Dey, C. v. Wilderman, B.

J-A24041-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
CAROL DEY, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
BRUCE J. WILDERMAN, D.D.S.,
Appellee No. 424 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment Entered October 25, 2013
in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Civil Division at No.: 2010-04845
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 06, 2014
Appellant, Carol Dey, appeals from the judgment entered on October
25, 2013,1 following a jury verdict against her and in favor of Appellee, Dr.
Bruce J. Wilderman, D.D.S., in this dental malpractice action. On appeal,
Appellant challenges several of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. For the
reasons discussed below, we affirm.
We take the underlying facts in this matter from the trial court’s April
3, 2014 opinion.
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
Appellant purports to appeal from the order denying her post-trial motions.
However, an appeal does not lie from the denial of post-trial motions.
Jackson v. Kassab, 812 A.2d 1233, 1233 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2002), appeal
denied, 825 A.2d 1261 (Pa. 2003). We have accordingly corrected the
caption.
J-A24041-14
[Appellant] is a sixty-nine (69) year old woman, and a
dental patient of [Appellee], a licensed dentist. In March of
2008, [Appellant] went to [Appellee’s] office for an emergency
dental appointment when she cracked a tooth and needed it
repaired. [Appellant] had a follow-up appointment on May 29,
2008. Upon arriving at [Appellee’s] office[,] she had x-rays and
photographs taken of her mouth. The x-rays were taken, and
then the photographs were to be taken by the dental assistant,
Danielle Ficarra (hereinafter, “Ficarra”).
[Appellant] testified that Ficarra explained the process of
taking these photographs, and the use of spraying condensed air
into [Appellant’s] mouth. The purpose of this spray was to blow
saliva away from the gum line to obtain an accurate photograph.
Ficarra inadvertently picked up a can of dust remover, rather
than the can of compressed air. Ficarra sprayed the dust
remover to dry the saliva off [Appellant’s] teeth. [Appellant’s]
testimony was she immediately felt a burning sensation on her
lips following the first spray, and told Ficarra of this sensation.
Ficarra assured [Appellant] this was just compressed air and the
air probably felt cold to her lips. [Appellant] allowed Ficarra to
continue with another photograph. Ficarra instructed [Appellant]
to make a broader smile with her face to give a greater
exposure. Ficarra proceeded to spray the dust remover a second
time, and [Appellant] felt the same burning sensation.
[Appellant] again told Ficarra of the burning sensation, who
reassured [Appellant] that it was “. . . just a can of air. There's
nothing in here that would burn your lips.”
Ficarra continued the process of spraying [Appellant’s]
mouth prior to taking a picture. [Appellant] testified that on one
occasion, Ficarra attempted to spray the saliva off of
[Appellant’s] teeth, and air failed to be released from the nozzle.
[Appellant] stated that Ficarra then used both hands to squeeze
the nozzle, and “something liquid” came out of the can. The
liquid came in contact with [Appellant’s] upper lip, in the area
right below her nose. Ficarra then put down the can and stated,
“. . . oh, my God, what is that? There’s some white on your
face.” [Appellant] told Ficarra that whatever the substance was
had gone up her nostrils, into her throat, and was severely
burning. Ficarra left the room and came back with wet paper
towels. Ficarra then wiped off [Appellant’s] face with a wet paper
towel, at which point [Appellant] told her she was sick to her
stomach and did not wish to continue. Ficarra assured
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[Appellant] that there would only be a few more pictures, and
that they would be done soon. There were no more sprays of
the dust remover.
When the photographs were finished, [Appellant] went into
the bathroom and vomited twice. The burning sensation had
travelled from her nose, down her throat and into her stomach.
[Appellant] drank a glass of water, which made the burning
sensation much worse, and caused [Appellant] to vomit again.
[Appellant] then told Ficarra that she did not feel well, and left
the appointment. [Appellant] walked out to her car to drive
home, and had to stop a few times to vomit again.
Upon arriving home, [Appellant’s] condition worsened, as
she felt shaky, dizzy, and had a “very bad burning in my throat
and my stomach and my mouth.” [Appellant] called the
manufacturer of the dust remover and asked about the
ingredients. She was instructed to eat a piece of chocolate to
relieve the burning sensation and to drink some milk. She could
not taste the chocolate at all, and could not smell her fragrance
shampoo. [Appellant] went to her office in order to be around
people in case her condition worsened. She testified that
following this incident, her stomach and mouth gradually felt
better, but her smelling and tasting did not improve. [Appellant]
testified that her sense of smell and taste has not changed since
May 29, 2008, the day of the incident.
