Com. v. Michaels, S.

J-S60039-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SIDNEY NATHAN MICHAELS :
:
Appellant : No. 223 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 21, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-22-CR-0002913-2017
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., STABILE, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 26, 2019
Sidney Nathan Michaels (Michaels) appeals from the judgment of
sentence imposed in the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County (trial
court) after his jury conviction1 of Murder of the Second Degree, Robbery, and
Conspiracy.2 We affirm.
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 The jury found Michaels not guilty of murder in the first degree, 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 2502(a), and Carrying a Firearm Without a License, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6106(a)(1).
2 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(b), 3701(a)(1)(i), and 903(a), respectively.
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I.
We take the following factual background and procedural history from
the trial court’s May 8, 2019 opinion and our independent review of the
certified record. On April 27, 2017, the Commonwealth arrested and charged
Michaels for the April 25, 2017 murder and robbery of the victim, Kodi
Flanagan. At trial, the Commonwealth presented testimony from four
witnesses, co-defendant Sadia Bretznepe, Saeed Christiaan Afshar, Stephen
Wentze, and co-defendant Dylan Beard.3
Mr. Flanagan was a drug-dealer who owed Michaels money. (See N.T.
Trial, 12/10-12/18, at 185). Mr. Beard had set up Mr. Flanagan with a drug
supplier so he could sell marijuana, but Mr. Flanagan failed to pay for the
drugs that were fronted to him. (See id. at 183). Mr. Beard and Michaels
decided to confront Mr. Flanagan about these issues approximately one week
before he was killed. (See id. at 186).
In April 2017, Michaels and Mr. Beard contacted Ms. Bretznepe, a long-
time friend of Mr. Flanagan’s, to get her assistance in arranging a meeting
with him under the guise of a drug deal because they knew he would not trust
them if they attempted to do so. (See id. at 186-87). Michaels contacted
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3 Ms. Bretznepe pleaded guilty in connection with the robbery and murder of
Mr. Flanagan in exchange for a sentence of not less than five nor more than
twelve years’ incarceration. Mr. Beard entered a guilty plea for the murder,
robbery, and conspiracy to commit robbery, and received an agreed-upon
sentence of forty years’ incarceration.
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Ms. Bretznepe on Snapchat to see if she knew how to reach Mr. Flanagan.
(See id. at 42). She indicated she did not, but two days later, Michaels again
contacted her and offered to pay her for any information she had about how
to locate Mr. Flanagan because he owed Michaels and Mr. Beard money. (See
id. at 42-43). After Ms. Bretznepe explained she did not know how to contact
Mr. Flanagan and was not interested in Michaels’ money, Michaels did not
make any further effort to contact her. However, the next day (the day of the
murder), Ms. Bretznepe engaged in a video chat with Mr. Beard; during which
Michaels was in the background directing Mr. Beard to tell Ms. Bretznepe the
specific details of location and time for the drug deal with Mr. Flanagan. (See
id. at 45-48).
Mr. Afshar was friends with Mr. Beard and met Michaels through him the
day before the shooting. (See id. at 79, 81). That day, Mr. Beard advised
Mr. Afshar that Mr. Flanagan owed him money, and that he and Michaels
intended to find him to get it back. (See id. at 84-85).
The next day (the day of the incident), Mr. Afshar agreed to serve as
their protection in this plan. (See id. at 85-86). He picked up Michaels and
Mr. Beard from each of their residences and the men drove around until Mr.
Afshar dropped them off near Mr. Beard’s home at approximately 4:00 p.m.
(See id. at 88-90, 98). During a series of texts messages with Mr. Beard
shortly thereafter, Mr. Afshar discovered that Michaels planned to bring a gun
to the meeting with Mr. Flanagan. (See id. at 107-08). However, Mr. Beard
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did not think that the gun would be used because the plan was to ambush Mr.
Flanagan, attack him, and take all of the items in his possession, not shoot
him. (See id. at 195-96).
