Com. v. Peeples, T., Jr.

J-S67001-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
THOMAS P. PEEPLES, JR., :
:
Appellant : No. 1274 WDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence July 1, 2013,
Court of Common Pleas, Venango County,
Criminal Division at No. CP-61-CR-0000595-2012
BEFORE: DONOHUE, MUNDY and FITZGERALD*, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY DONOHUE, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 20, 2014
Thomas P. Peeples, Jr. (“Peeples”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered following his conviction of aggravated assault, simple
assault, theft by unlawful taking, and receiving stolen property.1 Following
our review, we affirm.
Peeples’s convictions arise out of events that occurred during the early
morning hours of September 27, 2012. Peeples and Dean Bickel (“Bickel”)
were involved in a physical fight outside of a bar in Oil City, Venango
County. During the fight, Peeples slashed Bickel’s face with a knife, causing
injury to his nose and one eye. When Bickel went to the nearby Country Fair
convenience store in search of a phone, Peeples fled the scene on foot.
Within minutes, he hitched a ride with a passing motorist, Tanya Wimer
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a)(4), 2701(a)(1), 3921(a), 3925(a).
*Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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(“Wimer”), and sat in the back seat of her car. During the trip, Peeples
stated that he had been involved in a fight outside of a bar in Oil City. Also
during the trip, Peeples stole Wimer’s wallet, which had been in the back
seat of her car. Wimer dropped Peeples off at a grocery store in Franklin
and returned to her home. Upon entering her home, Wimer received a call
from the grocery store, informing her that a man had unsuccessfully tried to
use her credit cards in the store and discarded them in the parking lot.
Peeples was arrested and charged with the offenses listed above. He
filed a motion to sever the charges pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 583 (”Rule
583”), which the trial court denied. A three-day jury trial ensued, at the
conclusion of which Peeples was convicted of all charges. He was sentenced
to 39 to 78 months of incarceration. This timely appeal follows, in which
Peeples challenges only the trial court’s denial of his motion to sever.
Appellant’s Brief at 3.
“A motion for severance is addressed to the sound discretion of the
trial court, and ... its decision will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse
of discretion. The critical consideration is whether the appellant was
prejudiced by the trial court's decision not to sever. The appellant bears the
burden of establishing such prejudice.” Commonwealth v. Mollett, 5 A.3d
291, 305 (Pa. Super. 2010). Prejudice in this context is defined as “that
which would occur if the evidence tended to convict appellant only by
showing his propensity to commit crimes, or because the jury was incapable
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of separating the evidence or could not avoid cumulating the evidence.”
Commonwealth v. Boyle, 733 A.2d 633, 637 (Pa. Super. 1999).
Rule of Criminal Procedure 583 provides that “[t]he court may order
separate trials of offenses or defendants, or provide other appropriate relief,
if it appears that any party may be prejudiced by offenses or defendants
being tried together.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 583. When considering a motion to
sever, a trial court must engage in the following analysis:
The court must determine whether the evidence of
each of the offenses would be admissible in a
separate trial for the other; whether such evidence is
capable of separation by the jury so as to avoid
danger of confusion; and, if the answers to these
inquiries are in the affirmative, whether the
defendant will be unduly prejudiced by the
consolidation of offenses.
Commonwealth v. Kunkle, 79 A.3d 1173, 1190 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Lark, 543 A.2d 491, 497 (Pa. 1988)).
In the present case, the trial court found the first prong of this test
satisfied based upon its determination that the res gestae exception to the
prohibition against admission of bad acts evidence applies. The trial court
concluded that this exception applied because Peeples’s “actions from the
time of the alleged assault occurred to the time he made the statements
while riding with Wimer and stealing her wallet and credit cards amount to a
continuous ongoing episode, notwithstanding the intermittent gaps in time.”
Trial Court Opinion, 3/6/13, at 5.
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Generally, evidence of bad acts is inadmissible to prove that a
defendant acted in conformity with those acts or to demonstrate a
propensity to commit crimes. Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 320,
325 (Pa. Super. 2012). “However, evidence of bad acts is admissible
pursuant to our rules of evidence to prove motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, and absence of mistake or accident.”
