Com. v. Johnson, M

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
MALIK J. JOHNSON
Appellant No. 2737 EDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 17, 2013
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0005386-2009
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., MUNDY, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED DECEMBER 29, 2014
Malik J. Johnson appeals from his judgment of sentence, entered in
the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, after being found guilty
in a non-jury trial of third-degree murder,1 conspiracy to commit aggravated
assault,2 and possession of an instrument of crime (PIC).3 Johnson was
sentenced to 20-40 years in prison, with a consecutive 5-10 year sentence
for his conspiracy conviction.4 We affirm.
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(c).
2
18 Pa.C.S. § 903.
3
18 Pa.C.S. § 907.
4
No further penalty was imposed for the PIC conviction.
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Johnson, in collusion with his co-defendant John Cornish,5 was
involved in the shooting death of fifty-seven-year-old Stephen Tucker while
Tucker was driving his gold Mercury Grand Marquis near 29th and Thompson
Streets in the City of Philadelphia on October 5, 2008. Police uncovered
several used cartridge casings at the scene of the crime, which were later
identified by a ballistics expert as having come from two different weapons,
a .9mm or .38mm handgun and a shotgun. No firearms were recovered
from the scene.
The trial court summarized the evidence as follows:
Police Officer James Miller testified that shortly before 11 p.m.
on October 5, 2008, he was called to the area of 2900 Thompson
Street in Philadelphia. He saw a gold Mercury Grand Marquis.
The driver’s window appeared to be shot out. A black male,
later identified as the decedent, Stephen Tucker[,] was slumped
over and unresponsive. He appeared to have been shot on the
left side. The officer took the victim to Hahnemann Hospital
where he was pronounced dead. N.T. 1/20/12, 20-24.
The Medical Examiner, Dr. Sam Guilino[,] testified that the
victim died of a gunshot wound to his chest. The bullet entered
the left side of his chest, and went through the left lung, the left
subclavian artery and vein. The bullet then penetrated into the
neck, going through the trachea, the carotid artery and the
jugular vein. The bullet lodged in the right side of the neck and
was recovered. N.T. 1/31/12, [at] 11-14.
Hakeen Savage testified that he was inside “Ms[.] P’s” house
near the shooting scene when he heard gunshots. He further
testified that after the gunfire stopped [Cornish and Johnson]
came running into the house. One had a shotgun and one had a
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5
Cornish has also appealed from his judgment of sentence at No. 1862 EDA
2013.
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handgun. The witness testified that he could not remember
which defendant had which weapon. He further testified that
when they came in, one of the defendants said, “Don’t go
outside. Somebody just got shot.” However, in a signed
statement given to the police approximately three (3) months
after the shooting . . . the witness gave a different version of
events. In that statement, the witness said that right after the
shooting both defendants came running into the house breathing
heavily. [Johnson] was the one armed with the shotgun.
[Cornish] said, “Don’t go outside. We just rocked someone.”
The witness understood the word “rocked” to mean killed. [Id.
at] 98-109.
Kareem Savage was called and questioned about a statement
that [Cornish] made to him after the shooting admitting to being
one of the shooters. The witness denied that [Cornish] made
any statement to him. The witness did acknowledge that he
gave a signed statement to the police detailing the substance of
that conversation. However the witness testified that he lied in
his statement. In that statement [S]avage detailed a
conversation he had with [Cornish] after the shooting. [Cornish]
admitted to doing the killing with another person. [Cornish]
stated that the motive appeared to be one of mistaken identity,
as the decedent was driving a care [sic] that the intended target,
a person named “Mansy” was known to drive. N.T. 2/1/12, [at]
6-14 [] (testimony of Kareem Savage): N.T. 2/13/12, [at] 52-
58 (testimony of Timothy Scally)[.]
Darnell Corbitt testified that he was in the car with the decedent
at the time of the shooting. At trial the witness testified that
after stopping at a bar at 29th and Girard, he heard gunshots
from more than one gun and jumped out of the car. At trial he
denied having any more information about the shooting or the
shooters. However, in a signed statement given to Homicide
Detective John McNamee approximately three weeks after the
shooting, the witness also gave a different version of events. In
that statement the witness identified photographs of both
defendants as the shooters. N.T. 1/31/12, [at] 40-66
(testimony of Darnell Corbitt); N.T. 2/1/12, [at] 25-36
(testimony of Detective John McNamee).
Dandrea Brown testified before this Court on November 4, 2010.
Her testimony was preserved prior to trial, as she was suffering
from ovarian cancer. She lived in the house at 2907 West Flora
Street, which was used for the packaging of drugs by
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[defendant], his co-defendant, the Savage brothers and others.
She was upstairs at the time of the shooting. She came
downstairs. A few seconds after the shooting [defendant] and his
co-defendant came running inside. [Codefendant] was holding a
shotgun and [defendant] had a handgun. [Codefendant] told her
to clean the guns and store them. She complied. N.T.