Later that evening, Mr. Afshar met Mr. Beard and Michaels near the
agreed-upon location. (See id. at 114, 116). Mr. Afshar walked around on
his own looking for Mr. Flanagan before he observed Mr. Beard and Michaels
approach Mr. Flanagan’s vehicle, Mr. Beard pull him out, and Mr. Flanagan
attempt to run away. (See id. at 118-19, 203). When Mr. Beard punched
Mr. Flanagan in the back of the head to keep him from escaping, Mr. Afshar
and Mr. Beard witnessed Michaels shoot Mr. Flanagan twice from the driver’s
side of the vehicle, before then assaulting him and going through his pockets.
(See id. at 120, 204-05). Mr. Beard also went through Mr. Flanagan’s
pockets. (See id. at 123). Mr. Beard then ran away and Michaels left the
scene with Mr. Afshar in his vehicle. (See id. at 123-24, 204-05). After
dropping Michaels off, Mr. Afshar called 911 to report the shooting. (See id.
at 129-31). Michaels and Mr. Beard later called Mr. Wentze for a ride and
Michaels advised him that Mr. Flanagan had been shot and might be dead.
(See id. at 171-72).
Video surveillance of a portion of the scene showed a person in light-
colored khaki pants like those worn by Michaels approach the driver’s side of
Mr. Flanagan’s vehicle. (See id. at 209-10). An individual dressed in all black
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was near him. (See id. at 210). Mr. Beard identified the men as Michaels
and Mr. Afshar, respectively. (See id. at 209-10).
At the conclusion of trial, the jury convicted Michaels of the previously
mentioned charges. On December 21, 2018, the trial court sentenced him to
a mandatory term of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.4
Michaels filed post-sentence motions challenging his sentence and the weight
and sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction, which the trial court
denied. Michaels timely appealed and he and the court complied with Rule
1925. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
II.
A.
Michaels first contends that a mandatory sentence of life without the
possibility of parole violates the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions’
proscription against cruel and unusual punishment.5 In essence, he maintains
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4 Pursuant to Section 1102(b) of the Crimes Code:
Second Degree. Except as provided under section 1102.1, a
person who has been convicted of murder of the second degree,
of second degree murder of an unborn child or of second degree
murder of a law enforcement officer shall be sentenced to a term
of life imprisonment.
18 Pa.C.S. § 1102(b) (emphasis added).
5 See U.S. Const. amend. VIII; Pa. Const., Art. I, § 13.
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that the trial court’s lack of discretion in his case resulted in a
“disproportionate, excessive” sentence.6 (Michaels’ Brief, at 30; see id. at
13-30).
However, in Commonwealth v. Cornish, 370 A.2d 291 (Pa. 1977), our
Supreme Court rejected a nearly identical argument as the one presented
here, holding:
Under the present statutory scheme, the mandatory sentence is
imposed only in cases of murder of the second degree, or felony
murder. It can hardly be said that the circumstances wherein a
murder is committed during the commission of a felony vary to
such an extent that the legislative determination to mandate one
penalty is unreasonable.
Cornish, supra at 293 n.4.
Based on this precedent, Michaels’ claim that his mandatory sentence
was illegal because it constituted cruel and unusual punishment and is
disproportionate to the facts presented lacks merit.7
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6 Because Michaels’ constitutional claim raises a pure question of law, our
standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. See
Commonwealth v. Omar, 981 A.2d 179, 185 (Pa. 2009); Commonwealth
v. Henkel, 938 A.2d 433, 446 n.14 (Pa. Super. 2007), appeal denied, 955
A.2d 356 (Pa. 2008).
7 As observed by the Commonwealth, to the extent that Michaels’ sentencing
challenge could in any way be interpreted as a challenge to the court’s exercise
of discretion, any review would be inappropriate where he failed to include a
Rule 2119(f) statement in his brief. (See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 5).
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B.
Next, Michaels argues that the evidence was insufficient8 to convict him
of second-degree murder because it “nearly all comes from a corrupt source,”
i.e., his co-defendants, and was contradictory. (Michaels’ Brief, at 34; see
id. at 30-35).9
Section 2502 of the Crimes Code, provides, in pertinent part: “A
criminal homicide constitutes murder of the second degree when it is
committed while defendant was engaged as a principal or an accomplice in
the perpetration of a felony.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(b). Pursuant to Section
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8 In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e must determine whether
the evidence admitted at trial, and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom,
when viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner,
support the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v.