Id. (citing Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2))2. In addition, “[o]ur Supreme Court has
consistently recognized that admission of distinct crimes may be proper
where it is part of the history or natural development of the case, i.e., the
res gestae exception.” Id. at 326.
A common example of the use of the res gestae exception is where
evidence of prior physical abuse is admitted to establish a pattern of events
2
This rule provides, in relevant part, as follows:
(b) Crimes, Wrongs or Other Acts.
(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or
other act is not admissible to prove a person's
character in order to show that on a particular
occasion the person acted in accordance with the
character.
(2) Permitted Uses. This evidence may be admissible
for another purpose, such as proving motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. In a
criminal case this evidence is admissible only if the
probative value of the evidence outweighs its
potential for unfair prejudice.
Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1)-(2).
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leading up to a victim’s murder. See Commonwealth v. Sherwood, 982
A.2d 483, 497 (Pa. 2009) (holding that evidence that appellant had a history
of beating victim relevant to help establish chain of events and pattern of
abuse that eventually led to the fatal beating); Commonwealth v.
Drumheller, 570 Pa. 117, 808 A.2d 893 (2002) (providing that evidence of
multiple protection from abuse petitions filed by victim against appellant
over three years leading to victim’s murder admissible to show history and
natural development of case); Commonwealth v. Walker, 656 A.2d 90, 99
(Pa. 1995) (“[E]vidence of appellant's repeated abuse of Lisa Johnson and
threats were admitted for the purposes of proving not only appellant's
malice, motive and intent to kill, but also to show the natural progression of
the events leading up to the murder.”).
This exception is also commonly used to permit the admission of
evidence of bad acts that bear a causal relationship to the commission of the
charged offense. For example, in Commonwealth v. Coles, 108 A. 826(Pa. 1919), the appellant and three compatriots entered a bar and began
acting recklessly with the firearms they were carrying; of note, the appellant
pointed a loaded firearm at the bartender and attempted to pull the trigger,
but the firearm would not fire. One of the appellant’s friends then began to
fire his gun, shooting at least one person. Appellant and his friends fled,
and approximately 15 minutes later, killed a man who interfered with their
escape. At trial, evidence of the incidents in the bar was admitted over the
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appellant’s objection. Our Supreme Court found that the res gestae
exception applied to allow evidence of the reckless conduct in the bar,
reasoning as follows:
Evidence is necessarily admissible as to acts
which are so clearly and inextricably mixed up with
the history of the guilty act itself as to form part of
one chain of relevant circumstances, and so could
not be excluded on the presentation of the case
before the jury without the evidence being rendered
thereby unintelligible.
***
The testimony in the present case touching the
earlier occurrence in the saloon, although it disclose
an offense there committed by the appellant and his
associates other than the offense with which they
were charged in the indictment, was not offered to
prove the commission of the earlier offense, but was
offered as part of the res gestae of the crime of
which he was charged and convicted, the felonious
killing of George Williams within 15 minutes at most
after the occurrence at the saloon and at a place
they reached in their flight to escape arrest about a
city square distant. The killing of Williams followed
almost immediately upon the arrival of the defendant
and his three associates at the place where they
came together. The sudden arrival of four men at
that point with no ostensible object or purpose, the
arrest of the flight by the intervention of the officer
of the law, who was immediately killed thereafter by
one of them while he was attempting to disarm
another—these facts and others equally pertinent
having a direct bearing on the question of
defendant's guilt would have been left wholly
unexplained on the trial except as the testimony in
regard to the occurrence at the saloon had been
admitted. The two offenses were shown to have
been so related in point of time and distance
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separating them as to make the earlier occurrence
part of the res gestae attending the murder.
Id. at 826-28.
It is clear in these cases that evidence of the prior bad acts helped to
establish the “chain or sequence of events which formed the history of the
case” and that they were part of the natural development of the crime.
