untimely, the court may
not consider the merits of the revocation. The language of the
statute plainly provides for time constraints to revoke and/or
challenge the validity of a consent to adoption, and its purpose is
to afford finality to the adoption process.
Id. at *3–4 (internal quotations, case citations, and original brackets
omitted).
Here, the trial court determined:
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A parent may voluntarily relinquish their parental rights, and[,]
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2504, a parent may execute their
consent to an adoption. If a parent wishes to voluntarily provide
consent to the adoption of a child, the consent must be valid,
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c). For a consent to an adoption
executed by a birth mother, the consent is valid and irrevocable if
revoked more than 30 days after the execution of the consent. 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(1)(ii). Mother may not waive the revocation
period. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(2). The revocation must be
timely, in writing, and served upon appropriate parties. Id. The
language of this statute has been deemed to be unambiguous. In
re Adoption of J.A.S., 939 A.2d 403, 408-409 (Pa. Super. 2007).
If a revocation is determined to be untimely, the trial court is
unable to consider the merits of the revocation. In re R.L., 172
A.3d 665, 667 (Pa. Super. 2017).
On November 13, 2018, Mother properly signed VOLS and the
petition to confirm the consent for adoption of [the] Children. N.T.
01/11/19, at 12-24. Mother subsequently attempted to revoke
the voluntary relinquishment of her parental rights to [the]
Children on December 18, 2018, by informing Former Counsel.
Former Counsel subsequently informed all counsel, via email, of
Mother’s attempted revocation on December 21, 2018. N.T.
01/11/19, at 12-13. The CUA case worker [sic] indicated that
when Mother signed VOLS, Mother was explicitly informed that
she had 30 days from the date of her signature to change her
mind and that the decision would have to be made in writing to
either the CUA case worker [sic] or to Former Counsel. N.T.
01/11/19, at 21. At the time that Mother signed the VOLS,
Former Counsel was present and colloquied Mother as to
her understanding and whether she was under duress.
Mother’s answer was that she understood the meaning of
VOLS and she was not under duress. N.T. 01/11/19, at 17-21.
Mother never attempted to make contact, either in writing or
verbally, with the CUA case worker at any time to indicate her
intention of revoking her VOLS. N.T. 01/11/19, at 25. The DHS
witness[’s] testimony was credible. Mother’s communication with
Former Counsel indicating her intent to revoke her voluntary
relinquishment of her parental rights to [the] Children was
untimely[,] as the communication occurred more than 30 days
after Mother signed VOLS and the petitions to confirm the consent
for adoption of [the] Children. Mother provided notice to Former
Counsel of her attempt to revoke 35 days after her signature.
Since Mother’s revocation was untimely, the trial court did not err
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or abuse its discretion by determining that Mother’s revocation
was untimely and that Mother knowingly and voluntarily
relinquished her rights to [the] Children on November 13, 2018.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/2019, at 5-6 (emphasis added).5
In Mother’s sixth issue as presented (issue F above),6 she asserts that
under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711, she properly and timely gave notice of her
revocation of consent to adoption of the Children by contacting Former
Counsel who, in turn, notified DHS, the CUA, and the trial court. Mother’s
Brief at 5. Mother states that Former Counsel told Mother that he would
convey her revocation decision and that he followed up with an e-mail
____________________________________________
5 Again, we recognize that the trial court appears to use the terms “voluntary
relinquishment” and “VOLS” interchangeably with consents to adoption. See
N.T., 1/11/2019, at 28-31.
6 We note that similar to the trial court, Mother seemingly conflates voluntary
relinquishment of parental rights with consents to adoption. As noted above,
while Mother claims in her questions presented section of her appellate brief
that she is challenging the revocation of her voluntary relinquishment of
parental rights, as discussed, she is actually relying upon her purported
revocation of her consents to adoption for the Children. See Mother’s Brief at
3.
Further, we note that neither the parties nor the trial court cites to a provision
of the Adoption Act that governs a set procedure for the revocation of
voluntary relinquishment of parental rights. Our independent research has
not revealed any statutorily mandated procedure for doing so. However, there
is no dispute that Section 2711 is applicable herein, because: (1) Mother
executed both voluntary relinquishments and consents for adoption for all
three Children at the same time; (2) Mother does not challenge the trial court’s
reliance upon Section 2711 in rendering its decision; and (3) as set forth
above, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2504, provides an “alternative procedure for
relinquishment” of parental rights, by confirming a consent to adoption under
Section 2711.