Ficarra’s testimony differed from [Appellant’s]. Ficarra
testified that she sprayed the dust remover into [Appellant’s]
mouth only one time because there was not enough saliva on
[Appellant’s] teeth during the first few photographs, and the
spray was not necessary until the last photograph. Ficarra
denies that a white substance came out of the can and made
contact with [Appellant’s] upper lip. Ficarra testified it was not
her practice to continue using a product if it made a patient
uncomfortable or hurt them. Ficarra denies she was told that
the spray was causing a burning sensation, and if told she would
have stopped and immediately notified [Appellee]. Ficarra did
testify that after the first spray, [Appellant] was sneezing and
coughing. [Appellant] then went to the bathroom, and asked
Ficarra for a drink. Ficarra provided [Appellant] with a soft
drink, upon which [Appellant] said she was not feeling well and
left the office.
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(Trial Court Opinion, 4/03/14, at 2-5) (footnotes omitted).
On May 6, 2010, Appellant filed a complaint in dental malpractice. On
July 23, 2010, Appellee filed an answer and new matter. On May 30, 2013,
Appellant filed a motion in limine seeking to preclude the testimony of
Appellee’s expert, Dr. Harry A. Milman.2 (See Motion in Limine, 5/30/13, at
3). Appellant contended that Appellee had not produced Dr. Milman’s expert
report in a timely fashion. (See id. at 2). Following oral argument on June
17, 2013, the trial court denied the motion in limine the next day. (See N.T.
Motion Hearing, 6/18/13, at 3).
In addition, during the June 18, 2013 hearing, the parties litigated the
issue of whether Appellant, in her opening statement, could refer to an
independent medical examination (IME) conducted, by agreement of the
parties, by Dr. Kenneth Briskin, an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist.
(See id. at 3-5). Neither party was calling Dr. Briskin as a witness at trial.
(See id.). Appellee objected to any references to Dr. Briskin or his findings.
(See id.). The trial court sustained the objection as to the mention of Dr.
Briskin in opening statements, but reserved ruling on whether either party
could mention Dr. Briskin at trial. (See id. at 13-14). On June 19, 2013,
____________________________________________
2
Both Dr. Milman’s first and last names are spelled differently throughout
the record in this matter. We will use the spelling listed on his resume, Dr.
Harry A. Milman. (See Motion in Limine, 5/30/13, at Exhibit B).
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the trial court revisited its ruling and held that neither party could reference
Dr. Briskin. (See N.T. Trial, 6/19/13, at 163).
During the trial, both sides presented expert witnesses.
[Appellant’s] expert witness was Dr. Richard Doty, Director of
the Smell and Taste Center at the University Of Pennsylvania
School Of Medicine. Dr. Doty stated that he performed many
tests on [Appellant], and she has a complete loss of smell. In
addition, [Appellant] exhibited some loss of taste, but not as
drastic as her loss of smell. Dr. Doty said that the dust remover
incident on May 29, 2008 was the “best explanation I would
have” for [Appellant’s] loss of smell. This opinion was offered
with reasonable scientific certainty. [Appellee’s] expert witness
was Dr. Harry [Milman], an expert on pharmacology and
toxicology. He testified that the active ingredient in the dust
remover does not have the ability to cause loss of smell or taste
in liquid or gas form.
[Appellee] stipulated to liability, and causation and
damages were issues for the jury.
(Trial Ct. Op., at 5) (footnotes omitted).
Prior to Appellee’s testifying, Appellant asked for an offer of proof with
respect to Appellee’s testimony. (See N.T. 6/21/13, at 3). Defense counsel
stated that he wanted Appellee to testify, as an expert, about the
photographs taken of Appellant’s teeth. (See id. at 3-4). Ficarra took these
photographs on the date of the incident, and counsel wanted Appellee to
opine on whether they showed spray on them and draw conclusions from his
viewing of the pictures. (See id. at 3-4). The trial court ruled that
Appellee could not testify as an expert about Appellant’s medical problems.