Commonwealth v. Walker, 656 A.2d 90, 99 (Pa. 1995). However, in the
present case, the crimes at issue do not provide a history or sequence of
events that help to understand the natural development of each other. The
theft of Wimer’s wallet does not, in any way, complete the story of Peeples’s
assault on Bickel. Conversely, evidence regarding the assault is not relevant
to the history or natural development of the case regarding the theft of
Wimer’s wallet. That is to say, nothing that occurred prior to Peeples
accepting a ride from Wimer bears any relevance as to the commission of
the theft of Wimer’s wallet; Peeples could have been looking for a ride back
to Franklin for any number of reasons, none of which would be at all relevant
to the “natural development of the case” regarding the theft of the wallet.
The res gestae exception does not apply in this case, as the trial court erred
in concluding otherwise.
Nonetheless, we conclude that Peeples is not entitled to relief. As
stated above, “the critical consideration” for our review “is whether [Peeples]
was prejudiced by the trial court's decision not to sever.” Commonwealth
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v. Mollett, 5 A.3d at 305. Peeples has not alleged, much less proved, that
“the evidence tended to convict appellant only by showing his propensity to
commit crimes, or because the jury was incapable of separating the
evidence or could not avoid cumulating the evidence.” Boyle, 733 A.2d at
637. Further, we can discern no such prejudice. The record reveals
abundant evidence of Peeples’s guilt as to both crimes that would support
his convictions if the charges had been severed. For instance, Bickel
testified that after he and Peeples were left behind at the bar by their other
friends, Peeples instigated the fight between them. N.T., 5/13/13, at 54.
Bickel further testified that he grappled Peeples to the ground, tried to calm
him down, and released Peeples after Peeples agreed not to continue to
fight. Id. at 54-57. Bickel testified that immediately upon releasing
Peeples, Peeples “sprang up immediately” and hit him in the face with the
pocket knife that Peeples was known to carry. Id. at 57. Bickel testified
that Peeples slashed him “from the corner of [one] eye all the way down to
the tip of [his] nose.” Id. at 58. The knife nicked Bickel’s eyeball and
damaged his nose to the point that it required a plastic surgeon to
reassemble. Id. at 58, 62-63. Linda Beach (“Beach”) was another member
of the group with Bickel and Peeples that went to the bar together on the
night in question. Id. at 13. She testified that their friend Eric Smith
(“Smith”) drove everyone to the bar in his van. Id. at 14, 19. Beach
further testified that Peeples left the bar before the rest of the group, and
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when the remaining members exited the bar, Peeples had absconded with
Smith’s van. Id. at 20. When Peeples returned, he and Smith argued over
the fact that Peeples had taken the van. Smith ultimately drove away,
leaving both Peeples and Bickel in the bar’s parking lot. Id. at 20-24. As
Smith drove to Franklin, another member of the group received a phone call.
Id. at 24. Beach recognized Bickel’s voice as the caller and heard him say,
“Why’d you do that, [Peeples]?” before the phone went dead. Id. at 24-25.
Bickel called Smith’s phone shortly thereafter, and he told Smith that
Peeples had just stabbed him and asked Smith to pick him up. Id. at 25.
With regard to the theft of Wimer’s wallet, Peeples admits stealing it,
attempting to use her debit and credit cards at the grocery store, and then
discarding them in the parking lot. N.T., 5/14/13, at 137.3 These events
are so distinct that there is little chance that the jury cumulated the
evidence or could not separate it. Further, the evidence of bad acts was
limited only to the crimes for which Peeples was on trial; as such, there is
little risk that Peeples was convicted solely based upon a perceived
propensity to commit crimes. Because Peeples has failed to establish that
he was prejudiced by the trial court’s failure to sever the charges, his claim
does not succeed. Commonwealth v. Uderra, 706 A.2d 334, 339 (Pa.
1998) (holding that the failure to demonstrate prejudice by the denial of
3
Indeed, in his brief on appeal, Peeples states that he always admitted his
guilt as to the theft and never intended to defend against the theft related
charges. Appellant’s Brief at 10.
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motion to sever coupled with overwhelming evidence of guilt precludes
finding of abuse of discretion by the trial court).
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Mundy and Fitzgerald, JJ. concur in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/20/2014
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