11/04[/]10, [at] 4-69.
Bullet holes were observed in the driver[’]s side car door.
Forensic evidence recovered from the crime scene outside the
car included six (6) fired cartridge casings, three (3) bullet
specimens and one (1) buckshot from a .12 gauge shotgun. No
fingerprints were recovered from the crime scene, nor was a gun
recovered. N.T. 1/30/12, 29-48. (Testimony of Officer Fitler.)
One additional projectile and additional bullet fragments were
recovered from inside the car door. N.T. 1/31/12, [at] 20-35.
(Testimony of Officer Flade.)
Police Officer Stephen Ahmie, a ballistics expert [,] examined all
of the ballistics evidence. The ballistic evidence recovered from
the car door consisted of two (2) types, .00 buckshot consistent
with coming from a shotgun shell and a bullet consistent with
being from a .38 [caliber or 9-]millimeter [weapon]. The bullet
recovered from the victims neck also was consistent with a .38
[caliber or 9-]millimeter [weapon]. The other ballistic evidence
recovered at the crime scene consisted of seven (7) fired
cartridge casings and one (11) fired shotgun shell. The fired
cartridge casings all were [9-]millimeter and all were fired from
the same gun. The fired shotgun shell was [a] .12 gauge and
was consistent with ... the buckshot recovered. N.T. 2/1/12, [at]
62-77.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/23/14, at 2-5 (footnotes omitted).
Before trial, the court held a preservation of testimony hearing where
Dandrea Brown testified and was subject to cross-examination by both
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defense counsel.6 Ms. Brown testified that six weeks prior to the murder,
she agreed that in exchange for $500, she would let Johnson and Cornish
and the Savage brothers use her home for their crack cocaine operations.
After she and the Co-Defendants were arrested for drug-dealing in January
2009, she gave police a statement about the murder.7 She also identified
both Co-Defendants and described the guns they ran into the house with
immediately following the shooting, which they asked her to clean and store.
Johnson and Cornish were tried together and, after a four-day bench
trial, the court found them guilty of the aforementioned crimes. Johnson
was sentenced to 20-40 years for murder and a consecutive sentence of 5-
10 years for conspiracy. He filed timely post-sentence motions that were
denied. Johnson now appeals, raising the following issues for our
consideration:
(1) Is the appellant entitled to an arrest of judgment with
respect to his convictions for murder of the third degree,
criminal conspiracy (aggravated assault) and possessing
an instrument of crime since the evidence is insufficient to
sustain the verdicts of guilt as the Commonwealth failed to
sustain its burden of proving the appellant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt?
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6
Because Ms. Brown had ovarian cancer, which had possibly spread to her
lungs and shoulder area, her testimony was videotaped to preserve it in
anticipation of a future trial.
7
Ms. Brown was granted immunity from prosecution after signing a plea
agreement.
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(2) Is the appellant entitled to a new trial as a result of the
trial court’s ruling during the preservation of testimony
hearing that allowed the Commonwealth to introduce a
letter received by the Commonwealth witness Dandrea
Brown that contained threatening language?
(3) Is the appellant entitled to a new trial as a result of the
trial court’s ruling during the preservation of testimony
hearing that allowed the Commonwealth to introduce a
letter written by Commonwealth witness Dandrea Brown
that indicated that if she were killed or shot, the appellant
was responsible and that the defendant had threatened
her?
(4) Is the appellant entitled to a new trial as a result of the
trial court’s ruling during the preservation of testimony
hearing that allowed the Commonwealth to introduce
testimony concerning the medical condition of
Commonwealth witness Dandrea Brown?
(5) Is the appellant entitled to a new trial as a result of the
trial court’s ruling during the preservation of testimony
hearing that limited the cross-examination of
Commonwealth witness Dandrea Brown concerning the
violation of her plea agreement?
(6) Is the appellant entitled to a new trial as a result of the
trial court’s ruling during the preservation of testimony
hearing that limited the cross-examination of
Commonwealth witness Dandrea Brown concerning the
passing of drug tests as provided by the terms of her plea
agreement and/or probation?
(7) Is the appellant entitled to a remand for resentencing since
the sentence imposed by the trial court is unreasonable,
excessive and not reflective of the appellant’s character,
history and condition?
Johnson’s first claim concerns the sufficiency of the evidence to
support his convictions. Specifically, Johnson contends that the
Commonwealth failed to establish his identity as a shooter, as a participant
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in the events resulting in the victim’s death, or that he was an accomplice in
possession of a weapon.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must
determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth as verdict winner, together with all reasonable inferences
therefrom, the trier of fact could have found that each and every element of
the crimes charged was established beyond a reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Randall, 758 A.2d 669, 674 (Pa. Super. 2000).