(See id. at 29, 32). However, the trial court did rule that Appellee could
describe what was on the photographs. (See id. at 32). When Appellee took
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the stand, he testified that saliva was present in some of the photographs of
Appellant’s mouth. (See id. at 40, 42-48, 50).
At the close of evidence, Appellant requested a directed verdict, which
the trial court denied. (See N.T. 6/24/13, at 28). On June 24, 2013, the
jury found in favor of Appellee and against Appellant. On July 2, 2013,
Appellant filed a motion for post-trial relief, which the trial court denied on
October 17, 2013. The Prothonotary entered judgment on October 25,
2013. Appellant filed a motion for reconsideration on November 6, 2013,
which the trial court granted on November 12, 2013. The trial court
subsequently held oral argument on the motion for post-trial relief. On
January 21, 2014, the trial court again denied the motion for post-trial relief.
The instant, timely appeal followed. On February 12, 2014, the trial court
ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on
appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On March 10, 2014, Appellant filed a timely
concise statement. See id. On April 3, 2014, the trial court issued an
opinion. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
On appeal, Appellant raises the following questions for our review:
I. Whether the trial court committed error of law or abused
its discretion in denying [Appellant’s] request for a directed
verdict on the issue of causation?
II. Whether the honorable trial court committed error of law
or abused its discretion in permitting [Appellee] to testify
about saliva on photographs?
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III. Whether the honorable trial court committed error of law
or abused its discretion in denying [Appellant’s] motion in
limine to preclude the testimony of defense expert [Harry]
Milman, PhD, due to the late identification and production
of an expert report?
IV. Whether the honorable trial court committed error of law
or abused its discretion in precluding [Appellant] from
making any references to the medical evaluation
performed on behalf of the defense by Kenneth B. Briskin,
M.D., an ENT physician?
(Appellant’s Brief, at 5).
In her first claim, Appellant alleges that the trial court erred in denying
her request for a directed verdict on the factual cause of harm because
“there was no dispute that the negligence of [Appellee] caused [Appellant]
some degree of harm.” (Appellant’s Brief, at 13). We disagree.
A directed verdict may be granted only where the facts are
clear and there is no room for doubt. In deciding whether to
grant a motion for a directed verdict, the trial court must
consider the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party and must accept as true all evidence which supports that
party’s contention and reject all adverse testimony.
Keffer v. Bob Nolan’s Auto Service, Inc., 59 A.3d 621, 632 (Pa. Super.
2012), appeal denied, 69 A.3d 602 (Pa. 2013) (quotation marks and citation
omitted).
In reviewing a trial court’s decision whether or not to grant
judgment in favor of one of the parties, we must consider the
evidence, together with all favorable inferences drawn
therefrom, in the light most favorable to the verdict winner. Our
standard[s] of review when considering the motions for a
directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the verdict
[JNOV] are identical. We will reverse a trial court’s grant or
denial of a [directed verdict or JNOV] only when we find an
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abuse of discretion or an error of law that controlled the
outcome of the case. Further, the standard of review for an
appellate court is the same as that for a trial court.
There are two bases upon which a [directed
verdict or JNOV] can be entered; one, the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law and/or two,
the evidence is such that no two reasonable minds
could disagree that the outcome should have been
rendered in favor of the movant. With the first, the
court reviews the record and concludes that, even
with all factual inferences decided adverse to the
movant, the law nonetheless requires a verdict in his
favor. Whereas with the second, the court reviews
the evidentiary record and concludes that the
evidence was such that a verdict for the movant was
beyond peradventure.
Hall v. Episcopal Long Term Care, 54 A.3d 381, 395 (Pa. Super. 2012),
appeal denied, 69 A.3d 243 (Pa. 2013) (citation omitted).
Here, Appellant premises her claim entirely on her belief that both her
expert, and Appellee’s expert, Dr. Milman, testified that she had suffered an
injury because of being sprayed with dust remover. (See Appellant’s Brief,
at 19-21). However, Appellant mischaracterizes Dr. Milman’s testimony. In
relevant part, Dr. Milman testified as follows:
[Appellant’s Counsel]: Well, you do know, since apparently
you’re relying upon certain things which were said, you do know
that my client said that it gave her a burning sensation; is that
correct?
[Dr. Milman]: Yes.
[Appellant’s Counsel]: That’s an indication of some injury, is it
not?
[Dr. Milman]: Yes.