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notifying the court, DHS, and the CUA of Mother’s desire to revoke her
consents. Mother also claims that the trial court prevented her from filing a
timely petition to challenge the validity of her consents pursuant to 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(3)(i)(A), because the trial court did not appoint new
counsel, Attorney Dooley, until more than sixty days after Mother executed
her consents. Mother’s Brief at 5. Mother claims that she felt under duress
to execute her consents to adoption because the trial court denied her request
for a continuance of the November 13, 2018 hearing and denied her request
to enter the appearance of new, private counsel, who was present at that
hearing. Id. Mother also asserts that she felt under duress because of her
inability to effectively communicate with her court-appointed counsel and/or
to properly and effectively prepare for the November 13, 2018 hearing. Id.
We review the trial court’s determination for an abuse of discretion or
legal error. In re Adoption of K.G.M., 845 A.2d 861, 863 (Pa. Super. 2004).
When reviewing a decree entered by the Orphans’ Court, this
Court must determine whether the record is free from legal error
and the court’s factual findings are supported by the evidence.
Because the Orphans’ Court sits as the fact-finder, it determines
the credibility of the witnesses, and on review, we will not reverse
its credibility determinations absent an abuse of that discretion.
Id., quoting In re A.J.B., 797 A.2d 264, 266 (Pa. Super. 2002).
Herein, the trial court correctly analyzed the alleged revocation under
the controlling statutes, particularly Section 2711(c)(1)(ii) and Section
2711(c)(3)(i)(A), and controlling case law. The record supports the trial
court’s determination that Mother’s efforts to revoke her consents to adoption
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were untimely under the 30-day provision pursuant to Section 2711(c). Here,
there is no dispute that Mother executed consents for adoption for the Children
on November 13, 2018. As such, she had 30 days from that date, or until
December 13, 2018, to provide written revocation to either her attorney-of-
record or the Agency. There is no evidence suggesting, and Mother does not
argue, that she contacted the Agency to revoke her consents to adoption. See
N.T., 1/11/2019 at 24. However, Mother maintains that “[o]n November 30,
2018, [she] wrote to her counsel requesting copies of the documents she had
signed on November 13, 2018, as well as any [o]rder entered by the [t]rial
[j]udge that occurred during that month [and s]he renewed that request on
December 11, 2018.” Mother’s Reply Brief at 6. Mother attached to her
appellate reply brief e-mail correspondence from herself to Former Counsel
dated November 30, 2018 and December 11, 2018 in support of her
argument. While not a part of the certified record, upon our review of these
documents, it is clear that Mother never requested revocation of her prior
consents. Instead, Mother asked for copies of documents and transcripts from
prior proceedings. She did not explicitly revoke her consents to adoption in
her e-mails to Former Counsel.
Thereafter, the only additional record evidence of Mother’s attempt to
revoke her consents to adoption is a letter from Former Counsel to counsel for
the Agency, dated December 21, 2018, wherein Former Counsel states that
Mother sent him correspondence “on December 18, 2018” that “she wished to
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revoke her voluntary relinquishment of parent[al] rights[.]” N.T., 1/11/2019,
at 25-26; Agency Exhibit 1. Both Mother’s request and Former Counsel’s
subsequent letter are plainly outside of the 30-day revocation period under
Section 2711 and, therefore, the trial court was precluded from examining the
merits of Mother’s request for revocation of her consents to adoption. Thus,
we discern no error of law or abuse of discretion in denying Mother’s
revocation of consent to adoption for the Children because she did not properly
revoke her consent within the strictly construed requirements of Section
2711.7
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7 Furthermore, Mother does not complain that she did not understand the
procedure for revocation. DHS presented the testimony of the CUA
caseworker, Precious Randall, who witnessed Mother’s execution of the
consents and voluntary relinquishments. Ms. Randall testified concerning
Mother’s execution of the consents and voluntary relinquishments, and
whether Mother appeared to be under duress. N.T., 1/11/2019, at 14-24.
Ms. Randall testified that Mother could read, write, and understand English,
which is Mother’s first language, and that Mother has a high school education.
Id. at 17-18. Mother did not appear to be under the influence of alcohol,
drugs, or any substance on November 13, 2018. Id. at 18. Ms. Randall did
not observe anything that led her to believe that Mother experienced difficulty
in understanding what she was doing on November 13, 2018. Id. at 19. Ms.
Randall testified that she reviewed the petitions to confirm consent and to
relinquish parental rights to the Children with Mother. Id. Ms. Randall stated
that Former Counsel was present to assist Mother and explain the
documentation. Id. at 19-20. Ms. Randall testified that Former Counsel asked
Mother if she was under the influence of drugs or alcohol or if she was being
paid to sign or receiving anything for signing the documents. Id. at 20.
Mother responded in the negative to these questions. Id. at 20. Ms. Randall
further stated that it was explained to Mother that her signature on the
documents, if allowed to be presented in court, would result in the termination
of her parental rights to the Children. Id. at 20-21. It also was explained to
Mother that, if she wished to change her mind, she had 30 days from the date
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Moreover, despite the untimeliness of Mother’s request, the trial court
permitted Mother to explain the basis for her untimely revocation at a January
11, 2019 hearing.8 Mother unmistakably testified that she “changed her mind”
and “still want[ed] to fight for [her] children” because she believed that she
complied with all of DHS’s directives for her reunification with the Children.
