Hardy, L. v. Trustees of the U of Pa.

J-A24035-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
LELAND HARDY AND THE BUSINESS IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
INSTITUTE FOR CONTINUING PENNSYLVANIA
EDUCATION IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS
(B.I.C.E.P.S.),
Appellants
v.
TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA, ARESTY INSTITUTE OF
EXECUTIVE EDUCATION, WHARTON
SCHOOL OF UNIVERSITY OF PA AND
KENNETH L. SHROPSHIRE,
Appellees No. 381 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Dated December 4, 2013
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No.: April Term, 2007, No. 002178
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED DECEMBER 26, 2014
Appellants, Leland Hardy and The Business Institute for Continuing
Education in Professional Sports (B.I.C.E.P.S.), appeal from the trial court’s
final December 4, 2013 order and prior orders, which collectively dismissed
their complaint for intentional interference with business relationships,
misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract, and related claims
with prejudice. We affirm.
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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The trial court summarized the factual and procedural history of this
case as follows:
In 1998-1999, Hardy developed the B.I.C.E.P.S. Program
(“Program”), an alleged novel and cutting edge concept to
provide direct, customized business education for professional
athletes in a business school setting. Hardy, an alumnus of the
Wharton School, presented the Program to the Wharton School
seeking aid in launching the program. Negotiations between
[Appellants] and the Wharton School continued during the years
1999, 2000, and 2001. Hardy named the Program[,] “The
Wharton Institute for Professional Athletes,” and developed a
three-day course curriculum with the assistance of Kenneth
Shropshire, the Academic Director of the Wharton Institute for
Professional Athletes. Hardy provided the Wharton School with
$55,000 to cover various costs to initiate the Program.
On April 5, 2002, [Appellants] and the Wharton School
reached agreements and the Program was presented at the
Wharton School on July 17-19, 2002. Thereafter, Hardy initiated
an aggressive promotional effort, which resulted in a content
license and weblinking agreement with the Wharton School and
a preliminary agreement with AIC Corporation to sponsor the
[P]rogram’s activities. In order to assist the sponsoring by the
AIC Corporation, the Wharton School touted the success of the
[P]rogram and the relationship between B.I.C.E.P.S. and the
Wharton School.
On April [15], 2003, [Appellants] entered into a second
agreement[,] which provided that the Program would be offered,
in the same form as previously, at the Wharton School on June
3-6[,] 2003. [Appellants] allege the Wharton School without any
warning repudiated the April 15, 2003 agreement.
In the meantime, [t]he Wharton School entered into an
agreement with the National Football League and the National
Football [League] Players Association to provide an education
business program at the Wharton School to the league’s
athletes. The Wharton School’s program took place on April 6-8,
2005 and was chaired by Shropshire. [Appellants] allege that
the Wharton School [p]rogram contained a virtually identical
curriculum as their [P]rogram.
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On April 18, 2007, [Appellants] commenced an action by
writ of summons against the Trustees of the University of
Pennsylvania, The Aresty Institute of Executive Education of
[t]he Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, [t]he
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and Kenneth
Shropshire (collectively referred to as [Appellees]). On June 28,
2007, [Appellants] filed their complaint alleging claims for
breach of contract, misrepresentation/fraud, theft of ideas,
conversion, unjust enrichment, misappropriation of trade
secrets, unfair competition, intentional interference with
prospective business relationships, punitive damages and
violations of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act.
Appellees filed preliminary objections to the complaint for
lack of personal jurisdiction and legal insufficiency. On February
21, 2008, after oral argument, the [trial] court sustained the
preliminary objections as they pertained to the claims for
misrepresentation/fraud, theft of ideas, conversion,
misappropriation of trade secrets, punitive damages and
violations of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. The [trial] court
granted [Appellants] leave to amend the claim for tortious
interference with prospective contractual relations. An amended
pleading was never filed.
On February 28, 2008, [Appellees] filed a motion seeking
clarification/reconsideration of the [trial] court[’]s order dated
February 21, 2008 regarding [Appellants’] claims for unjust
enrichment and unfair competition. On March 3, 2008, the
[trial] court denied [Appellees’] motion for
clarification/reconsideration.