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[Appellant’s Counsel]: And you acknowledged that for some
weeks thereafter, although she improved, she continued to
complain of pain in her throat and in her nostrils. Is that so?
[Dr. Milman]: That was her testimony, yes.
[Appellant’s Counsel]: And that’s an indication of injury, is it
not?
[Dr. Milman]: It could be, yes.
(N.T. Trial, 6/20/13, at 214-15). Thus, Dr. Milman did not concede that
Appellant suffered any injury; he testified that he was aware of Appellant’s
testimony that she believed she suffered an injury. He also testified that
there was no scientific proof that being sprayed with the dust remover
caused Appellant’s injuries. (See id. at 216).
In Holland v. Zelnick, 478 A.2d 885 (Pa. Super. 1984), the plaintiff
claimed to have neck pain because of a car accident, a claim supported by
her experts but not by the defense expert. See Holland, supra at 886. On
appeal, the plaintiff argued that the trial court should have found for her on
the issue of causation and she sought a new trial limited to damages. See
id. This Court found the plaintiff was not entitled to a new trial on damages,
stating:
This is not a case where a defendant is found to be negligent and
his negligence is found to have caused plaintiff’s injuries, but an
award of adequate damages is not returned because of some
subjective view on the part of the jury. In this case despite the
finding of negligence on defendant’s part for “bumping” plaintiff’s
vehicle, the jury clearly found that defendant’s actions had
nothing to do with plaintiff’s condition, real or otherwise.
Simply put, the jury rejected the testimony of plaintiff’s
expert medical witnesses and accepted the testimony of
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defendant’s expert. The jury simply did not believe that the
headaches and other severe pain described by plaintiff and her
parents at her trial were caused by defendant’s negligent action
in bumping plaintiff’s vehicle. Thus, the jury found that
defendant's negligence was not the proximate cause of plaintiff’s
complaints and the failure of it to find proximate cause was fatal
to plaintiff's claim.
Id. at 887 (emphasis added).
Here, as in Holland, there was a disagreement among the experts as
to whether Appellee’s negligence caused Appellant’s injury. Given this, the
trial court properly gave the case to the jury to determine the credibility of
the expert witnesses, because, as in Holland, Appellant was not entitled to
a directed verdict on causation.3 See id. Appellant’s first claim lacks merit.
____________________________________________
3
Appellant’s reliance on Neison v. Hines, 653 A.2d 634 (Pa. 1995) and
Mano v. Madden, 738 A.2d 493 (Pa. Super. 1999) (en banc) is misplaced.
(See Appellant’s Brief, at 14-15). In Neison, the plaintiff went immediately
to a hospital and physicians treated her there for injury resulting from an
automobile accident, for which the defendant admitted liability. See
Neison, supra at 637-38. Her experts testified as to her lingering injuries,
and the defendant’s expert, while contesting that her injuries continued
some two years after the accident, did not contest that she suffered some
injury because of the accident. See id. at 636. However, the jury did not
award any damages and the trial court granted a motion for a new trial.
See id. Thus, because of the uncontroverted testimony that the plaintiff
suffered some injury, our Supreme Court held that the trial court correctly
awarded a new trial as to damages. See id. at 638-39. Likewise, in Mano,
the trial court issued a directed verdict as to the defendant’s negligence in
an automobile accident and both parties’ medical experts testified the
plaintiff suffered some injury because of the accident. See Mano, supra at
495, 497. Thus, we held that, “[i]t is impermissible for a jury, in a personal
injury case, to disregard the uncontroverted testimony from the experts for
both parties that the plaintiff suffered some injury as a result of the accident
in question.” Id. at 497 (citation omitted). Here, as discussed above, the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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In her second claim, Appellant alleges that the trial court erred in
allowing Appellee to testify regarding his review of photographs, which
allegedly showed saliva on Appellant’s teeth. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 22-
25). We disagree.
Our standard of review with respect to the admissibility of evidence is
narrow:
[w]hen we review a trial court ruling on admission of
evidence, we must acknowledge that decisions on admissibility
are within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be
overturned absent an abuse of discretion or misapplication of
law. In addition, for a ruling on evidence to constitute reversible
error, it must have been harmful or prejudicial to the
complaining party.
An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,
but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or
misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will,
as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is abused.