N.M.C., 172 A.3d 1146, 1149 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted). “Where
there is sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to find every element of
the crime has been established beyond a reasonable doubt, the sufficiency of
the evidence claim must fail.” Id. (citation omitted). “The evidence
established at trial need not preclude every possibility of innocence and the
fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented. It is
not within the province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute
our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Id. (citation omitted). “The
Commonwealth’s burden may be met by wholly circumstantial evidence and
any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact[-]finder
unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no
probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.” Id.(citation omitted).
9 As an initial matter, we observe that this argument attacks the credibility of
the witness testimony, which goes to the weight of the evidence, not its
sufficiency. See Commonwealth v. Sherwood, 982 A.2d 483, 492 (Pa.
2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 1111 (2010).
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3701(a)(1)(i), “[a] person is guilty of robbery if, in the course of committing
a theft, he: (i) inflicts serious bodily injury upon another[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. §
2502(b)(i). Finally, Section 903(a) states that “[a] person is guilty of
conspiracy with another person or persons to commit a crime if with the intent
of promoting or facilitating its commission he . . . agrees with such other
person or persons that they or one or more of them will engage in conduct
which constitutes such crime . . . or agrees to aid such other person or persons
in the planning or commission of such crime[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a).10
Instantly, the Commonwealth provided testimony from Mr. Beard that
he and Michaels specifically sought out Ms. Bretznepe in an effort to locate Mr.
Flanagan to rob because he owed them money. Ms. Bretznepe similarly
testified that both Michaels and Mr. Beard contacted her in an attempt to
locate Mr. Flanagan. Michaels was present for the video chat when Ms.
Bretznepe spoke with Mr. Beard about robbing Mr. Flanagan. Mr. Afshar
testified that there was a plan between Mr. Beard and Michaels to find and rob
Mr. Flanagan because he owed them money, and that he was to act as their
protection. There was surveillance video that corroborated Mr. Afshar’s story
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10 “Proving the existence of such an agreement is not always easy, and is
rarely proven with direct evidence. An explicit or formal agreement to commit
crimes can seldom, if ever, be proved and it need not be, for proof of a criminal
partnership is almost invariably extracted from the circumstances that attend
its activities.” Commonwealth v. Jordan, 212 A.3d 91, 96 (Pa. Super.
2019) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
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that the men went to the Harrisburg Mall earlier in the day of the murder. Mr.
Beard and Mr. Afshar were aware that Michaels was bringing a firearm to the
meeting with Mr. Flanagan. Finally, Mr. Beard and Mr. Afshar observed
Michaels shoot Mr. Flanagan before he went through his pockets and left the
scene.
Viewing the foregoing in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
we conclude that the trial court properly found that it provided sufficient
evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Michaels committed second
degree murder, robbery, and conspiracy to commit robbery. See N.M.C.,
supra at 1149. Michaels’ second issue lacks merit.
C.
In his third and final issue, Michaels argues that the verdict was against
the weight of the evidence because it established that Mr. Beard, Ms.
Bretznepe and Mr. Afshar arranged for and executed the robbery and murder
of Flanagan.11 (See Michaels’ Brief, at 36-39). Aside from the direct evidence
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11“Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of discretion,
not of the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight of
the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Leatherby, 116 A.3d 73, 82 (Pa. Super.
2015) (citation omitted). “Because the trial judge has had the opportunity to
hear and see the evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest
consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when
reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of
the evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). “One of the least assailable reasons for
granting or denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict
was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new trial should
be granted in the interest of justice.” Id. (citation omitted).
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that Michaels fired the shots that killed Mr. Flanagan, the trial court set forth
a detailed recitation of the “abundant” testimony presented by the
Commonwealth to establish that Michaels committed the crimes charged,
which we need not repeat here, and that it properly exercised its discretion to
find that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence. (Trial Court
Opinion, 5/08/19, at 10; see id. at 7-10).
Based on our independent review of the record and the trial court’s
detailed recitation of the facts supporting its finding, we discern no abuse of
discretion. See Leatherby, supra at 82. Hence, Michaels’ third issue does
not merit relief.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/26/2019
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