On January 21, 2009, the [trial] court granted [Appellees]
permission to file any and all motions that they deemed
necessary and proper regarding the sufficiency of the allegations
in [Appellants’] complaint that dealt with either [Appellants’]
right to recover damages and or any limitations on [Appellants’]
right to recover damages. In accordance with said order,
[Appellees][,] on February 3, 2009, filed a motion to dismiss the
claims for unjust enrichment and unfair competition. On July 16,
2009, the [trial] court granted the motion to dismiss as it
pertained to the unfair competition claim only and denied the
motion as it pertained to the unjust enrichment claim.
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On August 4, 2010, [Appellees] filed a renewed motion to
dismiss the claim for unjust enrichment. On September 16,
2010, the [trial] court granted the motion and the claim for
unjust enrichment was dismissed. On September 29, 2010,
[Appellants] filed a motion for reconsideration of [the trial]
court’s order dated September 16, 2010. On October 7, 2010,
the motion for reconsideration was denied. On January 13,
2011, [Appellees] filed a motion [for] summary judgment. On
March 8, 2011, the motion for summary judgment was denied.
On February 3, 2012, the parties filed a joint motion for
extraordinary relief. On February 7, 2012, the [trial] court
granted the motion for extraordinary relief and dismissed the
remaining claim for breach of contract. . . .
(Trial Court Opinion, 7/30/12, at 1-4).
Appellants timely filed an appeal on March 6, 2012. On July 29, 2013,
this Court quashed the appeal because the “count of intentional interference
with prospective contractual relations . . . [was] never specifically dismissed
. . . [or] disposed of, and [consequently] the February 6, 2012 order is not a
final, appealable order.” (Hardy et al. v. Trs. of the Univ. of PA, et al.,
1558 EDA 2012, unpublished memorandum at *3 (Pa. Super. filed July 29,
2013)).
On November 27, 2013, the parties filed a joint motion for
extraordinary relief. The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the
remaining count of intentional interference with business relationships on
December 4, 2013. Appellants timely appealed on December 20, 2013.1
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1
Pursuant to the court’s March 8, 2012 order, Appellants timely filed a Rule
1925(b) statement on March 29, 2012. The court entered its Rule 1925(a)
opinion on July 30, 2012. After Appellants timely appealed the December 4,
2013 order, the court did not order Appellants to file a Rule 1925(b)
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Appellants raise the following issues for our review:
1. [Whether] [t]he [trial] [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in
granting [Appellees’] [p]reliminary [o]bjections in finding that
[Appellants’] claim for misrepresentation/fraud was barred by
the “gist of the action” doctrine[?]
2. [Whether] [t]he [trial] [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in
granting [Appellees’] [p]reliminary [o]bjections as to
[Appellants’] conversion claim in finding that [Appellees’] did not
commit conversion because they had retained a property interest
in the program in question[?]
3. [Whether] [t]he [trial] [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in
granting [Appellees’] [p]reliminary [o]bjections as to
[Appellants’] claim for misappropriation of trade secrets by
finding that [Appellants’] had failed to establish that the program
in question constituted a trade secret[?]
4. [Whether] [t]he [trial] [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in
granting [Appellees’] [p]reliminary [o]bjections as to
[Appellants’] claim for violation of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act
by finding that the information [Appellants’] sought to protect
did not meet the definition of trade secret[?]
5. [Whether] [t]he [trial] [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in
granting [Appellees’] [m]otion to [d]ismiss, a motion not
authorized under Pennsylvania law, and dismissing [Appellants’]
count for unfair competition[?]
6. [Whether] [t]he [trial] [c]ourt erred as a matter of law in
granting [Appellees’] [r]enewed [m]otion to [d]ismiss, a motion
not authorized under Pennsylvania law, and dismissing
[Appellants’] count for unjust enrichment[?]
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
statement, but it entered its Rule 1925(a) opinion on January 2, 2014, in
which it relied on its July 30, 2012 opinion. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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(Appellants’ Brief, at 8) (footnote omitted).2
It is well-settled that:
In reviewing a trial court’s grant of preliminary objections,
the standard of review is de novo and the scope of review is
plenary. The salient facts are derived solely from the complaint
and pursuant to that standard of review, the court accepts all
well-pleaded material facts in the complaint, and all inferences
reasonably deduced therefrom must be accepted as true.
Martin v. Rite Aid of PA, Inc., 80 A.3d 813, 814 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(citation omitted).