Although Johnson characterizes the Commonwealth’s evidence as
“speculative, conjectural, inherently inconsistent, contradictory and
unreliable,” Appellant’s Brief, at 23, we find otherwise. Instantly, an
eyewitness observed Johnson fire a shotgun at the victim. At trial, several
Commonwealth witnesses corroborated that Johnson was one of two
gunmen involved in the victim’s fatal shooting. Immediately following the
shooting, Johnson and his co-defendant burst into a house warning the
occupants, “Don’t go outside, [w]e just rocked [another word for shot]
someone.” Finally, a ballistics analysis confirmed that a shotgun, like the
one the eyewitness saw Johnson fire at the victim, was used to fatally shoot
Tucker. This evidence sufficiently proves Johnson’s identity as well as his
possession of a weapon involved in the commission of the victim’s death
which support his convictions for third-degree murder, criminal conspiracy
(aggravated assault) and PIC.
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Johnson’s next five issues raised on appeal concern the trial court’s
admission of evidence offered by Commonwealth witness, Dandrea Brown,
as well as the court’s limitation of defense counsel’s cross-examination of
Ms. Brown at the preservation of testimony hearing.
First, Johnson claims that the trial court improperly permitted the
Commonwealth to introduce a letter that Ms. Brown received in which
Johnson allegedly used threatening language indicating that if she were
killed or shot, Johnson was responsible.
Admissibility of evidence is a matter addressed to the sound discretion
of the trial court. Commonwealth v. Gordon, 673 A.2d 866 (Pa. 1996).
As with any evidentiary ruling, the trial court should balance the relevancy
and evidentiary need for the evidence of distinct crimes against the potential
for undue prejudice. Id. “We may reverse rulings on the admissibility of
evidence only if it is shown that the trial court abused its discretion.”
Commonwealth v. Lockuff, 813 A.2d 857, 860 (Pa. Super. 2002).
Due to Ms. Brown’s serious health issues, the court held a preservation
of testimony hearing in the event that she did not survive until the time of
trial. The court made clear at the hearing that if the allegations of threats
made to Ms. Brown by Johnson in an alleged letter were not substantiated,
those portions would be edited out of the hearing tapes. However, because
Ms. Brown was available to testify at trial, the portions of her testimony
complained of by Johnson were not considered by the trial judge at
Johnson’s bench trial. Therefore, no prejudice resulted by not editing the
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tape from the preservation hearing. See Commonwealth v. Tainan, 734
A.2d 886 (Pa. Super. 1999) (where criminal case is tried before judge sitting
without jury, there is presumption that judge’s knowledge, experience, and
training will enable judge to disregard inadmissible evidence). He is entitled
to no relief on this claim.
Johnson also claims that the trial court improperly permitted Ms.
Brown to testify about irrelevant evidence regarding her medical condition
which prejudiced him by placing her in a sympathetic light. Again, because
this testimony was never considered by the trial judge at Johnson’s bench
trial, there was no abuse of discretion.
Johnson next asserts that he is entitled to a new trial because the trial
court improperly limited cross-examination of Ms. Brown, during the
preservation of testimony hearing, concerning the violation of her plea
agreement and her ability to pass a drug test “on the spot.”
The scope and manner of cross-examination are within the sound
discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned unless the court has
abused that discretion. Commonwealth v. Nunn, 947 A.2d 756 (Pa.
Super. 2008). Further, we have generally defined the scope of cross-
examination to include "inferences, deductions, or conclusions which may be
drawn therefrom, which explain or destroy the effect of direct testimony.”
Id. at 762. Finally, a trial court may limit the scope of cross-examination to
prevent repetitive inquiries and cumulative testimony. Commonwealth v.
Conde, 822 A.2d 45 (Pa. Super. 2003).
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Instantly, the trial judge permitted defense counsel to cross-examine
Ms. Brown on her possession and use of crack cocaine after she entered into
her plea bargain. N.T. Preservation Hearing, 11/4/10, at 157-60. The court,
however, sustained an objection to counsel’s questioning of the witness
regarding the legal implications (violation of plea agreement) of her using
illegal drugs in conjunction with having signed a plea bargain indicating she
“shall commit no crimes in the future.” Id. at 159. The court also limited
counsel’s cross-examination of Ms. Brown concerning whether she could
pass a drug test if she were to take it on the spot (at the time of the
preservation hearing). We find no error or abuse of discretion in the court’s
rulings where: (1) it determined that legal matters regarding the
implications of her plea agreement were matters for the court, and not the
witness, to decide; and (2) where the court was merely imposing a
reasonable limitation on counsel’s extensive questioning regarding Ms.
Brown’s ability to pass a drug test after having already questioned her about
her prior use of crack cocaine and her having been drug-free for three
months. Conde, supra.