Stumpf v. Nye, 950 A.2d 1032, 1035-36 (Pa. Super. 2008), appeal denied,
962 A.2d 1198 (Pa. 2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). A party
suffers prejudice when the trial court's error could have affected the verdict.
See Trombetta v. Raymond James Financial Services, Inc., 907 A.2d
550, 561 (Pa. Super. 2006).
Here, as discussed above, the trial court did not permit Appellee to
testify as an expert but only as to his perceptions and matters within his
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
experts disagreed as to whether Appellant suffered some injury as a result of
Appellee’s negligence, thus neither Neison nor Mano is apposite.
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personal knowledge. (See N.T. Trial, 6/21/13, at 28, 32). Appellant argues
that Appellee violated this ruling by testifying about the presence of saliva in
the photographs, which, she argues, led to the inference that saliva would
not have been present if Ficarra had sprayed her with dust remover. (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 22-24). However, Appellant does not point to, and our
review of the record does not demonstrate that, the trial court ever
prohibited Appellee from testifying that he saw saliva on the photographs.
(See N.T. Trial, 6/21/13, at 3-32). Rather, the trial court ruled that while
Appellee could testify as to his observations of Appellant’s teeth from the
photographs, he could not testify about whether there was a causal link
between the condition of her teeth and her alleged loss of her senses of
taste and smell. (See id. at 32; Trial Ct. Op., at 13-14).
This Court has stated:
A lay witness may express an opinion if it is based upon
his own perceptions and helpful to a clear understanding of his
testimony or the determination of a fact in issue. Although the
admission of an opinion on an ultimate issue of fact does not
constitute error per se, . . . if its admission would confuse,
mislead, or prejudice the jury, it should be excluded. In order
for a ruling on evidence to constitute reversible error, it must be
shown not only to have been erroneous, but harmful to the party
complaining. The appellant must prove the court erred in
admitting the challenged evidence and that the appellant was
unduly prejudiced thereby.
The decision whether testimony constitutes
fact or opinion may be difficult, for there is no litmus
test for fact versus opinion. Often testimony that
might be classified as opinion is nevertheless
admitted almost as a matter of course. Statements
such as “it made an awful racket,” “the weather was
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miserable”, “he looked drunk”, are in a sense all
opinions, but a little attention to our every day way
of speaking will show that they are more accurately
classified as shorthand, or compendious, statements
of fact, based on personal observation. . . . In such
cases the experienced trial judge will admit the
statement.
Nevertheless, [p]ersonal knowledge remains a prerequisite
to the admissibility of an expression of lay opinion.
McManamon v. Washko, 906 A.2d 1259, 1276 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal
denied, 921 A.2d 497 (Pa. 2007) (citations and some quotation marks
omitted).
Here, it is questionable that Appellee’s testimony even constituted
opinion testimony, as it was more in the line of statements of facts based
upon his personal observations of the photographs. (See N.T. Trial,
6/21/13, at 40-52). In any event, even if we were to find that Appellee’s
testimony constituted opinion testimony, Appellant does not dispute, (see
Appellant’s Brief, at 22-25), that it was within Appellee’s personal
knowledge, as a dentist with over twenty-five years’ experience, (see N.T.
Trial, 6/21/13, at 36), to opine on photographs of his patient’s dentition. We
see nothing in Appellee’s testimony that constituted impermissible opinion
testimony. See McManamon, supra at 1276.
Moreover, Appellant has not demonstrated, beyond a bald statement,
that the admission of this testimony prejudiced her, (see Appellant’s Brief,
at 25), because Appellee never testified that the presence of saliva had any
relationship to Appellant’s claims of injury. This Court has held that where
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an Appellant fails to explain in what way the testimony was prejudicial or
provide argument as to prejudice, this Court cannot find that the evidence
was unduly prejudicial. See Smith v. Morrison, 47 A.3d 131, 137 (Pa.
Super. 2012), appeal denied, 57 A.3d 71 (Pa. 2012) (where appellant made
only bald statements of prejudice “we cannot find that the evidence was so
prejudicial as to divert the jury’s attention away from its duty of weighing
the evidence impartially.”). Thus, because Appellant has not shown that the
trial court abused its discretion in admitting Appellee’s testimony, her claim
must fail.4 Id.
In her third claim, Appellant avers that the trial court erred in denying
her pre-trial motion in limine to exclude the testimony of Dr. Harry A.
Milman, due to the late production of his expert report.5 (See Appellant’s
Brief, at 25-29). We disagree.