Since the Rules of Civil Procedure do not recognize a
[m]otion to [d]ismiss as a separate motion, we will characterize
it as a motion for summary judgment. When reviewing a grant
of a motion for summary judgment, our review is plenary. We
will not disturb the trial court’s order absent an error of law or
abuse of discretion. Where there is no genuine issue of material
fact and the moving party is entitled to relief as a matter of law,
summary judgment may be entered. Lastly, we will view the
record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and
all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact
must be resolved against the moving party.
Long v. Ostroff, 854 A.2d 524, 527-28 (Pa. Super. 2004), appeal denied,
871 A.2d 192 (Pa. 2005) (citations, brackets, and quotation marks omitted).
In their first issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in
dismissing their claim for misrepresentation and fraud under the gist of the
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2
Appellants note that, in effect, questions three and four raise identical
issues, thus, “Appellants’ will address these issues only once under question
three.” (Appellants’ Brief, at 8 n.1). Accordingly, we also will review these
claims as a single issue.
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action doctrine where breach of contract is not the gist of the current action.
(See Appellants’ Brief, at 20-33). We disagree.
The gist of the action doctrine forecloses tort claims (1)
arising solely from the contractual relationship between the
parties; (2) when the alleged duties breached were grounded in
the contract itself; (3) where any liability stems from the
contract; and (4) when the tort claim essentially duplicates the
breach of contract claim.
Indalex Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA, 83 A.3d
418, 425 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, 99 A.3d 926 (Pa. 2014) (citation
and quotation marks omitted).
Here, the record reflects that Appellants’ contend that (1) Appellees
misappropriated the concept embodied in the B.I.C.E.P.S. Program,
disclosing it to the National Football League (NFL) and NFL Players
Association (NFLPA), and marketing it as their own; (2) violated the
confidentiality provision contained in the parties’ April 2002 agreement; and
(3) used the confidentiality agreement as a means to commit tortious acts
against Appellants. (See Appellants’ Brief, at 21, 24-26). All of these
alleged acts of misrepresentation and fraud arose in the course of the
parties’ contractual relationship. Moreover, the parties’ agreements created
Appellees’ duties regarding the B.I.C.E.P.S. Program. (See Agreement,
4/05/02; Agreement, 4/15/03).
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court properly
determined that the gist of Appellants’ misrepresentation and fraud action
sound in contract. (See Trial Court Opinion, 2/21/08, at 4-5); see also
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Indalex Inc., supra at 425. Accordingly, the trial court did not err as a
matter of law and properly dismissed the misrepresentation and fraud claim
under the gist of the action doctrine. See Indalex Inc., supra at 425;
Martin, supra at 814. Appellants’ first issue does not merit relief.
In their second issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in
dismissing their claim for conversion on the basis that under the contract,
Appellees retained a property interest in the intellectual material. (See
Appellants’ Brief, at 33-39). We disagree.
It is well-settled that:
Conversion is defined as the deprivation of another’s right
of property in, or use or possession of, a chattel, or other
interference therewith, without the owner’s consent and without
lawful justification. When such an act occurs, the plaintiff may
bring suit if he had an immediate right to possession of the
chattel at the time it was converted.
Bank of Landisburg v. Burruss, 524 A.2d 896, 898 (Pa. Super. 1987),
appeal denied, 532 A.2d 436 (Pa. 1987) (citations and quotation marks
omitted).
Here, Appellants contend that Appellees “interfered with their use and
benefit of the ideas and concepts generated and owned by Leland Hardy,
thereby depriving them of the ability to use those ideas and concepts for
profit.” (Appellants’ Brief, at 35 (record citations omitted)).
However, our independent review of the record reflects that the
“curriculum for the three[-]day B.I.C.E.P.S. Program was developed by
[Appellant], Leland Hardy, with the aid and assistance of [Appellee],
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Kenneth Shropshire[.]” (Complaint, 6/28/07, at 4 ¶ 9). Furthermore,
“[n]egotiations and discussions continued [between the parties] with respect
to the specific details of the B.I.C.E.P.S. Program at [Appellee,] Wharton,
including . . . curriculum[.]” (Id. at 5 ¶ 11). Moreover, the 2002 and 2003
agreements state that, “[Appellee,] Wharton retains all rights, title, and
interest in and to all materials developed by Wharton.” (Agreement,
4/05/02, at unnumbered page 4; Agreement, 4/15/03, at unnumbered page
4). Additionally, Appellant, Leland Hardy, acknowledged that “Licensor
[Appellee, Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania] owns all right, title
and interest in the Licensor [c]ontent . . . .” (Content License and
Weblinking Agreement, 7/27/02, at 7 ¶ 9.1).