N.T., 1/11/2019, at 28. Mother did not testify, however, that she wished to
revoke her consents because she executed them under fraud or duress.
Therefore, within 60 days of Mother’s execution of the consents, the trial court
____________________________________________
of her signature to do so. Id. at 21. Further, it was explained to Mother that
she would need to make a decision in writing, and provide it to either Ms.
Randall or to Former Counsel. Id. Mother was not provided any promise or
any threat from CUA or from counsel to obtain her signature on the
documents, and she signed them on November 13, 2018. Id. at 21-23. Ms.
Randall witnessed Mother’s signature. Id. at 21. When she signed the
documents, Mother had a pleasant demeanor. Id. at 23. After signing the
documents, Mother, Former Counsel, and the witnesses, returned to the
courtroom. Id. at 23. Based on the foregoing, we reject Mother’s claim that
she could not revoke her consent to adoption because the trial court prevented
her from filing a timely petition to challenge the validity of her consents
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(3)(i)(A) as the trial court did not appoint
new counsel until more than sixty days after Mother executed her consents.
As Section 2711 makes unequivocally clear, it was Mother’s responsibility to
revoke her consent, in writing, with either her attorney-of-record or the
Agency.
8 We observe that the January 11, 2019 hearing took place on the 59th day
following Mother’s execution of the consents to adoption on November 13,
2018. The hearing was held to confirm the consents to the voluntary
relinquishments signed by both Mother and Father. At that time, Mother
expressed her desire to revoke her voluntary consent to relinquish her
parental rights to the Children. We note, however, that upon review of the
certified record, Mother did not file a petition pursuant to Section 2711(c)(3)(i)
alleging fraud or duress.
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heard testimony regarding the basis for her revocation. Mother did not claim
that she signed the consents to adoption under fraud or duress.9 For all of
the foregoing reasons, we find no merit to Mother’s sixth issue.10
In sum, Mother had two established statutory procedures available to
her to achieve her goal of negating her voluntary relinquishment of her
parental rights. She could revoke her consents in writing to the Agency or
counsel within 30 days. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(1)(ii). She failed,
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9 We note that Mother alleges that she was under duress for the first time on
appeal to this Court. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the lower
court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”)
10 Because the trial court properly confirmed Mother’s consents to adoption
as an alternative procedure for the relinquishment of her parental rights, we
need not address Mother’s other issues as presented on appeal. Further, we
note that Mother raises additional issues in her counseled reply brief that were
not raised in her concise statement of errors complained of on appeal under
Rule 1925(b). She challenges a prior judge’s decision to remove the Children
from kinship care and to incarcerate Mother for retrieving one of her sick
children from school despite having only supervised visitation. See Mother’s
Reply Brief at 8. Mother also challenges the trial court’s decision to continue
to hear testimony regarding the involuntary termination of her parental rights
while she left the courtroom to execute voluntary termination and
consent-to-adoption forms. Id. at 8-12. In her reply brief, Mother also argues
that “[t]he consent she did sign does not identify the adopting parents nor a
waiver of the right to know their identity [pursuant to] 23 Pa.C.S.[A. §]
2712[.]” Id. at 14. Mother further contends that the trial court erred by
failing to hold a hearing to confirm her consents within 10 days of signing
them. Id. at 15. These issues were not raised before the trial court and we
may not address them for the first time on appeal. See Lineberger v.
Wyeth, 894 A.2d 141, 148 (Pa. Super. 2006) (“An appellant's failure to
include an issue in [her Rule] 1925(b) statement waives that issue for
purposes of appellate review.”); see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised
in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on
appeal.”)
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however, to timely invoke this procedure. Mother could also petition the court
alleging fraud or duress within 60 days of executing her consents. See 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(3). Mother never filed a petition and never alleged fraud
or duress before the trial court as grounds for challenging her prior consents.
She simply stated that she changed her mind at a subsequent hearing.
Because Mother did not comply with either of the statutorily mandated
procedures for withdrawing her consents to adoption, we are constrained to
affirm the trial court’s decision confirming Mother’s voluntary relinquishment
of parental rights to the Children.11 Accordingly, we affirm the decrees and
orders with respect to each of the Children.
Decrees and orders affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/16/19
____________________________________________
11Finally, we recognize that there were irregularities regarding the termination
procedure and note our dissatisfaction with the confusing way the trial court
handled this case. However, as explained in detail above, the trial court did
not err as a matter of law by denying Mother’s request to revoke her consents
to adoption.
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