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4
Appellant’s reliance on Kurian ex rel. Kurian v. Anisman, 851 A.2d 152
(Pa. Super. 2004), is misplaced. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 24). The issue in
Kurian was whether, in a medical malpractice action, the trial court could
admit the report of a treating physician as an expert report where the
plaintiff had not identified that physician during discovery and the plaintiff
produced his report for first time in opposition to a motion for summary
judgment. See Kurian, supra at 155-62. We see nothing in Kurian that is
helpful to Appellant.
5
In her brief, Appellant also appears to contend that Dr. Milman should not
have been allowed to testify as an expert because he was not a medical
doctor and/or that he was wrongly permitted to testify beyond the scope of
his expert report. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 28-29). Appellant has waived
this claim as it was neither raised in Appellant’s 1925(b) statement nor in
her statement of questions. (See Concise Statement of Errors Complained
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Generally, a trial court's decision to grant or deny a
motion in limine is
subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion
standard of review. The term discretion imports the
exercise of judgment, wisdom and skill so as to
reach a dispassionate conclusion, within the
framework of the law, and is not exercised for the
purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge.
Discretion must be exercised on the foundation of
reason, as opposed to prejudice, personal
motivations, caprice or arbitrary actions. Discretion
is abused when the course pursued represents not
merely an error of judgment, but where the
judgment is manifestly unreasonable or where the
law is not applied or where the record shows that the
action is a result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill
will.
Schmalz v. Manufacturers & Traders Trust Co., 67 A.3d 800, 802-03
(Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted).
Appellant claims that Appellee did not furnish Dr. Milman’s expert
report until April 2013, well after the February 20, 2013 deadline. (See
Appellant’s Brief, at 26). Appellant alleges that this late disclosure severely
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
of on Appeal, 3/10/14, at unnumbered page 1; Appellant’s Brief, at 5). As
amended in 2007, Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925 provides
that issues that are not included in the Rule 1925(b) statement or raised in
accordance with Rule 1925(b)(4) are waived. See Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b)(4)(vii); see also Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 308 (Pa.
1998), superseded by rule on other grounds as stated in Commonwealth v.
Burton, 973 A.2d 428, 431 (Pa. Super. 2009) (en banc). Further, new legal
theories cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)
(“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for
the first time on appeal.”). Lastly, issues not explicitly raised in the
statement of questions involved or fairly suggested thereby are waived. See
Nolt v. TS Calkins & Assoc., LP., 96 A.3d 1042, 1047 n.4 (Pa. Super.
2014); Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a).
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prejudiced her. (See id. at 27). Appellant acknowledges that she agreed to
an extension of time for expert reports but contends that this was to allow
an IME of her, not to allow Appellee to produce the report of a non-physician
toxicologist/pharmacologist, which added a new theory of defense. (See
id.).
The Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure govern expert testimony
discovery. See Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5. Under Rule 4003.5, a trial court may
sanction a party for failing to identify an expert by excluding his or her
testimony. See Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5(a)(4)(b). However, we have held that
“preclusion of testimony is a drastic sanction, and it should be done only
where the facts of the case make it necessary; the prejudice may not be
assumed.” Kurian, supra at 162 (citation omitted). “The court must
balance the facts and circumstances of each case to determine the prejudice
to each party. In practice, sanctions for noncompliance with discovery
requests are generally not imposed until there has been a refusal to comply
with a court order compelling compliance.” Green Const. Co. v. Dept. of
Transp., 643 A.2d 1129, 1139 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994), appeal denied, 672 A.2d
311 (Pa. 1996) (citations omitted).6 We look to four factors to determine
whether expert testimony should be excluded:
____________________________________________
6
While decisions of the Commonwealth Court are not binding on us, they
may serve as persuasive authority. See Commonwealth v. Ortega, 995
A.2d 879, 885 (Pa. Super. 2010), appeal denied, 20 A.3d 1211 (Pa. 2011).
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(1) the extent of any actual prejudice or surprise suffered by the
party against whom the expert testified; (2) the ability of that
party to cure the prejudice or surprise; (3) the extent to which
allowance of the testimony disrupted the orderly and efficient
trial of the case or of other cases in the court; and (4) the bad
faith or willfulness of the party that has failed to comply with the
order.