Therefore, the trial court properly determined that Appellees retained
a property interest in the intellectual material, which they had developed.
(See Trial Ct. Op., 2/21/08, at 5-6); see also Bank of Landisburg, supra
at 898. Accordingly, the trial court did not err as a matter of law and
properly dismissed the conversion claim. See Martin, supra at 814; Bank
of Landisburg, supra at 898. Appellants’ second issue lacks merit.
In their third and fourth issues, Appellants argue that the trial court
erred in dismissing their claim for misappropriation of trade secrets by
finding that the B.I.C.E.P.S. Program is not a trade secret. (See Appellants’
Brief, at 40-47). We disagree.
The determinative question in these claims is the interpretation of
section 5302 of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA). 12 Pa.C.S.A. §§
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5301-5308. “Questions of statutory construction are questions of law;
therefore, our review is de novo.” Betts Ind., Inc. v. Heelan, 33 A.3d
1262, 1265 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citation omitted).
UTSA defines a trade secret as:
Information, including a . . . program . . . that:
(1) Derives independent economic value, actual or
potential, from not being generally known to, and
not being readily ascertainable by proper means by,
other persons who can obtain economic value from
its disclosure or use.
(2) Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable
under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
12 Pa.C.S.A. § 5302.
It is well-settled that:
. . . Some factors which a court may consider in determining
whether information qualifies as a trade secret include:
(1) the extent to which the information is
known outside the owner’s business; (2) the extent
to which it is known by employees and others
involved in the owner’s business; (3) the extent of
measures taken by the owner to guard the secrecy
of the information; (4) the value of the information
to the owner and to his competitors; (5) the amount
of effort or money expended by the owner in
developing the information; and (6) the ease or
difficulty with which the information could be
properly acquired or duplicated by others.
Iron Age Corp. v. Dvorak, 880 A.2d 657, 663 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation
omitted).
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Here, the record reflects that Appellants promoted the B.I.C.E.P.S.
Program to the NFLPA and specified that “The Wharton School has
created a program . . . [and] presents B.I.C.E.P.S. . . . .” (Complaint,
6/28/07, Marketing Brochure, at Exhibit F) (emphases added).
Moreover, the information was generally known and marketed to the
public. Appellants presented and promoted the program and its materials to
increase exposure to target markets. (See id. at 6-7 ¶¶ 14-17 (describing
promotional efforts and efforts to obtain increased exposure); and Marketing
Brochure, at Exhibit F).
Furthermore, Appellants failed to show that they made reasonable
efforts to maintain the B.I.C.E.P.S. Program’s secrecy. (See Complaint,
6/28/07, at 6-7 ¶¶ 14-17).
Therefore, the trial court properly determined that the B.I.C.E.P.S.
Program is not a trade secret because:
(a) the information was well within the public domain, (b) no
measures were taken to ensure the secrecy of the information,
and (c) the relative ease in which one could properly acquire and
duplicate the information. . . . One would only have to enroll in
the course in order to access all of the alleged “secret”
information.
(Trial Ct. Op., 2/21/08, at 6-7); see also 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 5302; Iron Age
Corp., supra at 663. Accordingly, the trial court did not err as a matter of
law and properly dismissed the misappropriation of trade secrets claims.
See Betts Ind., Inc., supra at 1265; Martin, supra at 814. See also 12
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Pa.C.S.A. § 5302; Iron Age Corp., supra at 663. Appellants’ third and
fourth issues lack merit.
In their fifth issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in
dismissing their claim for unfair competition where it found that Appellants
“lacked the necessary ownership interest to allege a claim for unfair
competition.” (Appellants’ Brief, at 47; see id. at 50-52). Additionally,
Appellants argue that Appellees “lacked any authority to file their motion [to
dismiss] . . . .” (Id. at 49). We disagree.3
It is well-settled that “[a] claim of unfair competition encompasses
trademark infringement, but also includes a broader range of unfair
practices, which may generally be described as a misappropriation of the
skill, expenditures and labor of another.” PA State Univ. v. Univ.