In his final claim on appeal, Johnson raises a discretionary aspect of
sentence claim, contending that he is entitled to a remand for resentencing
because the trial court’s sentence is unreasonable, excessive and not
reflective of his character, history and condition. Specifically, he asserts that
there is no evidence in the record with regard to his background to warrant
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the court’s sentence and that the sentence was impermissibly based solely
on the nature and circumstances of the crimes.
A four-pronged analysis is required before the Pennsylvania
Superior Court will review the merits of a challenge to the
discretionary aspects of a sentence. Those prongs are: (1)
whether the appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal,
Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
sentence, Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant's brief has a
fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(b).
See Commonwealth v. Hyland, 875 A.2d 1175, 1183 (Pa. Super. 2005).
Johnson has complied with the four prongs outlined in Hyland, including
raising a substantial question to invoke our appellate review. See
Commonwealth v. Coulverson, 34 A.3d 135 (Pa. 2011).
Instantly, Jackson was sentenced to an aggregate term of
incarceration of 25-50 years’ imprisonment for third-degree murder and
criminal conspiracy. Jackson’s prior record score (PRS) was a zero and the
offense gravity score (OGS) for both offenses was a 14. A standard-range
sentence for each offense (with a PRS of 0 and an OGS of 14) is 72 months-
statutory limit (SL).8 Here, the statutory maximum sentence for third-
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8
Because Johnson committed the instant offenses on October 1, 2008, the
th
6 edition of the Sentencing Guidelines apply to his sentence. See
th
Pennsylvania Sentencing Guidelines Implementation Manual, 6 ed.,
6/3/2005 (applicable to date of offense(s) committed on or after June 3,
2005 and up until December 5, 2008). Both Johnson and the
Commonwealth incorrectly state that the sentencing guidelines call for a
range of 84-SL for a prior record score of 0 and offense gravity score of 14.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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degree murder and conspiracy is 40 years’ imprisonment. See 18 Pa.C.S. §
1102(d). Therefore, Johnson’s sentence on each count was within the
standard-range of the guidelines.9
“In every case in which the court imposes a sentence for a felony or
misdemeanor . . . the court shall make as a part of the record, and disclose
in open court at the time of sentencing, a statement of the reason or
reasons for the sentence imposed.” See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b). Moreover,
our Supreme Court has held that where the trial court possesses a pre-
sentence report, it is presumed that the court is aware of all appropriate
sentencing factors and considerations, and that where the court has been so
informed, its discretion should not be disturbed. Commonwealth v.
Devers, 546 A.2d 12 (Pa. 1988).
The trial judge, on the record, provided the following reasons for
sentencing the Defendants:
The Court having considered the arguments of counsel, all of the
evidence in this case and the Court notes that Defendant was
found guilty of murder in the third degree when this was a very
close case, could have been murder in the first degree which you
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
Appellant’s Brief, at 51; Commonwealth’s Brief, at 24. Rather, the range is
72-SL. Id. at § 303.16.
9
Johnson’s characterization of his murder sentence as one that “is the
maximum sentence imposable” is simply incorrect. Under the guidelines, all
sentence recommendations suggest months of minimum confinement
pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9755(b) (partial confinement) and 9756(b) (total
confinement).
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would have been looking at a life sentence, the Court also takes
into consideration the presentence, the psych, the testimony of
his family, as well as the letter, as well as the impact on the
victim’s family.
N.T. Sentencing Hearing, 5/17/13, at 26-27. With regard to Johnson, the
court stated:
Mr. Johnson, obviously all of the things that I said to Mr. Cornish
concerning the impact on the victim’s families and the impact on
your family are the exact same.
At 15 years-old10 you made a decision which took a man’s life
and that ripple affect [sic] will continue for a very, very long
time.
The Court, therefor[e], taking into consideration the nature of
the case, the information that is before me, the testimony from
your family, as well as your own testimony and the presentence
and psych reports, I sentence you as follows. . .[.]
Id. at 30-31.
Here, the court imposed a sentence for each crime, which under the
facts of the case, was reasonable and considerate of the requisite factors
outlined in the Sentencing Code. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b) (court shall
follow general principle that sentence imposed should call for confinement
that is consistent with protection of public, gravity of offense as it relates to
impact on life of victim and on community, and rehabilitative needs of
defendant; court shall also consider applicable sentencing guidelines). The
court even indicated that it could have easily rendered a first-degree murder
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10
We note that Johnson raises no claims on appeal with regard to the fact
that he was a minor when he committed the instant crimes, yet was tried as
an adult.
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verdict based on the evidence, which would have resulted in a life sentence.
Based upon the record, we can discern no abuse of the trial court’s
discretion in sentencing Johnson to an aggregate term of 25-50 years in
prison. Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957 (Pa. 2007).
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/29/2014
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