Neal by Neal v. Lu, 530 A.2d 103, 109 (Pa. Super. 1987) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Here, the trial court explained its decision as follows:
Dr. [Harvey] Millman’s expert report was produced to
[Appellant’s] counsel on April 11, 2013, more than two months
prior to the trial date. Both parties had already agreed to extend
the timeline of expert reports for [Appellee] to produce a report
from an otolaryngologist. [Appellant] argues that the production
of Dr. Millman’s report was a bait and switch performed by
[Appellee]. There is no evidence of bad faith on the part of
[Appellee]. Further, there was little evidence of any surprise
suffered by [Appellant], as she had more than two months to
review Dr. Millman’s findings before the trial started. This late
identification did not disrupt the orderly and efficient trial of the
case.
(Trial Ct. Op., at 12) (quotation marks and footnotes omitted). We agree.
We note that despite Appellant’s claims of unfair surprise and prejudice,
there is no evidence of record that she sought a continuance in order to
obtain additional expert reports. Further, it is evident that Appellant knew
that toxicology would be an issue in the matter, as she had already obtained
an expert toxicologist to testify on her behalf. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 26
(noting that she had furnished expert toxicology reports to Appellee in
2012)). Thus, Appellant has not demonstrated she suffered prejudice that
would mandate the extreme sanction of preclusion of expert testimony. See
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Green, supra at 1138-39 (plaintiff did not demonstrate sufficient prejudice
to mandate sanction of exclusion of expert testimony where it was not
disclosed until five days prior to trial). Because Appellant has not shown
that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motion in limine, her
claim must fail.
In her final issue, Appellant avers that the trial court erred in
precluding her from making references to a medical evaluation performed on
behalf of Appellee by Dr. Kenneth Briskin. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 30-31).
We disagree. As discussed above, we review a trial court’s evidentiary ruling
for an abuse of discretion or a misapplication of law, and Appellant must
demonstrate prejudice for any mistake to constitute reversible error. See
Stumpf, supra at 1035-36.
Appellant argues that she was prejudiced by the failure of Appellee to
comply with Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 4010(b)(1) and provide her
with a copy of Dr. Briskin’s expert report. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 30-31).
However, Appellant waived this argument, as she never argued below that
Appellee failed to comply with Pa.R.C.P. 4010(b)(1) or that she was
prejudiced by the lack of an expert report. (See N.T. Motion Hearing,
6/18/13, at 3-32). New legal theories cannot be raised for the first time on
appeal. See Commonwealth v. Truong, 36 A.3d 592, 598 (Pa. Super.
2012) (en banc), appeal denied, 57 A.3d 70 (Pa. 2012); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).
Accordingly, we find that Appellant has waived this issue for our review.
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Further, Appellant’s boilerplate language combined with a two-sentence
argument that the trial court’s decision not to allow any mention of Dr.
Briskin prejudiced her is completely undeveloped. (See Appellant’s Brief, at
30-31). It is long-settled that failure to argue and to cite any authority
supporting the argument constitutes a waiver of the issue on appeal. See
Jones v. Jones, 878 A.2d 86, 90 (Pa. Super. 2005); see also Pa.R.A.P.
2119(a), (b). Accordingly, Appellant waived her claim for this reason as
well.
Moreover, under Pennsylvania law, a party is not entitled to draw an
adverse inference from the absence of a witness if that witness is within the
reach and knowledge of both parties. See Oxford Presbyterian Church v.
Weil-McLain Co., Inc., 815 A.2d 1094, 1102-03 (Pa. Super. 2003) (party
entitled to draw adverse inference from failure to call witness, where witness
is only available to one of parties, and it appears witness has special
information material to issue, and testimony would not be merely
cumulative). Here, the record reflects that the parties agreed to the IME by
Dr. Briskin; Dr. Briskin did not issue an expert report, but both counsel had
copies of his findings; and his testimony was cumulative of that of
Appellant’s experts, namely that Appellant’s problems were not caused by
any structural deformity to her nose or mouth. (See N.T. Motion Hearing,
6/18/13, at 4-6; 8). Thus, because Appellant failed to show she was entitled
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to draw any adverse inference from Appellee’s failure to call Dr. Briskin to
testify, her issue lacks merit. See Oxford, supra at 1102-03.
For the reasons discussed above, Appellant’s claims lack merit.
Therefore, we affirm the judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/6/2014
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