Orthopedics, Ltd., 706 A.2d 863, 867 (Pa. Super. 1998) (citation omitted).
Additionally, “[t]he gist of the action lies in the deception practiced in
‘passing off’ the goods of one for that of another.” Id. at 870 (citation
omitted).
Here, because we have concluded that the trial court properly
determined that Appellees retained a property interest in the intellectual
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3
Appellees filed their motion to dismiss in accordance with the trial court’s
January 21, 2009 order, which specifically granted them permission to file
“any and all motions . . . regarding the sufficiency of allegations in
[Appellants’] complaint that deal with either [Appellants’] right to recover
damages and/or any limitations on [Appellants’] right to recover damages.”
(Order, 1/21/09, at unnumbered pages 1-2).
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material, the claim of unfair competition fails for Appellants’ lack of the
requisite ownership. (See Trial Ct. Op., 7/30/12, at 4); see also PA State
Univ., supra at 867, 870.
Moreover, Appellants have failed to support their claim that Appellees
have “passed off the program as their own creative design, thereby
deceiving and confusing their consumers . . . .” (Appellants’ Brief, at 50).
The record reflects that Appellees created the program. (See Complaint,
6/28/07, at 4-5 ¶¶ 9, 11; Marketing Brochure, at Exhibit F). They retained
an intellectual property interest in the program. (See Agreement, 4/05/02,
at unnumbered page 4; Content License and Weblinking Agreement,
7/27/02, at 7 ¶ 9.1; Agreement, 4/15/03, at unnumbered page 4).
Appellees marketed their 2005 program as “business education . . . to assist
players in preparing for their post-playing career. . . . It focuses on personal
investments as well as entrepreneurial opportunities for players transitioning
from their football careers.” (Complaint, 6/28/07, News Release, at Exhibit
O).
Additionally, there is no non-compete clause in any of the parties’
agreements, therefore, no unfair competition. (See Agreement, 4/05/02;
Content License and Weblinking Agreement, 7/27/02; Agreement, 4/15/03).
Accordingly, the trial court did not err as a matter of law and properly
dismissed the unfair competition claim. See Long, supra at 527-28; PA
State Univ., supra at 867. Appellants’ fifth issue lacks merit.
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In their final issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in
dismissing their claim for unjust enrichment and refusing to find that “the
conduct of the parties at issue goes well beyond the scope of their
agreements.” (Appellants’ Brief, at 53; see id. at 52-59). Additionally,
Appellants argue that Appellees “lacked any authority to file their motion [to
dismiss] . . . .” (Id. at 54; see id. at 53-54). We disagree.4
It is well-settled that “[a]n action based on unjust enrichment is an
action which sounds in quasi-contract or contract implied in law. A quasi-
contract imposes a duty, not as a result of any agreement . . . but in spite of
the absence of an agreement . . . .” Discover Bank v. Stucka, 33 A.3d 82,
88 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Additionally,
“the doctrine of unjust enrichment is inapplicable when the relationship
between parties is founded upon a written agreement or express contract,
regardless of how harsh the provisions of such contracts may seem in the
light of subsequent happenings.” Wilson Area Sch. Dist. v. Skepton, 895
A.2d 1250, 1254 (Pa. 2006) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
Here, the record reflects that three distinct contracts govern the
parties’ relationship. (See Complaint, 6/28/07, at 5-8 ¶¶ 13, 16, 19;
Agreement, 4/05/02; Content License and Weblinking Agreement, 7/27/02;
Agreement, 4/15/03).
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4
See footnote 4, supra (quoting Order, 1/21/09, at unnumbered pages 1-
2).
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Therefore, the trial court properly determined that an express written
contract existed between the parties. (See Trial Ct. Op., 7/30/12, at 4-5);
see also Discover Bank, supra at 88; Wilson Area Sch. Dist., supra at
1254. Accordingly, the trial court did not err as a matter of law and properly
dismissed the unjust enrichment claim. See Long, supra at 527-28;
Discover Bank, supra at 88; Wilson Area Sch. Dist., supra at 1254.
Appellants’ sixth issue lacks merit.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/26/2014
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